...Date... AGE Event
1801/--/-- -1 - Alexander I becomes emperor of Russia after the murder of his father Paul I.
1801/--/-- -1 - Barbary pirates begin the Tripolitan War; a U.S. squadron sails to the Mediterranean.
1801/--/-- -1 - Castlereagh secures passage of the Act of Union, which unites Britain and Ireland.
1801/--/-- -1 - Chemists Proust and Berthollet debate the constancy of chemical composition.
1801/--/-- -1 - Jefferson is selected as the 3rd U.S. president; Burr becomes vice-president.
1801/--/-- -1 - Nelson defeats the Danish fleet at Copenhagen.
1801/--/-- -1 - Robert Fulton demonstrates his 3-man submarine the Nautilus.
1801/--/-- -1 - The British defeat Napoleon's army of Egypt at Alexandria.
1801/--/-- -1 - The Peace of Luneville ends the war between France and Austria.
1801/--/-- -1 - The Union Jack becomes the official flag of the United Kingdom.
1801/--/-- -1 - Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States
1801/01/08 0 *** Norman, Nancy - Born
1801/10/16 0 *** Stephenson, John Miller [Husband] - Born to Stephenson, John Virginia
1802/--/-- 0 - Alexander von Humboldt climbs Mt. Chimborazo, setting a world height record.
1802/--/-- 0 - American artist Benjamin West paints Death on a Pale Horse.
1802/--/-- 0 - Britain returns the island of Minorca to Spain.
1802/--/-- 0 - Napoleon is created First Consul for life.
1802/--/-- 0 - The French capture Haitian leader Toussaint, but are defeated by Christophe.
1802/--/-- 0 - The Treaty of Amiens brings a temporary halt to the French Revolutionary Wars.
1803/--/-- 1 - Britain declares war on France, beginning the Napoleonic Wars.
1803/--/-- 1 - Britain establishes a new penal colony on Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania).
1803/--/-- 1 - Dalton devises table of elements
1803/--/-- 1 - English scientist John Dalton describes his atomic theory.
1803/--/-- 1 - France sells Louisiana to the U.S.
1803/--/-- 1 - Matthew Flinders completes the first circumnavigation of Australia.
1803/--/-- 1 - Ohio is inaugurated as the l7th state of the Union.
1803/--/-- 1 - Robert Emmet leads an Irish rebellion in Dublin; he is captured and executed.
1804/--/-- 2 - American politician Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel.
1804/--/-- 2 - Dessalines declares Haitian independence and names himself Emperor Jacques I.
1804/--/-- 2 - English engineer Richard Trevithick builds the first steam locomotive.
1804/--/-- 2 - Francis II assumes the title of emperor of Austria.
1804/--/-- 2 - Fulani leader Usman dan Fodio leads a holy war against the Hausa in Nigeria.
1804/--/-- 2 - Jefferson is reelected as U.S. president; Clinton becomes vice-president.
1804/--/-- 2 - Lewis and Clark expedition encounters Native Americans
1804/--/-- 2 - Lewis and Clarke Expedition
1804/--/-- 2 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark begin exploring the American north-west.
1804/--/-- 2 - Napoleon becomes Emperor
1804/--/-- 2 - Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France.
1804/--/-- 2 - Serbian nationalists revolt against the Turks.
1804/--/-- 2 - Stephen Decatur leads a U.S. navy skirmish into Tripoli harbor.
1805/--/-- 3 - American explorers Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean.
1805/--/-- 3 - Austria sues for peace with France at the Treaty of Pressburg.
1805/--/-- 3 - Britain, Austria, Russia and Sweden form a Third Coalition against France.
1805/--/-- 3 - Muhammad Ali is appointed Pasha (governor) of Egypt by the Ottoman sultan.
1805/--/-- 3 - Nelson defeats the Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar, but is killed during the action.
1805/--/-- 3 - The French defeat Austro-Russian forces at the Battle of Austerlitz.
1805/--/-- 3 - The Shawnee Prophet, brother of Tecumseh, begins planning an Indian uprising.
1806/--/-- 4 - Emperor Jacques I is assassinated; Haiti is divided between Christophe and Petion.
1806/--/-- 4 - Napoleon begins the Continental System, closing European ports to British vessels.
1806/--/-- 4 - Napoleon forces the abdication of Francis II; the Holy Roman Empire is dissolved.
1806/--/-- 4 - Noah Webster publishes "Compendious" Dictionary of the English Language"
1806/--/-- 4 - Prussia joins the Coalition against France, but is defeated at Jena-Auerstadt.
1806/--/-- 4 - Revolutionary leader Francisco de Miranda makes an abortive invasion of Venezuela.
1806/--/-- 4 - The British employ Congreve rockets against a French invasion fleet.
1806/--/-- 4 - U.S. explorer Zebulon Pike is sent west to descend the Red River.
1806/--/-- 4 - William Murdock installs gas lighting in a Manchester cotton mill.
1807/--/-- 5 - Aaron Burr is tried for treason and acquitted.
1807/--/-- 5 - Beethoven completes his Fifth Symphony and begins the Sixth (Pastoral).
1807/--/-- 5 - British chemist Humphry Davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium.
1807/--/-- 5 - Congress passes the Embargo Act in response to interference with U.S. shipping.
1807/--/-- 5 - German philosopher Hegel publishes The Phenomenology of the Spirit.
1807/--/-- 5 - Napoleon defeats the Russian armies; Russia and Prussia sue for peace at Tilsit.
1807/--/-- 5 - Portugal refuses to observe the blockade against England; France invades Portugal.
1807/--/-- 5 - Robert Fulton's steamship the Clermont makes its maiden voyage.
1807/--/-- 5 - Sir Humphry Davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium
1807/--/-- 5 - The Janissaries depose Sultan Selim III and place Mustafa IV on the Ottoman throne.
1807/--/-- 5 - The U.S. frigate Chesapeake is involved in an incident with a British man-of-war.
1807/--/-- 5 - The slave trade is outlawed throughout the British Empire.
1808/--/-- 6 - Beethoven composes "Fifth Symphony"
1808/--/-- 6 - Congress prohibits importing of African slaves
1808/--/-- 6 - Francisco de Goya paints The Third of May, depicting the cruelty of war.
1808/--/-- 6 - French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac isolates the element boron.
1808/--/-- 6 - German artist Caspar David Friedrich exhibits The Cross in the Mountains.
1808/--/-- 6 - Japanese artist Buncho paints True View of Mount Hiko.
1808/--/-- 6 - John Jacob Astor founds the American Fur Company.
1808/--/-- 6 - Napoleon appoints his brother Joseph as king of Spain.
1808/--/-- 6 - Napoleon occupys Spain
1808/--/-- 6 - The British under Wellington aid Portugal against France in the Peninsular War.
1809/--/-- 7 - Frenchman Nicolas Appert develops the first effective method for canning food.
1809/--/-- 7 - German artists Overbeck and Pforr found the Nazarenes.
1809/--/-- 7 - James Madison (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States
1809/--/-- 7 - John Stevens' steamboat the Phoenix makes the first ocean-going voyage.
1809/--/-- 7 - Lamarck publishes his theories of evolution in Zoological Philosophy.
1809/--/-- 7 - Metternich draws Austria into the War of the Fifth Coalition against France.
1809/--/-- 7 - Napoleon annexes the Papal States and takes Pope Pius VII prisoner.
1809/--/-- 7 - Russia seizes Finland from Sweden; King Gustav IV Adolf abdicates.
1809/--/-- 7 - The French defeat the Austrians at Wagram; Francis II accepts the Treaty of Schonbrunn.
1810/--/-- 8 - A rebellion against Spain breaks out in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
1810/--/-- 8 - American settlers rebel against the Spanish in West Florida.
1810/--/-- 8 - Kamehameha I becomes ruler of Hawaii and establishes the Kamehameha dynasty.
1810/--/-- 8 - Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla leads a rebellion against Spanish rule.
1810/--/-- 8 - Revolutions in Latin America lead to independent nations
1810/--/-- 8 - Separatists movements in Latin America
1810/--/-- 8 - The Krupp arms factory is established at Essen in Germany.
1810/--/-- 8 - Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese army holds the French on the outskirts of Lisbon.
1811/--/-- 9 - Bolivar and Miranda lead the Venezuelan congress in a declaration of independence.
1811/--/-- 9 - First steamboat to sail down Mississippi reaches New Orleans
1811/--/-- 9 - George III becomes mentally unstable; the Prince of Wales assumes power as regent.
1811/--/-- 9 - Henri Christophe declares himself king of northern Haiti.
1811/--/-- 9 - Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro develops the concept known as Avogadro's law.
1811/--/-- 9 - Jane Austen "Sense and Sensibility"
1811/--/-- 9 - Jose Artigas raises a force to expel the Spanish from the Banda Oriental (Uruguay).
1811/--/-- 9 - Mexican rebel leader Hidalgo y Costilla is captured and executed.
1811/--/-- 9 - Native Americans defeated in Battle of Tippecanoe in Indiana Territory
1811/--/-- 9 - The Luddites riot in England against the mechanization of the textile industry.
1811/--/-- 9 - The building of the National Road, the first U.S. federal highway, begins in Maryland.
1811/--/-- 9 - The first rowing race in the United States is held in New York.
1811/--/-- 9 - The ruling Mameluke aristocracy is massacred in Cairo by Muhammad Ali.
1811/--/-- 9 - William Henry Harrison defeats the Shawnee Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
1812/--/-- 10 - An earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela, killing 12,000.
1812/--/-- 10 - English caricaturist Thomas Rowlandson illustrates the Tour of Dr. Syntax.
1812/--/-- 10 - General William Hull surrenders Detroit to the British.
1812/--/-- 10 - Georges Cuvier develops his theory of catastrophism through the study of fossils.
1812/--/-- 10 - Grimm's Fairy Tales are published in Germany.
1812/--/-- 10 - John Nash begins the oriental conversion of the Royal Pavilion at Brighton.
1812/--/-- 10 - Louisiana is inaugurated as the 18th state of the Union.
1812/--/-- 10 - Napoleon defeated in Russia
1812/--/-- 10 - Napoleon invades Russia with 450,000 men.
1812/--/-- 10 - Napoleon's army retreats from Moscow; only 40,000 men reach France.
1812/--/-- 10 - Rebel leader Morelos y Pavon defeats the Mexican royalist forces at Oaxaca.
1812/--/-- 10 - Spanish forces defeat Bolivar and Miranda in Venezuela; Miranda is imprisoned.
1812/--/-- 10 - Stephen Decatur's frigate United States defeats the British frigate Macedonian.
1812/--/-- 10 - Swiss explorer Jakob Burckhardt rediscovers the ancient city of Petra.
1812/--/-- 10 - Territorial and shipping disputes lead to the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain.
1812/--/-- 10 - The French defeat the Russians at Borodino; Napoleon occupies Moscow.
1812/--/-- 10 - The U.S. Navy frigate Constitution defeats 2 British frigates.
1812/--/-- 10 - The ancient city of Petra (now in present-day Jordan) is rediscovered by Johann Burckhardt.
1812/--/-- 10 - The first coal gas generating station is chartered in London to provide gas lighting.
1812/--/-- 10 - War of 1812 Begins
1812/--/-- 10 - Wellington defeats the French at the Battle of Salamanca in Spain.
1813/--/-- 11 - 14 Luddites are hanged at York in England.
1813/--/-- 11 - English novelist Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice.
1813/--/-- 11 - James Wilkinson captures a fort at Mobile, the last Spanish possession in West Florida.
1813/--/-- 11 - Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Leipzig by the Sixth Coalition.
1813/--/-- 11 - Oliver Hazard Perry's ships destroy the British fleet on Lake Erie.
1813/--/-- 11 - British Indian leader Tecumseh is killed in the Battle of the Thames.
1813/--/-- 11 - Rebel forces invade Venezuela and capture Caracas; Bolivar is declared the Liberator.
1813/--/-- 11 - Robert Southey is made poet laureate of England.
1813/--/-- 11 - Wellington defeats the French in Spain at Vitoria and invades southern France.
1813/--/-- 11 - William Henry Harrison defeats the British at the Battle of the Thames.
1814/--/-- 12 - Actor Edmund Kean makes his debut as Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.
1814/--/-- 12 - Andrew Jackson annihilates the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
1814/--/-- 12 - Andrew Jackson crushes Creek Resistance in South
1814/--/-- 12 - British forces burn Washington, D.C., but are repulsed at Fort McHenry.
1814/--/-- 12 - Coalition armies invade France; Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to the island of Elba.
1814/--/-- 12 - French artist Ingres paints The Grand Odalisque.
1814/--/-- 12 - George Stephenson constructs his first steam locomotive.
1814/--/-- 12 - Louis XVIII assumes the French throne.
1814/--/-- 12 - New England states discuss their secession from the Union at the Hartford Convention.
1814/--/-- 12 - Pope Pius VII returns to Rome; the Jesuit order is reestablished.
1814/--/-- 12 - The Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain.
1814/--/-- 12 - Treaty of Ghent
1814/--/-- 12 - U.S. forces under Thomas Macdonough destroy the British fleet on Lake Champlain.
1815/--/-- 13 - French Monarchy re-established
1815/--/-- 13 - Napoleon escapes from Elba and marches on Paris during the Hundred Days.
1815/--/-- 13 - Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo; he is exiled to the island of Saint Helena.
1815/--/-- 13 - The Americans defeat the British at New Orleans before news of peace arrives.
1815/--/-- 13 - The Barbary States sue for peace with the U.S.
1815/--/-- 13 - The Spanish army reconquers Venezuela; Bolivar flees to Jamaica.
1815/--/-- 13 - The Spanish capture and execute the Mexican rebel leader Morelos y Pavon.
1815/--/-- 13 - The first Gurkha regiment is formed by the British army.
1815/--/-- 13 - War of 1812 Ends
1816/--/-- 14 - Gioacchino Rossini's opera The Barber of Seville is performed in Rome.
1816/--/-- 14 - Indiana is inaugurated as the 19th state of the Union.
1816/--/-- 14 - Maria I of Portugal dies; she is succeeded by John VI who remains in exile in Brazil.
1816/--/-- 14 - Nepal is made a protectorate of British India.
1816/--/-- 14 - Shaka begins establishing the Zulu empire in South Africa.
1816/--/-- 14 - The British Museum buys the Elgin Marbles (smuggled from Greece by Lord Elgin).
1816/--/-- 14 - The United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (Argentina) declare independence.
1817/--/-- 15 - Construction begins on Erie Canal in New York
1817/--/-- 15 - Construction of the Erie Canal begins in New York State.
1817/--/-- 15 - First Seminole War
1817/--/-- 15 - French physician Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope.
1817/--/-- 15 - James Monroe (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States
1817/--/-- 15 - Jose de San Martin and Bernardo O'Higgins defeat the Spanish in Chile.
1817/--/-- 15 - Mississippi is inaugurated as the 20th state of the Union.
1817/--/-- 15 - Monroe is inaugurated as the 5th U.S. president; Tompkins becomes vice-president.
1817/--/-- 15 - Sir Walter Scott writes the Scottish adventure novel Rob Roy.
1818/--/-- 16 - Arthur Schopenhauer publishes The World as Will and Representation.
1818/--/-- 16 - Bernardo O'Higgins becomes the supreme director of independent Chile.
1818/--/-- 16 - Composer Franz Schubert becomes the music teacher to Count Esterhazy's family.
1818/--/-- 16 - English chemist Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp.
1818/--/-- 16 - Illinois is inaugurated as the 21st state of the Union.
1818/--/-- 16 - John Keats "Endymion"
1818/--/-- 16 - Mary Wollstonecroft Shelley publishes the horror novel Frankenstein.
1818/--/-- 16 - Sir John Ross sails in search of the Northwest Passage.
1818/--/-- 16 - Thomas Love Peacock publishes his comic novel Nightmare Abbey.
1818/--/-- 16 - Treaty with Britain sets 49th parallel
1819/--/-- 17 - Alabama is inaugurated as the 22nd state of the Union.
1819/--/-- 17 - American artist Washington Allston paints Moonlit Landscape.
1819/--/-- 17 - Bolivar defeats the Spanish in Colombia at the Battle of Boyaca.
1819/--/-- 17 - Lord Byron begins his satirical poem Don Juan.
1819/--/-- 17 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles acquires Singapore for the East India Company.
1819/--/-- 17 - Spain surrenders East and West Florida to the U.S. in the Adams-Onis Treaty.
1819/--/-- 17 - The Prado Museum is inaugurated in Madrid.
1819/--/-- 17 - The Savannah becomes the first steamship to cross the Atlantic.
1819/--/-- 17 - Treaty with Spain sets boundaries
1820/--/-- 18 - Carbonari Italian nationalists rebel against the rule of Ferdinand I in Naples.
1820/--/-- 18 - English poet John Keats writes Ode To a Nightingale.
1820/--/-- 18 - English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley writes Prometheus Unbound.
1820/--/-- 18 - Fed offers land at $1.25 an acre
1820/--/-- 18 - French navigator Dumont d'Urville discovers the Venus de Milo on the island of Melos.
1820/--/-- 18 - French poet Alphonse de Lamartine publishes Meditations Poetiques.
1820/--/-- 18 - Henri Christophe commits suicide; Haiti is united under Jean Pierre Boyer.
1820/--/-- 18 - Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes the virtual dictator of Argentina.
1820/--/-- 18 - Maine is inaugurated as the 23rd state of the Union.
1820/--/-- 18 - Missouri Compromise
1820/--/-- 18 - Percy Bysshe Shelly "Prometheus Unbound"
1820/--/-- 18 - Russian Admiral Fabian von Bellingshausen sights land in the Antarctic.
1820/--/-- 18 - Stephen H. Long explores the Rocky Mountain region.
1820/--/-- 18 - The Missouri Compromise admits Missouri to the Union as a slave state.
1820/--/-- 18 - The Prince Regent becomes King George IV on the death of George III.
1820/--/-- 18 - The first American missionaries are admitted to Hawaii.
1820/--/-- 18 - The first free American slaves to be resettled in Africa land in Liberia.
1820/--/-- 18 - U.S. navy hero Stephen Decatur is killed in a duel.
1820/--/-- 18 - Washington Irving publishes Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.
1821/--/-- 19 - American captain John Davis is the first to land on the continent of Antarctica.
1821/--/-- 19 - Bolivar forms Gran Colombia (Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and Panama).
1821/--/-- 19 - Brazil annexes the Banda Oriental (Uruguay).
1821/--/-- 19 - English landscape artist John Constable paints The Hay Wain.
1821/--/-- 19 - King John VI is reinstated on the Portuguese throne.
1821/--/-- 19 - Mexican Independence
1821/--/-- 19 - Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic rotation
1821/--/-- 19 - Missouri Compromise
1821/--/-- 19 - Missouri is inaugurated as the 24th state of the Union.
1821/--/-- 19 - Napoleon dies on Saint Helena.
1821/--/-- 19 - Revolutionary general San Martin enters Lima and declares Peru independent.
1821/--/-- 19 - Revolutionary leader Iturbide declares Mexican independence from Spain.
1821/--/-- 19 - Simon Bolivar defeats the Spanish forces in Venezuela and Ecuador.
1821/--/-- 19 - The Cherokee Indian Sequoya develops the Cherokee written language.
1821/--/-- 19 - The Greek War of Independence begins against Turkey.
1821/--/-- 19 - Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater is published.
1821/07/09 20 - George IV crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Char
1822/--/-- 20 - American surgeon William Beaumont begins his study of the gastric process.
1822/--/-- 20 - Antonio Jose de Sucre defeats the Spanish in Ecuador at the Battle of Pichincha.
1822/--/-- 20 - British statesman Lord Castlereagh commits suicide.
1822/--/-- 20 - Denmark Vesey leads a slave revolt in Charleston; 35 blacks are executed.
1822/--/-- 20 - Dom Pedro, son of Portuguese King John VI, declares Brazil independent.
1822/--/-- 20 - Egyptian leader Muhammad Ali completes the conquest of northern Sudan.
1822/--/-- 20 - French scholar Jean Francois Champollion deciphers the Rosetta Stone hieroglyphics.
1823/--/-- 21 - Charles Babbage begins work on his difference engine, a precursor of the computer.
1823/--/-- 21 - Charles Lamb publishes his Essays of Elia in The London Magazine.
1823/--/-- 21 - Charles Macintosh patents the waterproof fabric used in mackintosh raincoats.
1823/--/-- 21 - General Santa Anna leads a coup against Mexican Emperor Agustin I (Iturbide).
1823/--/-- 21 - James Fenimore Cooper publishes the first volume of The Leatherstocking Tales.
1823/--/-- 21 - Japanese artist Hokusai begins a series of Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji.
1823/--/-- 21 - Ludwig van Beethoven completes his 9th Symphony.
1823/--/-- 21 - Monroe Doctrine
1823/--/-- 21 - Rugby football originates at Rugby School in England.
1823/--/-- 21 - The Monroe Doctrine warns Europe not to interfere in the Americas.
1824/--/-- 22 - De Sucre defeats the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho, liberating Peru.
1824/--/-- 22 - Disputes over the border of India lead to war between Britain and Burma.
1824/--/-- 22 - English poet Lord Byron travels to Greece to aid the patriots but dies of a fever.
1824/--/-- 22 - Jons Jakob Berzelius discovers the element silicon about this time.
1824/--/-- 22 - Sadi Carnot lays the foundations for the second law of thermodynamics.
1824/--/-- 22 - The Ashanti begin a war of resistance against Britain in the Gold Coast (Ghana).
1824/--/-- 22 - The Ashanti begin a war of resistance against Britain in the Gold Coast (Ghana).
1824/--/-- 22 - The National Gallery is founded in London.
1825/--/-- 23 - Adams is inaugurated as the 6th U.S. president; Calhoun becomes vice-president.
1825/--/-- 23 - American painter Thomas Cole founds the Hudson River School about this time.
1825/--/-- 23 - English literary critic William Hazlitt publishes The Spirit of the Age.
1825/--/-- 23 - John Quincy Adams (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States
1825/--/-- 23 - Kappa Alpha, the first social fraternity, is formed at Union College, New York.
1825/--/-- 23 - Mountain man James Bridger discovers the Great Salt Lake.
1825/--/-- 23 - Nicholas I is made emperor of Russia; the Decembrists revolt breaks out.
1825/--/-- 23 - The Central American Federation declares its independence from Mexico.
1825/--/-- 23 - Thomas Cole establishes Hudson River school of landscape painting
1825/--/-- 23 - Uruguayan leader Lavalleja precipitates a war between Brazil and Argentina.
1825/--/-- 23 - Welsh reformer Robert Owen founds a community at New Harmony, Indiana.
1826/--/-- 24 - American engineer John Stevens builds the first U.S. steam locomotive.
1826/--/-- 24 - Andre Ampere publishes his Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomenon.
1826/--/-- 24 - British engineer Thomas Telford builds the Menai suspension bridge in Wales.
1826/--/-- 24 - Felix Mendelssohn composes his overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream at age 17.
1826/--/-- 24 - German poet Heine begins the publication of Reisebilder (Travel Pictures).
1826/--/-- 24 - Ohm's law establishes the relationship of electrical voltage, current and resistance.
1826/--/-- 24 - Revolutionary leader Antonio Jose de Sucre is elected first president of Bolivia.
1827/--/-- 25 - American frontiersman Davy Crockett is elected to Congress.
1827/--/-- 25 - Audubon publishes " Birds of America"
1827/--/-- 25 - Britain, France and Russia demand that Turkey ends the war with Greece.
1827/--/-- 25 - English inventor John Walker introduces the first friction matches.
1827/--/-- 25 - French landscape artist Camille Corot paints the Bridge at Narni.
1827/--/-- 25 - Mountain man Jedediah Smith pioneers an overland route to California.
1827/--/-- 25 - Ornithologist John James Audubon begins the publication of his Birds of America.
1827/--/-- 25 - The Allied navies destroy the Turkish and Egyptian fleet at Navarino in Greece.
1828/--/-- 26 - Composer Frederic Chopin begins concert tours at age 18.
1828/--/-- 26 - Greeks win War of Independence from Ottoman Empire
1828/--/-- 26 - Lavalleja's Thirty-three Immortals achieve Uruguayan independence from Brazil.
1828/--/-- 26 - Noah Webster publishes his American Dictionary of the English Language.
1828/--/-- 26 - Rammohun Roy founds the Brahmo Samaj religious society in India.
1828/--/-- 26 - The Duke of Wellington becomes prime minister of Britain.
1828/--/-- 26 - Virtuoso violin player Niccolo Paganini performs in Vienna.
1829/--/-- 27 - Andrew Jackson (Democrat) becomes president of the United States
1829/--/-- 27 - Delacroix paints "Death of Sardanapalus"
1829/--/-- 27 - Explorer Charles Sturt charts the Murray River in Australia.
1829/--/-- 27 - Jackson introduces spoils system
1829/--/-- 27 - Jackson is inaugurated as the 7th U.S. president; Calhoun continues as vice-president.
1829/--/-- 27 - Lord Bentinck bans the Indian custom of suttee (the burning of widows).
1829/--/-- 27 - Louis Braille publishes his braille system of writing for the blind.
1829/--/-- 27 - Serbia becomes an autonomous principality under Prince Milos.
1829/--/-- 27 - Sir Robert Peel reorganizes the London police; his policemen are nicknamed Bobbies.
1829/--/-- 27 - Sir Robert Peel sponsers the Catholic Emancipation Act in Britain.
1829/--/-- 27 - The convict-free British colony of Western Australia is founded.
1829/--/-- 27 - The first U.S. encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia Americana, is begun.
1830/--/-- 28 - Belgium asserts its independence from the Netherlands.
1830/--/-- 28 - British geologist Charles Lyell begins publishing his Principles of Geology.
1830/--/-- 28 - Fructuoso Rivera is elected as first president of Uruguay.
1830/--/-- 28 - George Catlin begins his paintings of North American Indians about this time.
1830/--/-- 28 - Greece becomes independent from Turkey.
1830/--/-- 28 - Hector Berlioz composes his first major work the Symphonie Fantastique.
1830/--/-- 28 - Indian Removal Act moves eastern Indians west of Mississippi
1830/--/-- 28 - Joseph Smith founds the Mormon church at Fayette, New York.
1830/--/-- 28 - Louis Philippe is chosen as the citizen king of France.
1830/--/-- 28 - Philipon publishes the satirical weekly La Caricature, with contributions by Daumier.
1830/--/-- 28 - Polish rebellions are suppressed by Russia.
1830/--/-- 28 - Simon Bolivar resigns as dictator of Gran Colombia, he dies later in the year.
1830/--/-- 28 - The Indian Removal Act is passed to move the southeastern tribes to Indian Territory.
1830/--/-- 28 - The July Revolution in France forces the abdication of Charles X.
1830/--/-- 28 - The Women's magazine Godey's Lady's Book is published in the U.S.
1830/--/-- 28 - The locomotive Best Friend of Charleston is in use on the first U.S. railroad.
1830/--/-- 28 - William IV succeeds George IV as king of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
1831/--/-- 29 - British naturalist Charles Darwin sails to South America aboard H.M.S. Beagle.
1831/--/-- 29 - Cyrus McCormick invents a mechanical reaper.
1831/--/-- 29 - Explorer James Clark Ross determines the position of the north magnetic pole.
1831/--/-- 29 - Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini founds the Young Italy movement.
1831/--/-- 29 - Jose Antonio Paez becomes the first president of Venezuela.
1831/--/-- 29 - King Louis Philippe founds the French foreign legion.
1831/--/-- 29 - Leopold I is selected as the first king of Belgium.
1831/--/-- 29 - Michael Faraday demonstrates his theory of electromagnetic induction.
1831/--/-- 29 - Nat Turner leads a black slave revolt in Virginia; he is captured and hanged.
1831/--/-- 29 - Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin completes his masterpiece Eugene Onegin.
1831/--/-- 29 - The crown colony of British Guiana (Guyana) is formed.
1831/--/-- 29 - Victor Hugo "Hunchback of Notre Dame"
1831/--/-- 29 - William Lloyd Garrison publishes the abolitionist newspaper the Liberator.
1832/--/-- 30 - George Sand (Aurore Dudevant) publishes her first novel Indiana.
1832/--/-- 30 - Japanese artist Hiroshige begins work on Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido.
1832/--/-- 30 - Samuel F.B. Morse designs improved electromagnetic telegraph
1832/--/-- 30 - The Black Hawk War is the last major Indian conflict east of the Mississippi River.
1832/--/-- 30 - The Democratic party is formally established as a national organization.
1832/04/11 31 *** Stephenson, Leander Jacob [Son] - Born to Stephenson, John Miller and Norman, Nancy Wayne County, KY This man is believed
1833/--/-- 31 - A Bavarian prince becomes King Otto of Greece.
1833/--/-- 31 - Britain occupies the Falkland Islands.
1833/--/-- 31 - Carl von Clausewitz's classic study of warfare On War is published.
1833/--/-- 31 - General Santa Anna becomes president of Mexico.
1833/--/-- 31 - Isabella II succeeds Ferdinand VII, King of Spain; the Carlist Wars begin.
1833/--/-- 31 - President Jackson withdraws federal deposits from the Bank of the United States.
1833/--/-- 31 - Santa Anna elected President of Mexico
1833/--/-- 31 - The American Anti-Slavery Society is inaugurated in Philadelphia.
1833/--/-- 31 - Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame is published in English.
1834/--/-- 32 - A Quadruple Alliance is formed to aid Isabella II of Spain and Maria II of Portugal.
1834/--/-- 32 - American inventor Jacob Perkins patents the first practical ice-making machine.
1834/--/-- 32 - British politician Sir Robert Peel founds the Conservative Party.
1834/--/-- 32 - Indian Territory founded
1834/--/-- 32 - Slavery abolished in British Empire
1834/--/-- 32 - The Carlist Wars resume in Spain.
1834/--/-- 32 - The Hansom cab is designed; it becomes the standard horse-drawn cab in London.
1834/--/-- 32 - The Whig party is formed to oppose Andrew Jackson and the Democratic party.
1835/--/-- 33 - American settlers begin the Texas Revolution against Mexican rule.
1835/--/-- 33 - Attempts to move the Seminole Indians begins the second Seminole War.
1835/--/-- 33 - Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen publishes Tales Told for Children.
1835/--/-- 33 - French politician Alexis de Tocqueville publishes Democracy in America.
1835/--/-- 33 - James Gordon Bennett founds the New York Herald newspaper.
1835/--/-- 33 - Second Seminole War in Florida
1836/--/-- 34 - American educator William Holmes McGuffey begins editing his Readers.
1836/--/-- 34 - American inventor Samuel Colt begins manufacturing the first revolver.
1836/--/-- 34 - American literary figure Ralph Waldo Emerson founds the Transcendental Club.
1836/--/-- 34 - Arkansas is inaugurated as the 25th state of the Union.
1836/--/-- 34 - Boer (Afrikaner) settlers begin the Great Trek into the South African interior.
1836/--/-- 34 - Bolivian president Santa Cruz invades Peru and forms the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.
1836/--/-- 34 - Charles Barry designs Westminster Palace in the Gothic Revival style.
1836/--/-- 34 - Charles Dickens publishes his first popular work The Pickwick Papers.
1836/--/-- 34 - John C. Calhoun supports the gag rules to prevent Congress debating slavery.
1836/--/-- 34 - Republic of Texas forms
1836/--/-- 34 - Russian author Nikolai Gogol writes his play The Inspector General.
1836/--/-- 34 - Santa Anna's army storms the Alamo in Texas, killing the defenders.
1836/--/-- 34 - Texans under Sam Houston defeat Santa Anna at the San Jacinto River.
1836/--/-- 34 - Texas Revolution
1836/--/-- 34 - The Arc de Triomphe, the world's largest triumphal arch, is completed in Paris.
1837/--/-- 35 - Britain's refusal to grant more home rule in Canada leads to the Rebellions of 1837.
1837/--/-- 35 - British scientist Charles Wheatstone designs an electric telegraph system.
1837/--/-- 35 - Charles Dickens "Oliver Twist"
1837/--/-- 35 - Louis Daguerre invents the daguerreotype method for taking permanent photographs.
1837/--/-- 35 - Martin Van Buren (Democrat) becomes president of the United States
1837/--/-- 35 - Michigan is inaugurated as the 26th state of the Union.
1837/--/-- 35 - Mikhail Lermontov writes the Death of a Poet, inspired by the death of Pushkin.
1837/--/-- 35 - Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin is killed in a duel.
1837/--/-- 35 - Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle publishes The French Revolution.
1837/--/-- 35 - Seminole Indian leader Osceola is captured.
1837/--/-- 35 - Van Buren is inaugurated as the 8th U.S. president; Johnson becomes vice-president.
1837/--/-- 35 - William IV dies; Victoria succeeds him as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
1837/06/-- 36 - Victoria succeeds as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland.
1838/--/-- 36 - Boer (Afrikaner) leader Andries Pretorius defeats the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River.
1838/--/-- 36 - British artist Joseph Mallord William Turner paints the Fighting Temeraire.
1838/--/-- 36 - Charles Wilkes heads a U.S. Navy expedition to Antarctica.
1838/--/-- 36 - Cherokee "Trail of Tears"
1838/--/-- 36 - French philosopher Auguste Comte inaugurates the science of sociology.
1838/--/-- 36 - Iowa Territory organized
1838/--/-- 36 - John Deere develops a steel-tipped plow capable of turning heavy prairie soil.
1838/--/-- 36 - Samuel F.B. Morse develops the Morse code for electric telegraph systems.
1838/--/-- 36 - Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick Macmillan makes the first pedal-driven bicycle.
1838/06/08 37 - Victoria crowned Queen of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Will
1839/--/-- 37 - American inventor Charles Goodyear develops the vulcanization of rubber.
1839/--/-- 37 - Chile defeats Santa Cruz's Peru-Bolivian Confederation at the Battle of Yungay.
1839/--/-- 37 - Daguerre invents first form of photography
1839/--/-- 37 - French novelist Stendhal writes The Charterhouse of Parma.
1839/--/-- 37 - Hungarian composer and pianist Franz Liszt embarks on a concert tour of Europe.
1839/--/-- 37 - Jose Rafael Carrera captures Guatemala; the Central American Federation is dissolved.
1839/--/-- 37 - Stephens and Catherwood explore Maya ruins in the Yucatan.
1839/--/-- 37 - The Anglo-Afghan Wars begin in Afghanistan.
1839/--/-- 37 - The Opium Wars begin between Britain and China.
1839/--/-- 37 - Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden formulate the cell theory.
1840/--/-- 38 - Civil War breaks out in Uruguay between the Colorados (reds) and Blancos (whites).
1840/--/-- 38 - Edgar Allen Poe: "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque"
1840/--/-- 38 - French philosopher and anarchist Pierre Joseph Proudhon writes What is Property.
1840/--/-- 38 - Horatio Greenough's classical statue of George Washington is strongly criticized.
1840/--/-- 38 - Maori chiefs sign over their tribal lands to Queen Victoria in the Treaty of Waitangi.
1840/--/-- 38 - Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg.
1840/--/-- 38 - Swiss-American naturalist Louis Agassiz postulates his theory of ice ages.
1840/--/-- 38 - The Liberty party is founded in Albany, N.Y. based exclusively on an antislavery platform.
1840/--/-- 38 - The Underground Railroad is active in helping escaping slaves in the U.S.
1840/--/-- 38 - The first adhesive postage stamp, the Penny Black, is issued in London.
1840/--/-- 38 - The metric system of measurement is reinstated in France.
1840/--/-- 38 - Upper and Lower Canada are united in the single Province of Canada.
1840/--/-- 38 - Upper and lower Canada united
1841/--/-- 39 - Edgar Allan Poe writes an early detective story The Murders in the Rue Morgue.
1841/--/-- 39 - George Grey is appointed governor of South Australia to help save the colony.
1841/--/-- 39 - Harrison is inaugurated as the 9th U.S. president; Tyler becomes vice-president.
1841/--/-- 39 - Horace Greeley founds the New York Tribune newspaper.
1841/--/-- 39 - Italian ballerina Carlotta Grisi creates the role of Giselle.
1841/--/-- 39 - John Tyler (Whig) becomes president of the United States
1841/--/-- 39 - Muhammad Ali defeats the Ottomans and becomes the hereditary ruler of Egypt.
1841/--/-- 39 - New Zealand is established as a separate British colony.
1841/--/-- 39 - President Harrison dies; John Tyler is inaugurated as the 10th U.S. president
1841/--/-- 39 - Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne resigns; he is succeeded by Sir Robert Peel.
1841/--/-- 39 - William Henry Harrison (Whig) becomes president of the United States
1841/--/-- 39 - William Henry Talbot patents the calotype photographic process.
1842/--/-- 40 - 10-hour day for children under 12 in Massachusetts
1842/--/-- 40 - American explorer John C. Fremont begins surveying the Oregon Trail.
1842/--/-- 40 - American showman P.T. Barnum discovers the 40-inch midget Tom Thumb.
1842/--/-- 40 - Austrian physicist Christian Johann Doppler predicts the Doppler effect.
1842/--/-- 40 - China cedes Hong Kong to Britain.
1842/--/-- 40 - China is defeated in the first Opium War; Chinese ports are opened to British trade.
1842/--/-- 40 - Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti writes his opera Don Pasquale.
1843/--/-- 41 - A coup in Greece forces King Otto to accept a constitutional monarchy.
1843/--/-- 41 - Black American Sojourner Truth begins her reform mission.
1843/--/-- 41 - Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard publishes Either/Or.
1843/--/-- 41 - English art critic John Ruskin begins publishing Modern Painters.
1843/--/-- 41 - German astronomer Samuel Schwabe discovers the sunspot cycle.
1844/--/-- 42 - Alexander Dumas "The Three Muskateers"
1844/--/-- 42 - Eastern Hispaniola declares independence from Haiti as the Dominican Republic.
1844/--/-- 42 - French author Alexandre Dumas (Dumas pere) publishes The Three Musketeers.
1844/--/-- 42 - Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormons, is killed by a lynch mob.
1844/--/-- 42 - Samuel F.B. Morse establishes the first U.S. telegraph link.
1844/--/-- 42 - Settlers in New South Wales force Britain to stop sending convicts to the colony.
1844/--/-- 42 - The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in England.
1844/--/-- 42 - William Henry Talbot begins his Pencil of Nature, the first book of photographs.
1845/--/-- 43 - American author Margaret Fuller publishes Women in the Nineteenth Century.
1845/--/-- 43 - British archaeologist Austen Layard excavates the sites of Nimrud and Nineveh.
1845/--/-- 43 - Civil War ends in Peru; Castilla Ramon is elected as president.
1845/--/-- 43 - Failure of the potato crop leads to a famine in Ireland.
1845/--/-- 43 - Florida is inaugurated as the 27th state of the Union.
1845/--/-- 43 - French artists Gavarni and Grandville begin designing the first elaborate posters.
1845/--/-- 43 - German composer Robert Schumann writes his Piano Concerto in A minor.
1845/--/-- 43 - German scientist Alexander von Humboldt publishes the first volume of his Kosmos.
1845/--/-- 43 - James K. Polk (Democrat) becomes president of the United States
1845/--/-- 43 - Polk is inaugurated as the 11th U.S. president; Dallas becomes vice-president
1845/--/-- 43 - Sir John Franklin leads an ill-fated expedition in search of the Northwest Passage.
1845/--/-- 43 - The Republic of Texas becomes the 28th state of the Union.
1845/--/-- 43 - The Republic of Texas is annexed by the U.S.; it becomes the 28th state of the Union.
1845/--/-- 43 - The Sikh Wars begin in British India.
1845/--/-- 43 - The first clipper ship the Rainbow is built in New York.
1845/--/-- 43 - The term Manifest Destiny is first used in defense of U.S. territorial ambitions.
1846/--/-- 44 - Adolphe Sax patents the saxophone in Paris.
1846/--/-- 44 - American dentist William Morton extracts a tooth using ether as an anesthetic.
1846/--/-- 44 - German astronomer Johann Galle makes the first observation of the planet Neptune.
1846/--/-- 44 - German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach publishes The Essence of Religion.
1846/--/-- 44 - Henry Creswicke Rawlinson deciphers the Mesopotamian cuneiform script.
1846/--/-- 44 - Iowa is inaugurated as the 29th state of the Union.
1846/--/-- 44 - Mexican War
1846/--/-- 44 - Mormon trek from Navoo to Salt Lake City
1846/--/-- 44 - Oregon boundary with Canada established at 49th parallel
1846/--/-- 44 - The Christy Minstrels begin performing in New York.
1846/--/-- 44 - The Mexican War begins over the U.S. annexation of Texas.
1846/--/-- 44 - The Mexican government collapses; Santa Anna is reelected as president.
1846/--/-- 44 - The Smithsonian Institution is created by Congress.
1846/--/-- 44 - The border between the U.S. and Canada is established, settling the Oregon Question.
1846/--/-- 44 - U.S. forces under Stephen Watts Kearny occupy New Mexico.
1846/--/-- 44 - U.S. forces under Zachary Taylor defeat the Mexicans at Palo Alto and Monterrey.
1846/--/-- 44 - Writer and artist Edward Lear publishes A Book of Nonsense.
1847/--/-- 45 - American missionary Marcus Whitman is killed by Cayuse Indians in Oregon.
1847/--/-- 45 - American oceanographer Matthew Maury publishes his first Wind and Current Charts.
1847/--/-- 45 - Charlotte Bronte publishes Jane Eyre; Emily Bronte publishes Wuthering Heights.
1847/--/-- 45 - English novelist William Makepeace Thackeray begins Vanity Fair.
1847/--/-- 45 - Honore de Balzac completes La Comedie humaine, a collection of over 100 novels.
1847/--/-- 45 - Italian statesman Cavour founds the liberal newspaper Il Risorgimento (resurgence).
1847/--/-- 45 - Maria Mitchell, the first woman astronomer in America, discovers a new comet.
1847/--/-- 45 - Mormons and the Indians
1847/--/-- 45 - Scott enters Mexico City after a series of battles; Mexico sues for peace.
1847/--/-- 45 - Sir James Simpson uses chloroform for childbirth
1847/--/-- 45 - Taylor defeats Santa Anna's Mexican army at the Battle of Buena Vista.
1847/--/-- 45 - The African slave colony of Liberia is declared independent.
1847/--/-- 45 - The American Medical Association is founded.
1847/--/-- 45 - The Mormons under Brigham Young found Salt Lake City.
1847/--/-- 45 - The U.S. post office begins using adhesive postage stamps.
1847/--/-- 45 - U.S. forces under Stockton, Fremont and Kearny occupy California.
1847/--/-- 45 - U.S. forces under Winfield Scott land at Veracruz and advance on Mexico City.
1848/--/-- 46 - A Czech uprising under Frantisek Palacky is suppressed by Austria.
1848/--/-- 46 - American engineer James Bogardus begins using cast-iron for building construction.
1848/--/-- 46 - February Revolution by French workers makes Louis Napoleon III President of 2nd Reublic
1848/--/-- 46 - Ferdinand I abdicates; Francis Joseph becomes Emperor of Austria.
1848/--/-- 46 - French Barbizon artist Theodore Rousseau paints the Forest at Fontainebleau.
1848/--/-- 46 - French author Alexandre Dumas (Dumas fils) publishes his novel Camille.
1848/--/-- 46 - Gold discovered in California
1848/--/-- 46 - Holman Hunt, Millais and Rossetti form the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in Britain.
1848/--/-- 46 - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the Communist Manifesto.
1848/--/-- 46 - Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels publish "Communist Manifesto"
1848/--/-- 46 - Louis Philippe abdicates; a Second Republic is declared in France.
1848/--/-- 46 - Mexican Cession
1848/--/-- 46 - Risorgimento leader Garibaldi returns to Italy to fight in the war of independence.
1848/--/-- 46 - Scottish physicist William Thomson Kelvin proposes an absolute temperature scale.
1848/--/-- 46 - The Austrian revolution begins in Vienna; chancellor Metternich resigns.
1848/--/-- 46 - The Revolutions of 1848 break out in Europe.
1848/--/-- 46 - The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ratifies the cession of California and New Mexico.
1848/--/-- 46 - The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill begins the California gold rush.
1848/--/-- 46 - The first U.S. women's rights assembly meets at the Seneca Falls Convention.
1848/--/-- 46 - Uprisings in Berlin force Frederick William IV to summon a constitutional assembly.
1848/--/-- 46 - Wisconsin is inaugurated as the 30th state of the Union.
1849/--/-- 47 - Amelia Bloomer publicizes bloomers (baggy trousers for women) in the Lily magazine.
1849/--/-- 47 - Austrian forces crush the Italian revolution; Mazzini and Garibaldi flee from Italy.
1849/--/-- 47 - Austrian premier Felix Schwarzenberg uses the Russian army to defeat the Hungarians.
1849/--/-- 47 - Black slave Harriet Tubman escapes and begins her Underground Railway work.
1849/--/-- 47 - Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first woman to obtain a medical degree.
1849/--/-- 47 - Francois Rene de Chateaubriand publishes Memoirs From Beyond the Tomb.
1849/--/-- 47 - French physicist Armand Fizeau measures the velocity of light.
1849/--/-- 47 - Lajos Kossuth declares Hungarian independence from Austria.
1849/--/-- 47 - Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin is deported to Siberia.
1849/--/-- 47 - Taylor is inaugurated as the 12th U.S. president; Fillmore becomes vice-president
1849/--/-- 47 - Zachary Taylor (Whig) becomes president of the United States
1850/--/-- 48 - Allan Pinkerton founds the Pinkerton National Detective Agency.
1850/--/-- 48 - American author Nathaniel Hawthorne writes The Scarlet Letter.
1850/--/-- 48 - American popular songwriter Stephen Foster publishes Camptown Races.
1850/--/-- 48 - California is inaugurated as the 31st state of the Union.
1850/--/-- 48 - Congress reinforces the Fugitive Slave Law for the return of escaped slaves.
1850/--/-- 48 - Elizabeth Barrett Browning publishes her Sonnets From the Portuguese.
1850/--/-- 48 - English author Charles Dickens writes David Copperfield.
1850/--/-- 48 - French realist artist Gustave Courbet paints The Stone Breakers.
1850/--/-- 48 - Jenny Lind the Swedish nightingale begins her U.S. tour.
1850/--/-- 48 - Millard Fillmore (Whig) becomes president of the United States
1850/--/-- 48 - Nathanial Hawthorne "The Scarlet Letter"
1850/--/-- 48 - Photographer Mathew Brady publishes The Gallery of Illustrious Americans.
1850/--/-- 48 - Plains Indians cede land in exchange for reservations
1850/--/-- 48 - President Taylor dies; Millard Fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th U.S. president.
1850/--/-- 48 - The Compromise of 1850 establishes California as a non-slavery state.
1850/--/-- 48 - The Taiping Rebellion breaks out in China against the Ch'ing dynasty.
1850/--/-- 48 - The first issue of Harper's magazine is published.
1850/--/-- 48 - Utah and New Mexico Territories
1851/--/-- 49 - A gold rush begins in Victoria, Australia; Victoria becomes a separate colony.
1851/--/-- 49 - American author Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick.
1851/--/-- 49 - Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto is produced in Venice.
1851/--/-- 49 - Harriet Beecher Stowe begins publishing Uncle Tom's Cabin.
1851/--/-- 49 - Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones found the New York Times.
1851/--/-- 49 - Isaac Merrit Singer invents the first practical sewing machine.
1851/--/-- 49 - Jacob Fussell begins making ice cream in commercial quantities in Baltimore.
1851/--/-- 49 - Melville "Moby Dick"
1851/--/-- 49 - Mongkut (Rama IV) becomes king of Siam (Thailand).
1851/--/-- 49 - Singer patents sewing machine
1851/--/-- 49 - The Crystal Palace is built in London to house the Great Exhibition.
1851/--/-- 49 - The U.S. yacht America defeats 17 British yachts in the first America's Cup contest.
1851/--/-- 49 - The first college sorority is established at Wesleyan College, Georgia.
1852/--/-- 50 - Argentinean dictator Rosas is defeated by forces under Urquiza at Monte Caseros.
1852/--/-- 50 - Britain gains control of the Irrawaddy delta after the second Anglo-Burma War.
1852/--/-- 50 - The Grimms begin publication of their Deutsches Worterbuch (German Dictionary).
1852/--/-- 50 - The Second Empire begins in France under Napoleon III.
1853/--/-- 51 - A U.S. naval squadron under Matthew Perry enters Tokyo Bay to negotiate a treaty.
1853/--/-- 51 - Chinese rebels capture Nanking and make it the capital of the Taiping kingdom.
1853/--/-- 51 - Crimean War between Turkey, France & Britain against Russia
1853/--/-- 51 - Franklin Pierce (Democrat) becomes president of the United States
1853/--/-- 51 - Franklin Pierce is inaugurated as the 14th U.S. president; King becomes vice-president.
1853/--/-- 51 - General Santa Anna becomes dictator of Mexico for the last time.
1853/--/-- 51 - Georges Haussmann begins the reconstruction of Paris.
1853/--/-- 51 - Napoleon III marries the Empress Eugenie.
1853/--/-- 51 - Richard Wagner begins his cycle of four operas The Ring of The Nibelung.
1853/--/-- 51 - Russia occupies the Turkish principalities of Moldavia and Walachia.
1853/--/-- 51 - The U.S. adds land to New Mexico and Arizona with the Gadsden Purchase.
1853/--/-- 51 - Turkey issues an ultimatum to Russia; the Russians destroy the Turkish fleet at Sinope.
1854/--/-- 52 - A commercial treaty is signed between the U.S. and Japan, ending Japanese isolation.
1854/--/-- 52 - American writer and naturalist Henry David Thoreau publishes Walden.
1854/--/-- 52 - An Anglo-French-Turkish expeditionary force lands at Sevastopol in the Crimea.
1854/--/-- 52 - Britain and France declare war on Russia, beginning the Crimean War.
1854/--/-- 52 - Nebraska and Kansas Territories
1854/--/-- 52 - Pope Pius IX proclaims the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary.
1854/--/-- 52 - Raphaelite artist Holman Hunt paints The Scapegoat.
1854/--/-- 52 - Republican Party formed for abolition of slavery
1854/--/-- 52 - Smith & Wesson invent revolver
1854/--/-- 52 - The Allied armies defeat the Russians at the Battle of Inkerman.
1854/--/-- 52 - The British grant independence to the Orange Free State in South Africa.
1854/--/-- 52 - The Charge of the Light Brigade is made by the British during the Battle of Balaklava.
1854/--/-- 52 - The Kansas-Nebraska Act reopens the controversy over the spread of slavery.
1854/--/-- 52 - The Republican party is formed after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
1854/--/-- 52 - Upper half of Indian Territory becomes part of Kansas Territory
1855/--/-- 53 - British photographer Roger Fenton documents the Crimean War.
1855/--/-- 53 - Florence Nightingale reforms hygienic standards in Crimean hospitals.
1855/--/-- 53 - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow publishes The Songs of Hiawatha.
1855/--/-- 53 - Lord Palmerston becomes prime minister of Great Britain for the first time.
1855/--/-- 53 - Matthew Fontaine Maury publishes The Physical Geography of the Sea.
1855/--/-- 53 - Mexican dictator Santa Anna is overthrown.
1855/--/-- 53 - Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia dies; he is succeeded by his son Alexander II.
1855/--/-- 53 - Robert Browning publishes his poetry collection Men and Women.
1855/--/-- 53 - Scottish explorer David Livingstone discovers the Victoria Falls in Africa.
1855/--/-- 53 - The Allies occupy the Russian fortress at Sevastapol in the Crimea.
1855/--/-- 53 - The first formal ice hockey game is played in Kingston, Ontario.
1855/--/-- 53 - Walt Whitman publishes his first book of poetry, the Leaves of Grass.
1856/--/-- 54 - A new Opium War begins between China, Britain and France.
1856/--/-- 54 - English chemist William Perkin discovers synthetic dyes.
1856/--/-- 54 - The Treaty of Paris ends the Crimean War.
1856/--/-- 54 - The first Neanderthaler (prehistoric human) skeleton is discovered in Germany.
1856/--/-- 54 - Victor Hugo writes Les Miserables during his exile from France.
1857/--/-- 55 - Buchanan is inaugurated as the 15th U.S. president; Breckinridge becomes vice-president.
1857/--/-- 55 - Disputes between Mormons and non-Mormon settlers leads to the Utah War.
1857/--/-- 55 - Elisha Graves Otis installs the first passenger elevator in a New York City store.
1857/--/-- 55 - English author Thomas Hughes publishes Tom Brown's Schooldays.
1857/--/-- 55 - French novelist Gustave Flaubert publishes Madame Bovary.
1857/--/-- 55 - French poet Baudelaire publishes Flowers of Evil and is arrested for immorality.
1857/--/-- 55 - James Buchanan (Democrat) becomes president of the United States
1857/--/-- 55 - Kansas ratifies anti-slavery constitution
1857/--/-- 55 - Mormons and Paiute Indians kill 120 settlers in the Mountain Meadows Massacre.
1857/--/-- 55 - The Indian Mutiny begins when Indian troops rebel against the British in Meerut.
1857/--/-- 55 - The Oxford English Dictionary is begun in England.
1858/--/-- 56 - Benito Juarez becomes the first Mexican president of Indian descent.
1858/--/-- 56 - Bernadette Soubirous sees visions of the Vigin Mary in a grotto near Lourdes, France.
1858/--/-- 56 - Britain and France impose the Tientsin Treaty on China.
1858/--/-- 56 - British explorer John Hanning Speke discovers Lake Victoria in Africa.
1858/--/-- 56 - British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace outlines his theories of evolution.
1858/--/-- 56 - Charles Frederick Worth establishes his Paris fashion house.
1858/--/-- 56 - Cyrus W. Field lays the first transatlantic telegraph cable.
1858/--/-- 56 - Federal forces end the Utah War; Brigham Young is replaced as governor of Utah Territory.
1858/--/-- 56 - French photographer Nadar takes the first aerial photograph from a balloon.
1858/--/-- 56 - German-American artist Albert Bierstadt begins his landscapes of the American west.
1858/--/-- 56 - Jacques Offenbach's operetta Orpheus in the Underworld premiers in Paris.
1858/--/-- 56 - James Renwick begins the design of Saint Patrick's Cathedral in New York City.
1858/--/-- 56 - Minnesota is inaugurated as the 32nd state of the Union.
1858/--/-- 56 - The Fenians (Irish Republican Brotherhood) are founded to overthrow British rule.
1858/--/-- 56 - The Indian Mutiny is suppressed by the British Army and loyal Indian troops.
1858/--/-- 56 - The government of India is transferred from the East India Company to the British crown.
1859/--/-- 57 - Abolitionist John Brown leads an attack on Harpers Ferry; he is captured and executed.
1859/--/-- 57 - Charles Darwin "Origin of Species"
1859/--/-- 57 - Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
1859/--/-- 57 - Ferdinand de Lesseps begins building the Suez Canal in Egypt.
1859/--/-- 57 - French inventor Ferdinand Carre develops a refrigeration system.
1859/--/-- 57 - Napoleon III assists the Italian statesman Cavour in a war against Austria.
1859/--/-- 57 - Oregon is inaugurated as the 33rd state of the Union.
1859/--/-- 57 - Queensland becomes a separate colony of Australia.
1860/--/-- 58 - Abraham Lincoln is elected as the first Republican president of the United States.
1860/--/-- 58 - China resists the Tientsin Treaty; Anglo-French forces occupy Peking.
1860/--/-- 58 - English novelist Wilkie Collins writes The Woman in White.
1860/--/-- 58 - Florence Nightingale establishes a school for training nurses.
1860/--/-- 58 - George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans) publishes The Mill on the Floss.
1860/--/-- 58 - Italian patriot Garibaldi invades Sicily and Naples with his 1,000 Redshirts.
1860/--/-- 58 - Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir patents the first internal-combustion engine.
1860/--/-- 58 - Sardinia-Piedmont seizes the Papal States in Italy.
1860/--/-- 58 - South Carolina becomes the first Southern state to secede from the Union.
1860/--/-- 58 - The Crittenden Compromise tries to prevent a split between slave and free states.
1860/--/-- 58 - The Maori Wars begin against the British in New Zealand.
1860/--/-- 58 - The pony express is inaugurated to deliver mail from Missouri to California.
1861/--/-- 59 - Abraham Lincoln (Republican) becomes president of the United States
1861/--/-- 59 - American locksmith Linus Yale Jr. patents the cylinder lock.
1861/--/-- 59 - CONFEDERACY
1861/--/-- 59 - Civil War Begins
1861/--/-- 59 - English designer William Morris starts the Arts and Crafts Movement.
1861/--/-- 59 - Explorers Burke and Wills die during their north-south crossing of Australia.
1861/--/-- 59 - French artist Eugene Delacroix paints the Lion Hunt.
1861/--/-- 59 - General George B. McClellan is made commander of the Union forces.
1861/--/-- 59 - Italy is unified under Victor Emmanuel II.
1861/--/-- 59 - John Ericsson designs the Monitor, the first ship with a revolving gun-turret.
1861/--/-- 59 - Kansas is inaugurated as the 34th state of the Union.
1861/--/-- 59 - Lincoln is inaugurated as the 16th U.S. president; Hamlin becomes vice-president.
1861/--/-- 59 - Nicholas II abolishes serfdom in Russia.
1861/--/-- 59 - The Confederate States of America declare their independence from the U.S.
1861/--/-- 59 - The Confederates defeat the Union army in the First Battle of Bull Run.
1861/--/-- 59 - The Southern states meet to draft a constitution; Davis is selected as president.
1861/--/-- 59 - The Trent Affair begins when a Union ship intercepts a British steamer.
1861/--/-- 59 - The United States introduce the first national income tax.
1861/--/-- 59 - The bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor begins the U.S. Civil War.
1861/--/-- 59 - Unification of Italy
1861/--/-- 59 - Western territories reorganized by Republican Congresses
1862/--/-- 60 - A Union fleet under David G. Farragut captures New Orleans.
1862/--/-- 60 - Bartolome Mitre unites Argentina and is elected president.
1862/--/-- 60 - Brady, O'Sullivan and Gardner document the Civil War in photographs.
1862/--/-- 60 - Explorer John McDouall Stuart makes the first south to north crossing of Australia.
1862/--/-- 60 - Foucault measures speed of light
1862/--/-- 60 - French actress Sarah Bernhardt makes her debut at the Comedie Francaise.
1862/--/-- 60 - French impressionist artist Edouard Manet paints Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe.
1862/--/-- 60 - French physicist Jean Foucault successfully measures the speed of light.
1862/--/-- 60 - French writer Victor Hugo completes his social novel Les Miserables.
1862/--/-- 60 - Lee defeats the Union army in the Second Battle of Bull Run.
1862/--/-- 60 - Lee's Confederate invasion of Maryland is halted at the Battle of Antietam.
1862/--/-- 60 - McClellan is defeated in the Seven Days Battle and retreats from the peninsular.
1862/--/-- 60 - Napoleon III imposes the Austrian prince Maximilian as emperor of Mexico.
1862/--/-- 60 - Richard J. Gatling invents the first practical machine gun.
1862/--/-- 60 - Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev publishes Fathers and Sons.
1862/--/-- 60 - The first recorded ski competition is held near Oslo in Norway.
1862/--/-- 60 - The ironclad warships Monitor and Merrimack clash at Hampton Roads, Va.
1862/--/-- 60 - Union forces under Burnside are defeated at the Battle of Fredricksburg.
1862/--/-- 60 - Union forces under Grant defeat the Confederates at the Battle of Shiloh.
1862/--/-- 60 - Union forces under McClellan begin the Peninsular Campaign to capture Richmond.
1862/--/-- 60 - William I appoints Otto von Bismarck as minister president of Prussia.
1863/--/-- 61 - Cambodia (Kampuchea) becomes a French protectorate.
1863/--/-- 61 - English philosopher John Stuart Mill publishes Utilitarianism.
1863/--/-- 61 - French impressionist artist Camille Pissarro exhibits at the Salon des Refuses.
1863/--/-- 61 - George I succeeds Otto as king of Greece.
1863/--/-- 61 - Grant defeats the Confederates in the Vicksburg Campaign.
1863/--/-- 61 - Ismail Pasha rules Egypt under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.
1863/--/-- 61 - Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation abolishes slavery in the Confederate states.
1863/--/-- 61 - London's Metropolitan Railway becomes the first underground subway.
1863/--/-- 61 - The Confederate guerrilla band Quantrill's Raiders pillage Lawrence, Kansas.
1863/--/-- 61 - The Confederates defeat the Union army at Chancellorsville; Jackson is killed.
1863/--/-- 61 - The Confederates under Lee are defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg.
1863/--/-- 61 - The French occupy Mexico City in support of Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico.
1863/--/-- 61 - The London Football Association issues the first soccer rules.
1863/--/-- 61 - West Virginia is inaugurated as the 35th state of the Union.
1864/--/-- 62 - A Chinese army under Gordon recaptures Nanking and ends the Taiping Rebellion.
1864/--/-- 62 - A Union army under Sherman invades Georgia, begining the Atlanta campaign.
1864/--/-- 62 - Cheyenne and Arapaho families massacred at Sand Creek, Colorado
1864/--/-- 62 - Denmark is defeated by Prussia; Schleswig-Holstein is ceded to Germany.
1864/--/-- 62 - Nevada is inaugurated as the 36th state of the Union.
1864/--/-- 62 - Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano Lopez begins the War of the Triple Alliance.
1864/--/-- 62 - Sherman defeats the Confederates at Atlanta and begins his march to the sea.
1864/--/-- 62 - The Colorado militia massacre Cheyenne Indians at Sand Creek.
1864/--/-- 62 - The Confederate submarine Hunley sinks a Federal ship but is sunk in the process.
1864/--/-- 62 - The Geneva Convention sets standards of humane treatment in time of war.
1864/--/-- 62 - The Ionian Islands are ceded to Greece by Britain.
1864/--/-- 62 - The Union launches a drive on Richmond but falters in the Wilderness Campaign.
1864/--/-- 62 - Ulysses S. Grant is made general in chief of all the Union armies.
1865/--/-- 63 - Andrew Johnson (Republican) becomes president of the United States
1865/--/-- 63 - Andrew Johnson becomes the 17th President of the U.S.
1865/--/-- 63 - Civil War Ends
1865/--/-- 63 - Confederate forces under Lee surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House.
1865/--/-- 63 - Count Leo Tolstoi begins his monumental Russian novel War and Peace.
1865/--/-- 63 - English author Lewis Carroll writes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
1865/--/-- 63 - Johnston surrenders the last Confederate army to Sherman, ending the U.S. Civil War.
1865/--/-- 63 - Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace"
1865/--/-- 63 - Lincoln assassinated
1865/--/-- 63 - Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C.
1865/--/-- 63 - Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky publishes Crime and Punishment.
1865/--/-- 63 - The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery.
1865/--/-- 63 - The Petersburg Campaign is won by Union forces; Lee evacuates Richmond.
1865/02/02 64 *** Norman, Nancy - Died Chapel Cemetery, off Rte. 90 at Clinton/
In 1801 Transportation was by:
Foot
Horse
Sailing ship
Bicycle
By 1865 Transportation was by:
Train
Steamboat
in addition.
By 1865 Transportation by:
Sailing ship
had been discontinued.
In 1801 Communications was by:
Word of Mouth
Post Office
By 1865 Communications was by:
Telegraph
in addition.
In 1801 Food Preparation was by:
Wood
In 1801 Entertainment was by:
Social Intercourse
Organized Sports
Travel
Professional Sports
Movies
Radio
Television
Theme parks
Computer
In 1801 Health Care was by:
Operations
Anesthetic
X-Rays
MRI
In 1801 War Making was by:
Calvary
gun
Artillery
Submarine
By 1865 War Making was by:
Machine guns
Iron Clad ships
Mines
in addition.
In 1801 Navigation was by:
Stars & Maps
Compass
from the SFHR database of Duane Bristow 03-13-2021 19:55:58