1789/--/-- George Washington (Federalist) becomes president of the United States 280
1797/--/-- John Adams (Federalist) becomes president of the United States 281
1801/--/-- Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States 282
1809/--/-- James Madison (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States 283
1817/--/-- James Monroe (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States 284
1825/--/-- John Quincy Adams (Democratic Republican) becomes president of the United States 285
1829/--/-- Andrew Jackson (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 286
1837/--/-- Martin Van Buren (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 287
1841/--/-- William Henry Harrison (Whig) becomes president of the United States 288
1841/--/-- John Tyler (Whig) becomes president of the United States 289
1845/--/-- James K. Polk (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 290
1849/--/-- Zachary Taylor (Whig) becomes president of the United States 291
1850/--/-- Millard Fillmore (Whig) becomes president of the United States 292
1853/--/-- Franklin Pierce (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 293
1857/--/-- James Buchanan (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 294
1861/--/-- Abraham Lincoln (Republican) becomes president of the United States 295
1865/--/-- Andrew Johnson (Republican) becomes president of the United States 296
1869/--/-- Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) becomes president of the United States 297
1877/--/-- Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) becomes president of the United States 298
1881/--/-- James A. Garfield (Republican) becomes president of the United States 299
1881/--/-- Chester A. Arthur (Republican) becomes president of the United States 300
1885/--/-- Grover Cleveland (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 301
1889/--/-- Benjamin Harrison (Republican) becomes president of the United States 302
1893/--/-- Grover Cleveland (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 303
1897/--/-- William Mckinley (Republican) becomes president of the United States 304
1901/--/-- Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) becomes president of the United States 305
1909/--/-- William Howard Taft (Republican) becomes president of the United States 306
1913/--/-- Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 307
1921/--/-- Warren G. Harding (Republican) becomes president of the United States 308
1923/--/-- Calvin Coolidge (Republican) becomes president of the United States 309
1929/--/-- Herbert C. Hoover (Republican) becomes president of the United States 310
1933/--/-- Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 311
1945/--/-- Harry S. Truman (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 312
1953/--/-- Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) becomes president of the United States 313
1961/--/-- John F. Kennedy (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 314
1963/--/-- Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 315
1969/--/-- Richard M. Nixon (Republican) becomes president of the United States 316
1974/--/-- Gerald R. Ford (Republican) becomes president of the United States 317
1977/--/-- James E. Carter, Jr. (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 318
1981/--/-- Ronald W. Reagan (Republican) becomes president of the United States 319
1989/--/-- George H. W. Bush (Republican) becomes president of the United States 320
1903/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (3) AL BOSTON (5) 439
1905/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (4) AL PHILADELPHIA (1) 440
1906/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (2) AL CHICAGO (4) 441
1907/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (4) AL DETROIT (0) 442
1908/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (4) AL DETROIT (1) 443
1909/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (4) AL DETROIT (3) 444
1910/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (1) AL PHILADELPHIA (4) 445
1911/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (2) AL PHILADELPHIA (4) 446
1912/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (3) AL BOSTON (4) 447
1913/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (1) AL PHILADELPHIA (4) 448
1914/10/-- World Series NL BOSTON (4) AL PHILADELPHIA (0) 449
1915/10/-- World Series NL PHILADELPHIA (1) AL BOSTON (4) 450
1916/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (1) AL BOSTON (4) 451
1917/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (2) AL CHICAGO (4) 452
1918/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (2) AL BOSTON (4) 453
1919/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (5) AL CHICAGO (3) 454
1920/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (2) AL CLEVELAND (5) 455
1921/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (5) AL NEW YORK (3) 456
1922/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (4) AL NEW YORK (0) 457
1923/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 458
1924/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (3) AL WASHINGTON (4) 459
1925/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (4) AL WASHINGTON (3) 460
1926/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL NEW YORK (3) 461
1927/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 462
1928/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 463
1929/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (1) AL PHILADELPHIA (4) 464
1930/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (2) AL PHILADELPHIA (4) 465
1931/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL PHILADELPHIA (3) 466
1932/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 467
1933/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (4) AL WASHINGTON (1) 468
1934/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL DETROIT (3) 469
1935/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (2) AL DETROIT (4) 470
1936/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 471
1937/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (1) AL NEW YORK (4) 472
1938/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 473
1939/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 474
1940/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (4) AL DETROIT (3) 475
1941/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (1) AL NEW YORK (4) 476
1942/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL NEW YORK (1) 477
1943/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (1) AL NEW YORK (4) 478
1944/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL ST. LOUIS (2) 479
1945/10/-- World Series NL CHICAGO (3) AL DETROIT (4) 480
1946/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL BOSTON (3) 481
1947/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (3) AL NEW YORK (4) 482
1948/10/-- World Series NL BOSTON (2) AL CLEVELAND (4) 483
1949/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (1) AL NEW YORK (4) 484
1950/10/-- World Series NL PHILADELPHIA (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 485
1951/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 486
1952/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (3) AL NEW YORK (4) 487
1953/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 488
1954/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (4) AL CLEVELAND (0) 489
1955/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (4) AL NEW YORK (3) 490
1956/10/-- World Series NL BROOKLYN (3) AL NEW YORK (4) 491
1957/10/-- World Series NL MILWAUKEE (4) AL NEW YORK (3) 492
1958/10/-- World Series NL MILWAUKEE (3) AL NEW YORK (4) 493
1959/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (4) AL CHICAGO (2) 494
1960/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (4) AL NEW YORK (3) 495
1961/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (1) AL NEW YORK (4) 496
1962/10/-- World Series NL SAN FRANCISCO (3) AL NEW YORK (4) 497
1963/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (4) AL NEW YORK (0) 498
1964/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL NEW YORK (3) 499
1965/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (4) AL MINNESOTA (3) 500
1966/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (0) AL BALTIMORE (4) 501
1967/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL BOSTON (3) 502
1968/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (3) AL DETROIT (4) 503
1969/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (4) AL BALTIMORE (1) 504
1970/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (1) AL BALTIMORE (4) 505
1971/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (4) AL BALTIMORE (3) 506
1972/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (3) AL OAKLAND (4) 507
1973/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (3) AL OAKLAND (4) 508
1974/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (1) AL OAKLAND (4) 509
1975/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (4) AL BOSTON (3) 510
1976/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (4) AL NEW YORK (0) 511
1977/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 512
1978/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 513
1979/10/-- World Series NL PITTSBURGH (4) AL BALTIMORE (3) 514
1980/10/-- World Series NL PHILADELPHIA (4) AL KANSAS CITY (2) 515
1981/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (4) AL NEW YORK (2) 516
1982/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL MILWAUKEE (3) 517
1983/10/-- World Series NL PHILADELPHIA (1) AL BALTIMORE (4) 518
1984/10/-- World Series NL SAN DIEGO (1) AL DETROIT (4) 519
1985/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (3) AL KANSAS CITY (4) 520
1986/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (4) AL BOSTON (3) 521
1987/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (3) AL MINNESOTA (4) 522
1988/10/-- World Series NL LOS ANGELES (4) AL OAKLAND (1) 523
1989/10/-- World Series NL SAN FRANCISCO (0) AL OAKLAND (4) 524
1990/10/-- World Series NL CINCINNATI (4) AL OAKLAND (0) 525
1991/10/-- World Series NL ATLANTA (3) AL MINNESOTA (4) 526
1869/--/-- The Cincinnati Red Stockings become the first professional baseball team. 859
1901/--/-- An American League of baseball is formed in competition to the National League. 860
1903/--/-- The first World Series baseball game is played. 861
1919/--/-- The Chicago White Sox conspire to fix the baseball World Series. 862
1927/--/-- Baseball player Babe Ruth scores a record 60 home runs for the New York Yankees. 863
1941/--/-- Baseball player Joe DiMaggio sets a new record for hitting in 56 consecutive games. 864
1947/--/-- Baseball player Jackie Robinson becomes the first black to play in the major leagues. 865
1961/--/-- Roger Maris breaks Babe Ruth's home-run baseball record with a season total of 61. 866
1974/--/-- Baseball player Hank Aaron breaks Babe Ruth's record of 714 home-runs. 867
1985/--/-- Baseball player Pete Rose beats Ty Cobb's 57-year-old record of 4,191 base hits. 868
1891/--/-- James Naismith devises the game of basketball in Springfield, Mass. 869
1926/--/-- The Harlem Globetrotters basketball team is organized in Chicago. 870
1962/--/-- Basketball player Wilt Chamberlain scores a record 100 points in one game. 871
1987/--/-- Basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar passes Wilt Chamberlain's points record. 872
1990/--/-- Basketball player Michael Jordan leads the NBA in scoring for the fourth consecutive year. 873
1990/--/-- Basketball player Earvin "Magic" Johnson wins the MVP award for the third time. 874
1823/--/-- Rugby football originates at Rugby School in England. 875
1863/--/-- The London Football Association issues the first soccer rules. 876
1963/--/-- Football running back Jim Brown sets a record for rushes of 1,863 yards. 877
1975/--/-- Football player O.J. Simpson scores a record 23 touchdowns in one season. 878
1873/--/-- Englishman Maj. Walter Clopton Wingfield invents lawn tennis. 879
1877/--/-- The All-England lawn tennis championship is played at Wimbledon for the first time. 880
1881/--/-- The first U.S. tennis championship is held in Newport, R.I. 881
1900/--/-- The U.S. wins the first Davis Cup tennis contest. 882
1919/--/-- French tennis star Suzanne Lenglen wins the Wimbledon tournament for the first time. 883
1920/--/-- American tennis star Bill Tilden wins the Wimbledon tournament for the first time. 884
1927/--/-- Helen Newington Wills wins the Wimbledon tennis championship. 885
1938/--/-- Don Budge becomes the first player to win the Grand Slam (4 tennis championships). 886
1953/--/-- American tennis player Maureen Connolly (Little Mo) wins the Grand Slam. 887
1957/--/-- Black tennis player Althea Gibson wins the U.S. Open and Wimbledon championships. 888
1967/--/-- Tennis player Billie Jean King wins the U.S. Open championship for the first time. 889
1968/--/-- Arthur Ashe becomes the first black player to win a major men's tennis title. 890
1969/--/-- Australian Rod Laver becomes the only tennis player to win the Grand Slam twice. 891
1970/--/-- Australian tennis player Margaret Smith Court wins the Grand Slam. 892
1974/--/-- American tennis player Chris Evert wins a record 56 consecutive matches. 893
1974/--/-- American tennis player Jimmy Connors wins the U.S. Open tournament for the first time. 894
1975/--/-- Czech tennis star Martina Navratilova defects to the U.S. 895
1976/--/-- Swedish tennis star Bjorn Borg wins the first of five Wimbledon championships. 896
1979/--/-- American tennis player Tracy Austin wins the U.S. Open championship at age 16. 897
1979/--/-- American tennis player John McEnroe wins his first U.S. Open championship. 898
1986/--/-- Czech tennis player Ivan Lendl wins the French Open and U.S. Open tournaments. 899
1988/--/-- German tennis player Steffi Graf becomes the 3rd woman to win the Grand Slam. 900
1988/--/-- German tennis player Boris Becker leads West Germany to victory in the Davis Cup. 901
1863/--/-- The London Football Association issues the first soccer rules. 902
1958/--/-- Soccer player Pele leads Brazil to victory in the World Cup. 903
1967/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) is formed. 904
1975/--/-- Brazilian soccer star Pele ends his retirement to play for the New York Cosmos. 905
1979/--/-- Dutch soccer star Johan Cruyff plays for the L.A. Aztecs. 906
1985/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) suspends operations. 907
1855/--/-- The first formal ice hockey game is played in Kingston, Ontario. 908
1924/--/-- The Boston Bruins become the first professional ice hockey team. 909
1971/--/-- Ice hockey player Phil Esposito scores a record 76 goals in 78 games. 910
1986/--/-- Ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky raises the season point record to 215. 911
1896/--/-- The first modern Olympic Games are held at Athens in Greece; 13 countries compete. 912
1912/--/-- American Indian Jim Thorpe wins the Olympic decathlon and pentathlon. 913
1936/--/-- Black athlete Jesse Owens wins 4 gold medals at the Berlin Olympic Games. 914
1936/--/-- Olympic ice skater Sonja Henie turns professional. 915
1948/--/-- Dutch track star Fanny Blankers-Koen wins four gold medals in the Olympic Games. 916
1952/--/-- Czech runner Emil Zatopek wins 3 gold medals in the Helsinki Olympic Games. 917
1960/--/-- American track star Wilma Rudolph wins 3 gold medals at the Rome Olympic Games. 918
1968/--/-- American skater Peggy Fleming wins the singles title at the winter Olympic Games. 919
1968/--/-- French downhill skier Jean Claude Killy wins three Olympic gold medals. 920
1968/--/-- American track star Bob Beamon beats the Olympic long jump record by almost 2 feet. 921
1968/--/-- Dick Fosbury uses the Fosbury flop to win the Olympic gold medal for the high jump. 922
1972/--/-- Palestinian terrorists kill 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics. 923
1972/--/-- American swimmer Mark Spitz wins a record seven Olympic gold medals. 924
1972/--/-- Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut wins three Olympic gold medals. 925
1976/--/-- Romanian gymnast Nadia Comaneci wins three gold medals at the Montreal Olympics. 926
1976/--/-- Finnish runner Lasse Viren wins the Olympic 5,000- and 10,000-m races for the second time. 927
1980/--/-- The U.S. boycotts the Moscow Olympics to protest the invasion of Afghanistan. 928
1984/--/-- American track athlete Carl Lewis wins four gold medals at the Los Angeles Olympics. 929
1988/--/-- Sprinter Ben Johnson is stripped of his Olympic gold medal after a drug test. 930
0597/--/-- St. Augustine begins his Christian mission to England at Canterbury. 931
0630/--/-- The Sutton Hoo treasure is buried in a grave of an Anglo-Saxon king in England. 932
0670/--/-- The first English poet Caedmon writes Christian verse. 933
0698/--/-- The Lindisfarne Gospels are produced in England. 934
0731/--/-- The Venerable Bede writes a history of the English church. 935
0789/--/-- Vikings begin their attacks on England. 936
0866/--/-- Danish Vikings establish a kingdom in York, England. 937
0871/--/-- Alfred the Great becomes king of Wessex; the Danish advance is halted in England. 938
0886/--/-- Alfred divides England with the Danes under the Danelaw pact. 939
0980/--/-- Danish raids on England are renewed. 940
0991/--/-- AEthelred II pays the first Danegeld ransom to stop Danish attacks on England. 941
1000/--/-- Eilmer of Malmesbury makes a glider flight from Malmesbury Abbey in England. 942
1013/--/-- The Danes conquer England; AEthelred flees to Normandy. 943
1016/--/-- The Danes under Canute rule England. 944
1028/--/-- Canute, king of England and Denmark, conquers Norway. 945
1042/--/-- Edward the Confessor rules England with the support of the Danes. 946
1078/--/-- The Building of the Tower of London begins in England. 947
1079/--/-- The Building of Winchester Cathedral begins in England. 948
1080/--/-- The city of Newcastle is founded in England. 949
1086/--/-- Over 5,000 waterwheels are in use in England according to the Domesday Book. 950
1086/--/-- The Domesday Book records land use and tenure in England. 951
1114/--/-- Chichester Cathedral is founded in England. 952
1150/--/-- Oxford University is founded in England about this time. 953
1154/--/-- Henry of Anjou is crowned Henry II of England -- the first Plantagenet king. 954
1171/--/-- King Henry II of England annexes Ireland. 955
1191/--/-- King Richard I of England captures Cyprus. 956
1192/--/-- King Richard I of England is captured by Duke Leopold of Austria. 957
1199/--/-- Richard I is killed in battle in France; he is succeeded by John as king of England. 958
1200/--/-- Cambridge University is founded in England. 959
1207/--/-- The city of Liverpool is settled in England. 960
1214/--/-- Philip II defeats Emperor Otto IV and King John of England at the Battle of Bouvines. 961
1215/--/-- King John of England signs the Magna Carta. 962
1220/--/-- The building of Salisbury Cathedral is begun in England. 963
1242/--/-- English monk Roger Bacon describes a formula for making gunpowder. 964
1264/--/-- Simon de Montfort and the English barons defeat Henry III at the Battle of Lewes. 965
1290/--/-- Edward I expels the Jews from England. 966
1297/--/-- William Wallace expels the English from Scotland. 967
1298/--/-- English king Edward I defeats William Wallace and reconquers Scotland. 968
1306/--/-- Robert the Bruce leads the Scots in a rebellion against English rule. 969
1314/--/-- The Scots defeat the English at the Battle of Bannockburn. 970
1322/--/-- English folk hero Robin Hood is first mentioned. 971
1326/--/-- Edward II of England is deposed by Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer. 972
1337/--/-- The Hundred Years' War begins between England and France. 973
1346/--/-- English archers defeat the French at Crecy; cannons (bombards) are used in the battle. 974
1347/--/-- The English capture the French port of Calais. 975
1362/--/-- English poet William Langland writes Piers Plowman. 976
1369/--/-- The French renew the war against England and recapture most of Aquitaine. 977
1381/--/-- The Peasants' Revolt begins in England. 978
1382/--/-- John Wycliffe translates the Bible into English. 979
1386/--/-- English poet Geoffrey Chaucer begins The Canterbury Tales. 980
1400/--/-- Bedlam, England's first hospital for the mentally ill, is founded in London. 981
1400/--/-- Owen Glendower leads a Welsh revolt against English rule. 982
1403/--/-- Henry IV, King of England, defeats the Percy family at the Battle of Shrewsbury. 983
1420/--/-- Henry V of England is acknowledged as heir to the French throne. 984
1429/--/-- The French under Joan of Arc raise the siege of Orleans and defeat the English. 985
1431/--/-- Joan of Arc is burned as a witch by the English at Rouen in France. 986
1436/--/-- The French end the English occupation of Paris. 987
1440/--/-- King Henry VI founds Eton College in England. 988
1446/--/-- The building of the Chapel at King's College is begun in Cambridge, England. 989
1453/--/-- The French capture Bordeaux from the English, ending the Hundred Years' War. 990
1455/--/-- The Wars of the Roses begin in England. 991
1461/--/-- Richard of York's son Edward IV is crowned king of England. 992
1469/--/-- Henry VI and the Earl of Warwick depose Edward IV of England. 993
1471/--/-- Henry VI of England is murdered; Edward IV is restored to the throne. 994
1475/--/-- The English under Edward IV invade France. 995
1477/--/-- William Caxton prints the first book in England. 996
1481/--/-- Edward IV establishes a postal service in England. 997
1483/--/-- Richard III usurps the throne of England; Edward V is murdered. 998
1485/--/-- English land owners begin enclosing their fields with hedges. 999
1486/--/-- Henry VII of England unites the warring houses of York and Lancaster. 1000
1497/--/-- Italian explorer John Cabot discovers Newfoundland for England. 1001
1499/--/-- Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the English throne, is executed by Henry VII. 1002
1509/--/-- Henry VIII succeeds his father Henry VII as king of England. 1003
1510/--/-- The English morality play Everyman is adapted from an earlier Dutch work. 1004
1515/--/-- The building of Hampton Court is begun in England. 1005
1515/--/-- Thomas Wolsey is appointed Lord Chancellor of England. 1006
1516/--/-- English intellectual and statesman Sir Thomas More writes Utopia. 1007
1532/--/-- Thomas Cromwell becomes chief minister to Henry VIII of England. 1008
1533/--/-- The Church of England breaks with Rome. 1009
1535/--/-- English humanist and statesman Thomas More is executed. 1010
1536/--/-- Dissolution of the monasteries and nunneries begins in England. 1011
1536/--/-- English reformer William Tyndale is burned at the stake for heresy. 1012
1543/--/-- The first single-cast cannon is made in England. 1013
1545/--/-- Henry VIII's warship the Mary Rose sinks near Portsmouth in England. 1014
1547/--/-- Henry VIII dies and is succeeded by Edward VI as king of England. 1015
1549/--/-- English theologian Thomas Cranmer promotes the Book of Common Prayer. 1016
1553/--/-- Edward VI dies; Lady Jane Grey rules England but is deposed after 9 days. 1017
1553/--/-- Mary I (Bloody Mary) becomes queen of England. 1018
1553/--/-- The English Muscovy Company begin the search for a Northeast Passage to the Indies. 1019
1554/--/-- Mary I, Queen of England, marries Philip, heir to the Spanish throne. 1020
1554/--/-- The Catholic restoration begins in England under Mary I. 1021
1555/--/-- 300 English Protestants are burned at the stake. 1022
1558/--/-- Elizabeth I succeeds Mary I as queen of England. 1023
1558/--/-- The English lose Calais, their last French possession. 1024
1560/--/-- Puritanism begins in England about this time. 1025
1564/--/-- The first horse-drawn coaches come to England from Holland. 1026
1564/--/-- The manufacture of lead (graphite) pencils begins in England. 1027
1568/--/-- Mary, Queen of Scots, is imprisoned in England for 19 years by Elizabeth I. 1028
1577/--/-- English explorer Francis Drake begins his voyage of circumnavigation. 1029
1578/--/-- English dramatist John Lyly writes Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit. 1030
1579/--/-- English explorer Francis Drake discovers San Francisco Bay. 1031
1583/--/-- Sir Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland for England. 1032
1584/--/-- Walter Raleigh and Richard Grenville organize English colonizing ventures to North America. 1033
1585/--/-- England is at war with Spain (until 1604). 1034
1585/--/-- Roanoke Island in North Carolina is settled as the first English colony in Virginia. 1035
1586/--/-- Pipe smoking is introduced into England. 1036
1588/--/-- The Spanish Armada is defeated by the English navy. 1037
1590/--/-- English poet Edmund Spenser begins The Faerie Queene. 1038
1593/--/-- English theologian Richard Hooker publishes his Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity. 1039
1595/--/-- Hugh O'Neill leads a rebellion against the English in Ireland. 1040
1597/--/-- English composer John Dowland publishes his First Booke of Songes. 1041
1598/--/-- English playwright Ben Jonson writes Every Man in His Humour. 1042
1598/--/-- John Florio produces an Italian-English dictionary. 1043
1602/--/-- Bartholomew Gosnold explores the New England coast and names Cape Cod. 1044
1602/--/-- The Bodleian Library, the first public library in Europe, opens in Oxford, England 1045
1604/--/-- England and Spain are at peace after 19 years of war. 1046
1605/--/-- English philosopher Francis Bacon publishes The Advancement of Learning. 1047
1605/--/-- The English claim Barbados in the West Indies. 1048
1605/--/-- The Gunpowder Plot to blow up the English Parliament is discovered. 1049
1607/--/-- John Smith founds the first English colony at Jamestown in Virginia. 1050
1609/--/-- The English colonize Bermuda. 1051
1610/--/-- English navigator Henry Hudson becomes the first European to explore Hudson Bay. 1052
1611/--/-- An edition of the Bible authorized by King James I is completed in England. 1053
1611/--/-- English and Scottish Protestants settle in Ireland under the Ulster Plantation. 1054
1614/--/-- James I dissolves the Addled Parliament in England. 1055
1614/--/-- Pocahontas, a North American Indian princess, marries English settler John Rolfe. 1056
1615/--/-- The first English language reference is made to tea. 1057
1616/--/-- A smallpox epidemic decimates the Indian population in New England. 1058
1621/--/-- English scholar Robert Burton publishes Anatomy of Melancholy. 1059
1623/--/-- The first English settlement is founded in New Hampshire. 1060
1624/--/-- English poet John Donne publishes Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. 1061
1625/--/-- Charles I succeeds James I as king of England. 1062
1628/--/-- English physician William Harvey publishes On the Motions of the Heart and Blood. 1063
1629/--/-- Charles I dissolves Parliament and rules England directly. 1064
1632/--/-- Charles I grants a charter for the English colony of Maryland. 1065
1633/--/-- An English colony is established in Connecticut. 1066
1637/--/-- Pequot Indians are decimated during the first Indian war in New England. 1067
1640/--/-- Scots invade England during the Second Bishops' War; Charles I sues for peace. 1068
1642/--/-- English Parliamentarians close the London theaters. 1069
1642/--/-- The English Civil War begins between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists. 1070
1643/--/-- The New England Confederation is formed against the Indians, Dutch and French. 1071
1646/--/-- The English Civil War ends when Charles I surrenders to the Parliamentarians. 1072
1647/--/-- Charles I escapes from England and concludes a treaty with the Scots. 1073
1648/--/-- The English settle in the Bahamas. 1074
1649/--/-- Charles I is executed; the English Commonwealth (republic) begins. 1075
1650/--/-- Charles II lands in Scotland to renew the English Civil War. 1076
1650/--/-- Whaling becomes an important industry in New England about this time. 1077
1652/--/-- The English Navigation Acts (1651) lead to the first Anglo-Dutch War. 1078
1653/--/-- English writer Izaak Walton publishes The Compleat Angler. 1079
1653/--/-- Oliver Cromwell becomes the lord protector of England. 1080
1655/--/-- The English capture Jamaica from Spain. 1081
1656/--/-- England joins France in the war against Spain. 1082
1658/--/-- Oliver Cromwell dies; he is succeeded by his son Richard as lord protector of England. 1083
1659/--/-- Richard Cromwell resigns as lord protector of England. 1084
1660/--/-- Charles II is restored to the English throne by Parliament. 1085
1660/--/-- English public servant Samuel Pepys begins his Diary. 1086
1660/--/-- Theaters are reopened in England; the period of Restoration drama begins. 1087
1661/--/-- The English acquire Bombay from Portugal. 1088
1662/--/-- France purchases Dunkerque from England. 1089
1662/--/-- The Portuguese surrender Tangier to England. 1090
1663/--/-- The first turnpike (toll) roads are established in England. 1091
1664/--/-- England seizes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, renaming it New York. 1092
1665/--/-- England and Portugal defeat Spain and establish Portuguese independence. 1093
1666/--/-- The French join the Dutch in the war with England. 1094
1667/--/-- English poet John Milton writes Paradise Lost. 1095
1667/--/-- The Dutch destroy the English fleet at anchor in the Medway. 1096
1667/--/-- The Peace of Breda ends the war between the English, French and Dutch. 1097
1668/--/-- A Triple Alliance of England, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic is formed against France. 1098
1670/--/-- English architect Sir Christopher Wren begins rebuilding Saint Paul's Cathedral. 1099
1670/--/-- The English establish a settlement at Charles Towne (Charleston), South Carolina. 1100
1673/--/-- The Test Act excludes Catholics from public office in England. 1101
1674/--/-- The Dutch under William III make peace with England. 1102
1675/--/-- Conflict begins between the Indians under King Philip and New England settlers . 1103
1675/--/-- English dramatist William Wycherley writes The Country Wife. 1104
1676/--/-- English playwright Sir George Etherege writes Man of Mode. 1105
1676/--/-- Indians in New England are subdued after the year-long King Philip's War. 1106
1677/--/-- English author John Dryden writes the tragedy All for Love. 1107
1679/--/-- The English Parliament passes the Habeas Corpus Act. 1108
1681/--/-- English Quaker William Penn is granted the Providence of Pennsylvania. 1109
1684/--/-- England abandons Tangier to the Moroccans. 1110
1685/--/-- Charles II of England dies; he is succeeded by his brother James II. 1111
1687/--/-- English actress and royal mistress Nell Gwynne dies. 1112
1688/--/-- English Protestants demand a Glorious Revolution against Catholicism. 1113
1688/--/-- William of Orange is invited to England as king; James II escapes to France. 1114
1689/--/-- England and the Netherlands join the Grand Alliance against France. 1115
1689/--/-- French and Indian allies attack English colonists during King William's War. 1116
1689/--/-- William and Mary are proclaimed king and queen of England. 1117
1690/--/-- The French defeat the English fleet at the Battle of Beachy Head. 1118
1692/--/-- The first English patent for a wallpaper design is issued. 1119
1692/--/-- Witchcraft trials are held at Salem in New England. 1120
1694/--/-- The Bank of England is founded. 1121
1702/--/-- Anne succeeds William III as queen of England. 1122
1702/--/-- England declares war on France and Spain. 1123
1704/--/-- The English capture Gibraltar from Spain. 1124
1705/--/-- The English Navy occupies Barcelona. 1125
1707/--/-- Great Britain is formed by the Act of Union between England and Scotland. 1126
1712/--/-- English poet Alexander Pope publishes The Rape of the Lock. 1127
1712/--/-- The New England whaling industry expands rapidly with the hunting of sperm whales. 1128
1714/--/-- Queen Anne of England dies; she is succeeded by George I, Elector of Hanover. 1129
1718/--/-- The English pirate Blackbeard is killed by the Virginia militia. 1130
1719/--/-- English writer Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe. 1131
1719/--/-- James Figg becomes the first heavyweight boxing champion of England. 1132
1720/--/-- The South Sea Bubble speculation craze collapses in England. 1133
1722/--/-- English author Daniel Defoe publishes Moll Flanders. 1134
1726/--/-- English satirist Jonathan Swift publishes Gulliver's Travels. 1135
1728/--/-- English poet and playwright John Gay writes The Beggar's Opera. 1136
1729/--/-- English actress Kitty Clive establishes her reputation at the Drury Lane Theatre. 1137
1736/--/-- Parliament passes the Gin Act to discourage public drunkenness in England. 1138
1739/--/-- Mutilation of an English sea captain by the Spanish leads to the War of Jenkins' Ear. 1139
1740/--/-- English novelist Samuel Richardson writes Pamela; or Virtue Rewarded. 1140
1743/--/-- An English porcelain factory is established at Chelsea in London. 1141
1745/--/-- The French under the Comte de Saxe defeat Austrian, English and Dutch forces at Fontenoy. 1142
1746/--/-- English actor David Garrick becomes the manager of the Drury Lane Theatre. 1143
1748/--/-- English artist Thomas Gainsborough paints Robert Andrews and Mary, His Wife. 1144
1749/--/-- English novelist Henry Fielding writes Tom Jones. 1145
1751/--/-- English novelist Tobias Smollett writes The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker. 1146
1751/--/-- English soldier Robert Clive captures Arcot in India. 1147
1751/--/-- The Worcester Royal Porcelain Company is founded in England. 1148
1754/--/-- French attacks against the English in Ohio lead to the last French and Indian War. 1149
1755/--/-- Samuel Johnson publishes his Dictionary of the English Language. 1150
1760/--/-- English architect Robert Adam begins the design of Syon House. 1151
1760/--/-- English novelist Laurence Sterne publishes the first volumes of Tristram Shandy. 1152
1760/--/-- George II dies; he is succeeded by his grandson George III as king of England. 1153
1765/--/-- Sir William Blackstone begins his Commentaries on the Laws of England. 1154
1766/--/-- English chemist Henry Cavendish isolates hydrogen gas for the first time. 1155
1770/--/-- English artist Thomas Gainsborough paints The Blue Boy. 1156
1770/--/-- English navigator James Cook explores New Zealand and the east coast of Australia. 1157
1772/--/-- English artist Joshua Reynolds paints a Portrait of Samuel Johnson. 1158
1778/--/-- English novelist Fanny Burney writes Evelina. 1159
1779/--/-- Samuel Crompton develops his spinning mule for England's cotton industry. 1160
1780/--/-- English spy John Andre is caught and executed by the Americans. 1161
1780/--/-- The Derby horse race is established in England. 1162
1781/--/-- English astronomer William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus. 1163
1785/--/-- English poet William Cowper publishes The Task. 1164
1785/--/-- Jean Pierre Blanchard makes the first balloon flight across the English Channel. 1165
1787/--/-- The Marylebone Cricket Club (M.C.C.) is formed in London, England. 1166
1788/--/-- George III of England has his first attack of mental illness. 1167
1789/--/-- English poet and artist William Blake publishes Songs of Innocence. 1168
1790/--/-- New England captains extend whaling into the Pacific Ocean about this time. 1169
1792/--/-- Thomas Paine publishes the Rights of Man and is outlawed for treason in England. 1170
1795/--/-- The Methodists separate from the Church of England. 1171
1796/--/-- English novelist Fanny Burney publishes Camilla. 1172
1796/--/-- English physician Edward Jenner develops vaccination against smallpox. 1173
1803/--/-- English scientist John Dalton describes his atomic theory. 1174
1804/--/-- English engineer Richard Trevithick builds the first steam locomotive. 1175
1807/--/-- Portugal refuses to observe the blockade against England; France invades Portugal. 1176
1811/--/-- The Luddites riot in England against the mechanization of the textile industry. 1177
1812/--/-- English caricaturist Thomas Rowlandson illustrates the Tour of Dr. Syntax. 1178
1813/--/-- 14 Luddites are hanged at York in England. 1179
1813/--/-- English novelist Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice. 1180
1813/--/-- Robert Southey is made poet laureate of England. 1181
1814/--/-- New England states discuss their secession from the Union at the Hartford Convention. 1182
1818/--/-- English chemist Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp. 1183
1820/--/-- English poet John Keats writes Ode To a Nightingale. 1184
1820/--/-- English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley writes Prometheus Unbound. 1185
1821/--/-- English landscape artist John Constable paints The Hay Wain. 1186
1821/--/-- Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater is published. 1187
1823/--/-- Rugby football originates at Rugby School in England. 1188
1824/--/-- English poet Lord Byron travels to Greece to aid the patriots but dies of a fever. 1189
1825/--/-- English literary critic William Hazlitt publishes The Spirit of the Age. 1190
1827/--/-- English inventor John Walker introduces the first friction matches. 1191
1828/--/-- Noah Webster publishes his American Dictionary of the English Language. 1192
1830/--/-- William IV succeeds George IV as king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 1193
1833/--/-- Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame is published in English. 1194
1837/--/-- William IV dies; Victoria succeeds him as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 1195
1843/--/-- English art critic John Ruskin begins publishing Modern Painters. 1196
1844/--/-- The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in England. 1197
1847/--/-- English novelist William Makepeace Thackeray begins Vanity Fair. 1198
1850/--/-- English author Charles Dickens writes David Copperfield. 1199
1856/--/-- English chemist William Perkin discovers synthetic dyes. 1200
1857/--/-- English author Thomas Hughes publishes Tom Brown's Schooldays. 1201
1857/--/-- The Oxford English Dictionary is begun in England. 1202
1857/--/-- The Oxford English Dictionary is begun in England. 1203
1860/--/-- English novelist Wilkie Collins writes The Woman in White. 1204
1861/--/-- English designer William Morris starts the Arts and Crafts Movement. 1205
1863/--/-- English philosopher John Stuart Mill publishes Utilitarianism. 1206
1865/--/-- English author Lewis Carroll writes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. 1207
1867/--/-- English photographer Julia Margaret Cameron takes Sir John Herschel's portrait. 1208
1869/--/-- English author Matthew Arnold publishes Culture and Anarchy. 1209
1872/--/-- English author George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans) publishes Middlemarch. 1210
1873/--/-- Englishman Maj. Walter Clopton Wingfield invents lawn tennis. 1211
1874/--/-- English author Thomas Hardy publishes Far from the Madding Crowd. 1212
1877/--/-- The All-England lawn tennis championship is played at Wimbledon for the first time. 1213
1891/--/-- English novelist Thomas Hardy writes Tess of the D'Urbervilles. 1214
1894/--/-- English artist Aubrey Beardsley illustrates Oscar Wilde's Salome. 1215
1894/--/-- English author Rudyard Kipling publishes The Jungle Book. 1216
1897/--/-- English author Rudyard Kipling publishes Captains Courageous. 1217
1898/--/-- English author H. G. Wells publishes The War of the Worlds. 1218
1899/--/-- English composer Edward Elgar writes The Enigma Variations. 1219
1901/--/-- English author Beatrix Potter publishes her children's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit. 1220
1901/--/-- Guglielmo Marconi tests radio transmissions between England and Newfoundland. 1221
1902/--/-- English author Joseph Conrad publishes Heart of Darkness. 1222
1909/--/-- French aviator Louis Bleriot makes the first flight across the English Channel. 1223
1911/--/-- English author G.K. Chesterton publishes the first Father Brown story. 1224
1913/--/-- English novelist D.H. Lawrence publishes Sons and Lovers. 1225
1915/--/-- English author Somerset Maugham publishes Of Human Bondage. 1226
1917/--/-- English composer Gustav Holst completes The Planets. 1227
1917/--/-- English humorist P.G. Wodehouse creates Bertie Wooster and his butler Jeeves. 1228
1919/--/-- English aviators Alcock and Brown make the first nonstop transatlantic flight. 1229
1922/--/-- English composer William Walton composes Facade. 1230
1922/--/-- English Egyptologist Howard Carter excavates Tutankhamen's tomb. 1231
1924/--/-- English novelist E.M. Forster publishes A Passage To India. 1232
1926/--/-- English author A.A. Milne writes the children's book Winnie-the-Pooh. 1233
1927/--/-- English novelist Virginia Woolf writes To The Lighthouse. 1234
1928/--/-- English novelist Evelyn Waugh publishes Decline and Fall. 1235
1928/--/-- English physicist Paul Dirac formulates a mathematical description of elementary particles. 1236
1930/--/-- English-born American writer W. H. Auden publishes his Poems. 1237
1932/--/-- English physicist James Chadwick discovers the neutron. 1238
1932/--/-- The first particle accelerator is built at the Cavendish Laboratory in England. 1239
1932/--/-- The Royal Shakespeare Theater opens at Stratford-on-Avon, England. 1240
1937/--/-- English writer and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien publishes the fantasy novel The Hobbit. 1241
1938/--/-- Jewish psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud flees to England to escape Nazi persecution. 1242
1939/--/-- An Anglo-Saxon burial ship is excavated at Sutton Hoo in England. 1243
1939/--/-- English author Christopher Isherwood publishes Goodbye to Berlin. 1244
1940/--/-- British air victory in the Battle of Britain prevents the German invasion of England. 1245
1941/--/-- Nazi leader Rudolf Hess flies to England on a quixotic peace mission. 1246
1944/--/-- English writer Somerset Maugham publishes The Razor's Edge. 1247
1947/--/-- English composer Benjamin Britten writes the opera Peter Grimes. 1248
1954/--/-- English runner Roger Bannister is first to run the mile in under 4 minutes. 1249
1954/--/-- Kingsley Amis, one of England's angry young men, publishes Lucky Jim. 1250
1961/--/-- English writer Muriel Spark publishes The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. 1251
1963/--/-- English writer John Le Carre publishes The Spy Who Came in from the Cold. 1252
1976/--/-- The Sex Pistols punk rock group is formed in England. 1253
1978/--/-- The first human test-tube baby is born in England. 1254
1979/--/-- The Gossamer Albatross flies across the English Channel under human-power. 1255
1993/--/-- William Jefferson Clinton (Democrat) becomes president of the United States 1256
2001/--/-- George W. Bush (Republican) becomes president of the United States 1257
1001/--/-- Mahmud of Ghazni begins a holy war to conquer India for Islam. 1258
1159/--/-- Civil war between the Taira and Minamoto samurai ravages Japan. 1259
1333/--/-- The Minamoto shogunate comes to an end; civil war breaks out in Japan. 1260
1369/--/-- The French renew the war against England and recapture most of Aquitaine. 1261
1407/--/-- The murder of Louis duc d'Orleans begins a civil war in France. 1262
1531/--/-- Religious war begins in Switzerland; Protestant leader Zwingli is killed in battle. 1263
1585/--/-- England is at war with Spain (until 1604). 1264
1602/--/-- Abbas I leads Persia (Iran) in a holy war against the Ottoman Turks. 1265
1611/--/-- Christian IV of Denmark declares war on Sweden. 1266
1617/--/-- The Treaty of Stolbovo ends the war between Russia and Sweden. 1267
1620/--/-- Gustavus II Adolf begins a war with Poland and captures Livonia. 1268
1622/--/-- Indian Massacres begin, VA 1269
1631/--/-- Navigation Act affecting Colonies 1270
1635/--/-- Claybourne's Rebellion begins, MD 1271
1636/--/-- Pequot Indian War, MASS, CONN, RI 1272
1637/--/-- Pequot Indians are decimated during the first Indian war in New England. 1273
1640/--/-- Dutch Indian Troubles, NY 1274
1643/--/-- Christian IV of Denmark renews the war against Sweden. 1275
1644/--/-- End of Indian Massacres, VA 1276
1645/--/-- Claybourne's Rebellion ends, MD 1277
1651/--/-- Navigation Acts affecting Colonies 1278
1654/--/-- Poland and Russia are at war over possession of the Ukraine. 1279
1655/--/-- Civil War, MD (Catholic & Protestant) 1280
1655/--/-- Conquest of New Sweden, DL 1281
1656/--/-- England joins France in the war against Spain. 1282
1656/--/-- The Holy Roman Empire, Russia and Denmark declare war on Sweden. 1283
1656/--/-- Quaker Persecution, MASS, VA, CONN 1284
1659/--/-- The Peace of the Pyrenees ends a 24-year war between France and Spain. 1285
1660/--/-- The Peace of Copenhagen ends the war between Sweden and Denmark. 1286
1660/--/-- The Peace of Oliva ends the war between Sweden, Poland, Austria and Brandenburg. 1287
1666/--/-- The French join the Dutch in the war with England. 1288
1667/--/-- The Peace of Breda ends the war between the English, French and Dutch. 1289
1672/--/-- The French and British declare war on the Dutch. 1290
1674/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I declares war on France. 1291
1675/--/-- King Philip's War (Indian) MASS, RI 1292
1676/--/-- Bacon's Rebellion, VA 1293
1688/--/-- Louis XIV declares war on the Holy Roman Empire and captures Heidelberg. 1294
1692/--/-- Salem Witchcraft Trials, MASS 1295
1702/--/-- England declares war on France and Spain. 1296
1716/--/-- Emperor Charles VI declares war on the Ottoman Empire. 1297
1718/--/-- The Quadruple Alliance of Austria, Britain, France and the Dutch declare war on Spain. 1298
1775/--/-- Revolutionary War Begins 1299
1779/--/-- Spain declares war on Britain and lays siege to Gibraltar. 1300
1782/--/-- Kamehameha I begins a ten-year war for control of Hawaii. 1301
1783/--/-- Revolutionary War Ends 1302
1786/--/-- Shay's Rebellion, MASS 1303
1787/--/-- Turkey declares war on Russia, beginning a new Russo-Turkish War. 1304
1788/--/-- Austria joins Russia in the war against Turkey. 1305
1791/--/-- Emperor Joseph II ends the war between Austria and Turkey. 1306
1792/--/-- France declares war on Austria and Prussia, beginning the French Revolutionary Wars. 1307
1796/--/-- Spain sides with France in the war against Britain. 1308
1797/--/-- The Treaty of Campo Formio ends the war of the First Coalition against France. 1309
1801/--/-- The Peace of Luneville ends the war between France and Austria. 1310
1803/--/-- Britain declares war on France, beginning the Napoleonic Wars. 1311
1804/--/-- Fulani leader Usman dan Fodio leads a holy war against the Hausa in Nigeria. 1312
1812/--/-- War of 1812 Begins 1313
1815/--/-- War of 1812 Ends 1314
1824/--/-- Disputes over the border of India lead to war between Britain and Burma. 1315
1824/--/-- The Ashanti begin a war of resistance against Britain in the Gold Coast (Ghana). 1316
1825/--/-- Uruguayan leader Lavalleja precipitates a war between Brazil and Argentina. 1317
1827/--/-- Britain, France and Russia demand that Turkey ends the war with Greece. 1318
1836/--/-- Republic of Texas forms 1319
1846/--/-- Mexican War 1320
1848/--/-- Risorgimento leader Garibaldi returns to Italy to fight in the war of independence. 1321
1854/--/-- Britain and France declare war on Russia, beginning the Crimean War. 1322
1859/--/-- Napoleon III assists the Italian statesman Cavour in a war against Austria. 1323
1861/--/-- Civil War Begins 1324
1865/--/-- Civil War Ends 1325
1870/--/-- French war minister Leon Gambetta escapes from besieged Paris in a balloon. 1326
1898/--/-- The Spanish-American War begins with a declaration of war by Congress. 1327
1898/--/-- Spanish-American War, Cuba, Phillipines, US 1328
1900/--/-- The Boers begin a guerrilla war against the British occupation forces. 1329
1914/--/-- France, Russia and Britain (the Allies) are at war with Germany and Austria-Hungary. 1330
1914/--/-- Turkey declares war on the Allies; Britain annexes Turkish Cyprus. 1331
1914/--/-- World War I begins 1332
1917/--/-- The United States declares war on Germany. 1333
1918/--/-- Civil war breaks out between the Red and White Russian armies. 1334
1919/--/-- World War I ends 1335
1923/--/-- French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr to enforce German war reparations. 1336
1928/--/-- The Kellog-Briand Pact outlawing war is signed by 15 nations. 1337
1929/--/-- British poet Robert Graves publishes his war memoir Goodbye To All That. 1338
1929/--/-- Erich Maria Remarque publishes his war novel All Quiet On the Western Front. 1339
1929/--/-- Ernest Hemingway writes the war novel A Farewell To Arms. 1340
1932/--/-- The Bonus Army of war veterans is dispersed by troops in Washington, D.C. 1341
1938/--/-- The U.S. and Britain send aid to the Chinese in their war against Japan. 1342
1939/--/-- Britain and France declare war on Germany but are unable to aid Poland. 1343
1939/--/-- World War II begins 1344
1940/--/-- Italy declares war on the Allies and invades southern France. 1345
1941/--/-- Churchill and Roosevelt's Atlantic Charter meeting establishes war and peace aims. 1346
1941/--/-- The Lend-Lease Act allows the transfer of U.S. war materials to Britain and China. 1347
1943/--/-- Churchill and Roosevelt meet at Casablanca to plan their war strategy. 1348
1943/--/-- Marshal Badoglio signs an armistice with the Allies; Italy declares war on Germany. 1349
1944/--/-- Romania and Bulgaria sign an armistice with the Allies and declare war on Germany. 1350
1944/--/-- The G.I. Bill of Rights is established to provide assistance to war veterans. 1351
1944/--/-- The World Bank is established to assist European postwar recovery. 1352
1945/--/-- Nationalists and Communist forces resume their civil war in China. 1353
1945/--/-- The Soviet Union declares war on Japan. 1354
1945/--/-- The trial of Nazi war criminals begins at Nuremberg in Germany. 1355
1945/--/-- World War II ends 1356
1946/--/-- EAM-ELAS communist forces begin a civil war in Greece. 1357
1946/--/-- The Viet Minh begin a guerrilla war against the French in Indochina (Vietnam). 1358
1948/--/-- American writer Norman Mailer publishes the war novel The Naked and the Dead. 1359
1949/--/-- Civil war ends in Greece with the defeat of the Communist forces. 1360
1950/--/-- Korean "engagement" 1361
1951/--/-- American writer James Jones publishes the war novel From Here to Eternity. 1362
1958/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Lebanon; it is ended when U.S. Marines land at Beirut. 1363
1961/--/-- American writer Joseph Heller publishes the anti-war novel Catch-22. 1364
1961/--/-- The Kurds begin a guerrilla war against Iraq to gain independence for Kurdistan. 1365
1963/--/-- Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick directs the anti-war film Dr. Strangelove. 1366
1964/--/-- FRELIMO begins a war of independence against the Portuguese in Mozambique. 1367
1965/--/-- Civil war breaks out in the Dominican Republic; U.S. troops restore order. 1368
1967/--/-- A civil war breaks out in Nigeria after the secession of the state of Biafra. 1369
1968/--/-- Anti-war demonstrators clash with police at the Democratic convention in Chicago. 1370
1968/--/-- Vietnam War begins 1371
1970/--/-- Civil war begins in Jordan between government forces and Palestinian guerrillas. 1372
1970/--/-- Donald Sutherland stars in Robert Altman's anti-war film M*A*S*H. 1373
1970/--/-- Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser dies; he is succeeded by Anwar al-Sadat. 1374
1970/--/-- Ohio national guardsmen kill four Kent State students during an anti-war protest. 1375
1970/--/-- The civil war ends between Nigeria and the breakaway state of Biafra. 1376
1973/--/-- Vietnam War ends 1377
1975/--/-- Civil war breaks out after the Portuguese withdraw from Angola. 1378
1975/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Lebanon between Muslim and Christian forces. 1379
1979/--/-- The Mujaheddin begin a guerrilla war against the Soviet forces in Afghanistan. 1380
1980/--/-- Border disputes erupt into the Gulf war between Iran and Iraq. 1381
1980/--/-- Jose Napoleon Duarte becomes president of El Salvador; the guerilla war continues. 1382
1981/--/-- Anwar al-Sadat is killed; Hosni Mubarak becomes president of Egypt. 1383
1983/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Sri Lanka between the Sinhalese and Tamil separatists. 1384
1986/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Yemen (Aden). 1385
1988/--/-- A cease-fire is declared in the war between Iran and Iraq. 1386
1988/--/-- Austrian president Kurt Waldheim is exonerated of involvement in war crimes. 1387
1989/--/-- Soviet forces complete their withdrawal from Afghanistan; the civil war continues. 1388
0630/--/-- A holy war (jihad) by Muslims leads to the conquest of Mecca. 1389
0750/--/-- The Hindu temple complex at Bhubaneswar is begun about this time in India. 1390
0906/--/-- The last T'ang emperor is deposed; civil war begins in China. 1391
.......... Augustus dies; he is succeeded by Tiberius as emperor of Rome. 1392
.......... Chinese emperor Wang Mang dies. 1393
.......... Tiberius dies; he is succeeded by Caligula as emperor of Rome. 1394
.......... The Roman encyclopedist Celsus dies. 1395
.......... Caligula is assassinated; Claudius becomes emperor of Rome. 1396
.......... Claudius is murdered; Nero becomes emperor of Rome. 1397
.......... St. James (the brother of Jesus Christ) is stoned to death. 1398
.......... Roman philosopher Seneca commits suicide. 1399
.......... Roman writer Petronius Arbiter, the reputed author of the Satyricon, dies. 1400
.......... Roman emperor Nero commits suicide. 1401
.......... Titus dies; he is succeeded by Domitian as emperor of Rome. 1402
.......... Nerva dies; he is succeeded by Trajan as emperor of Rome. 1403
0117/--/-- Trajan dies; he is succeeded by Hadrian as emperor of Rome. 1404
0150/--/-- Apuleius, author of the Latin tale The Golden Ass, dies. 1405
0378/--/-- Emperor Valens is killed by the Visigoths at the Battle of Adrianople (now Edirne). 1406
0395/--/-- Theodosius dies; the Roman Empire is permanently divided into East and West. 1407
0507/--/-- The Franks conquer the Visigoths; Alaric II is killed by Clovis. 1408
0511/--/-- Clovis king of the Franks dies; his kingdom is divided among his four sons. 1409
0526/--/-- Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy, dies. 1410
0632/--/-- Muhammad dies; he is succeeded by the first caliph (successor) Abu Bakr. 1411
0950/--/-- Al-Farabi, Arab philosopher and author of the Grand Book of Music, dies. 1412
1000/--/-- Olaf I dies; Norway is ruled by the Danes. 1413
1025/--/-- Poland is divided after the death of Boleslaw I. 1414
1037/--/-- Avicenna, Muslim philosopher and physician, dies. 1415
1040/--/-- Macbeth kills Duncan I and becomes king of Scotland. 1416
1057/--/-- Malcolm III kills Macbeth and becomes king of Scotland. 1417
1094/--/-- The sect of the Assassins is established. 1418
1147/--/-- The Almohads kill the last Almoravid ruler in Marrakech. 1419
1170/--/-- Archbishop Thomas Becket is murdered after a quarrel with King Henry II. 1420
1199/--/-- Richard I is killed in battle in France; he is succeeded by John as king of England. 1421
1227/--/-- Ghengis Khan dies; the Mongol empire is divided among his 4 sons. 1422
1250/--/-- Frederick II's death leads to an Interregnum in Germany and a struggle for the crown. 1423
1265/--/-- Simon de Montfort is killed at the Battle of Evesham. 1424
1312/--/-- Henry VII is crowned Holy Roman Emperor but dies one year later. 1425
1347/--/-- The Black Death (bubonic plague) arrives in Europe, killing a third of the population. 1426
1347/--/-- The Black Death (bubonic plague) arrives in Europe, killing a third of the population. 1427
1370/--/-- The death of Casimir III ends the Piast dynasty in Poland. 1428
1384/--/-- The Lollard movement grows after the death of John Wycliffe. 1429
1400/--/-- The Hohokam culture dies out in the American southwest. 1430
1407/--/-- The murder of Louis duc d'Orleans begins a civil war in France. 1431
1444/--/-- Wladyslaw III is killed by the Turks under Murad II at the Battle of Varna. 1432
1460/--/-- Richard of York defeats the royalist forces at Northampton, but is killed at Wakefield. 1433
1471/--/-- Henry VI of England is murdered; Edward IV is restored to the throne. 1434
1481/--/-- Mehmed II dies; Bayezid II becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Turks. 1435
1483/--/-- Richard III usurps the throne of England; Edward V is murdered. 1436
1506/--/-- Christopher Columbus dies in poverty. 1437
1520/--/-- Corn (Zea mays) is imported into Spain from the West Indies. 1438
1521/--/-- Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan is killed by natives in the Philippines. 1439
1526/--/-- The Turks defeat the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohacs; King Louis II is killed. 1440
1531/--/-- Religious war begins in Switzerland; Protestant leader Zwingli is killed in battle. 1441
1546/--/-- Turkish pirate leader Barbarossa dies. 1442
1547/--/-- Henry VIII dies and is succeeded by Edward VI as king of England. 1443
1553/--/-- Edward VI dies; Lady Jane Grey rules England but is deposed after 9 days. 1444
1553/--/-- The Araucanian Indian Lautaro kills Pedro de Valdivia during an uprising in Chile. 1445
1553/--/-- The English Muscovy Company begin the search for a Northeast Passage to the Indies. 1446
1556/--/-- An earthquake in China is the worst in history with a death toll of 830,000. 1447
1562/--/-- Sir John Hawkins begins the slave trade between Africa and the West Indies. 1448
1572/--/-- Sigismund II dies, ending the Jagello dynasty in Poland. 1449
1578/--/-- King Sebastian of Portugal is killed by Muslims at Alcazrquivir in Morocco. 1450
1584/--/-- William I, leader of the Dutch Revolt, is assassinated. 1451
1584/--/-- Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible dies. 1452
1589/--/-- Henry III is assassinated; he is succeeded by Henry IV as king of France. 1453
1591/--/-- The Roanoke colony dies out in North Carolina. 1454
1603/--/-- Queen Elizabeth I dies; she is succeeded by James I (James IV of Scotland). 1455
1605/--/-- The English claim Barbados in the West Indies. 1456
1610/--/-- Henry IV of France is assassinated; he is succeeded by his son Louis XIII. 1457
1616/--/-- Emperor Ieyasu of Japan dies; he is succeeded by his son Hidetada. 1458
1628/--/-- The Duke of Buckingham, a supporter of the French Huguenots, is assassinated. 1459
1632/--/-- Gustavus II Adolf defeats Wallenstein at Lutzen but is killed during the battle. 1460
1634/--/-- Ferdinand II declares General Wallenstein a traitor; Wallenstein is assassinated. 1461
1637/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II dies; he is succeeded by his son Ferdinand III. 1462
1642/--/-- Cardinal Richelieu dies; he is succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin as first minister of France. 1463
1658/--/-- Oliver Cromwell dies; he is succeeded by his son Richard as lord protector of England. 1464
1665/--/-- The Portuguese invade the Kingdom of Kongo and kill the monarch Antonio I. 1465
1669/--/-- Mount Etna erupts in Italy, killing 20,000. 1466
1685/--/-- Charles II of England dies; he is succeeded by his brother James II. 1467
1687/--/-- English actress and royal mistress Nell Gwynne dies. 1468
1700/--/-- Charles II of Spain dies, ending the Spanish Habsburg line. 1469
1707/--/-- Emperor Aurangzeb dies; the Mogul empire begins to decline in India. 1470
1707/--/-- Mount Fuji erupts in Japan; an earthquake kills 200,000 in Tokyo. 1471
1708/--/-- Sikh leader Guru Gobind Singh is assassinated; the Moguls persecute the Sikhs. 1472
1711/--/-- Joseph I dies; Charles VI is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1473
1714/--/-- Queen Anne of England dies; she is succeeded by George I, Elector of Hanover. 1474
1715/--/-- French King Louis XIV dies; he is succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson Louis XV. 1475
1718/--/-- Charles XII of Sweden is killed during a campaign against Norway. 1476
1718/--/-- The English pirate Blackbeard is killed by the Virginia militia. 1477
1725/--/-- Peter the Great dies; his wife Catherine I succeeds him as Empress of Russia. 1478
1727/--/-- Catherine I dies; Peter II succeeds her as Emperor of Russia. 1479
1730/--/-- Peter II dies; he is succeeded by Anna as Empress of Russia. 1480
1739/--/-- The British under Admiral Vernon raid Spanish settlements in the West Indies. 1481
1740/--/-- Anna Empress of Russia dies; she is succeeded by Elizabeth in 1741. 1482
1740/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI dies; the War of the Austrian Succession begins. 1483
1747/--/-- Nadir Shah of Persia (Iran) is assassinated. 1484
1755/--/-- The Lisbon earthquake kills 50,000. 1485
1759/--/-- The British under Wolfe defeat Montcalm at Quebec; Wolfe dies from his wounds. 1486
1760/--/-- George II dies; he is succeeded by his grandson George III as king of England. 1487
1762/--/-- Peter III succeeds Elizabeth as emperor of Russia, but is deposed and murdered. 1488
1763/--/-- Augustus III dies; he is succeeded (1764) by Stanislaw II, the last king of Poland. 1489
1765/--/-- Francis I dies; he is succeeded by Joseph II as Holy Roman Emperor. 1490
1769/--/-- Ottawa Indian chief Pontiac is assassinated by a Peoria Indian. 1491
1772/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints The Death of Wolfe. 1492
1774/--/-- Louis XV dies; he is succeeded by his grandson Louis XVI as king of France. 1493
1775/--/-- American patriot Patrick Henry states "Give me liberty, or give me death." 1494
1779/--/-- British explorer James Cook is killed by natives on Hawaii. 1495
1780/--/-- Maria Theresa dies; Joseph II inherits the crown of Bohemia and Hungary. 1496
1783/--/-- An earthquake kills 30,000 people at Calabria in Italy. 1497
1786/--/-- Frederick II dies; he is succeeded by his son Frederick William II as king of Prussia. 1498
1792/--/-- Gustav III of Sweden is assassinated at a masquerade in Stockholm. 1499
1793/--/-- French revolutionary Jean Paul Marat is murdered by Charlotte Corday. 1500
1799/--/-- Tippu Sultan is killed in battle with the British; the Mysore empire is destroyed. 1501
1801/--/-- Alexander I becomes emperor of Russia after the murder of his father Paul I. 1502
1802/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints Death on a Pale Horse. 1503
1804/--/-- American politician Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel. 1504
1805/--/-- Nelson defeats the Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar, but is killed during the action. 1505
1806/--/-- Emperor Jacques I is assassinated; Haiti is divided between Christophe and Petion. 1506
1812/--/-- An earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela, killing 12,000. 1507
1813/--/-- Pro-British Indian leader Tecumseh is killed in the Battle of the Thames. 1508
1816/--/-- Maria I of Portugal dies; she is succeeded by John VI who remains in exile in Brazil. 1509
1820/--/-- Henri Christophe commits suicide; Haiti is united under Jean Pierre Boyer. 1510
1820/--/-- The Prince Regent becomes King George IV on the death of George III. 1511
1820/--/-- U.S. navy hero Stephen Decatur is killed in a duel. 1512
1821/--/-- Napoleon dies on Saint Helena. 1513
1822/--/-- British statesman Lord Castlereagh commits suicide. 1514
1824/--/-- English poet Lord Byron travels to Greece to aid the patriots but dies of a fever. 1515
1830/--/-- Simon Bolivar resigns as dictator of Gran Colombia, he dies later in the year. 1516
1836/--/-- Santa Anna's army storms the Alamo in Texas, killing the defenders. 1517
1837/--/-- Mikhail Lermontov writes the Death of a Poet, inspired by the death of Pushkin. 1518
1837/--/-- Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin is killed in a duel. 1519
1837/--/-- William IV dies; Victoria succeeds him as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 1520
1841/--/-- Edgar Allan Poe writes an early detective story The Murders in the Rue Morgue. 1521
1841/--/-- President Harrison dies; John Tyler is inaugurated as the 10th U.S. president 1522
1844/--/-- Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormons, is killed by a lynch mob. 1523
1847/--/-- American missionary Marcus Whitman is killed by Cayuse Indians in Oregon. 1524
1850/--/-- President Taylor dies; Millard Fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th U.S. president. 1525
1855/--/-- Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia dies; he is succeeded by his son Alexander II. 1526
1857/--/-- Mormons and Paiute Indians kill 120 settlers in the Mountain Meadows Massacre. 1527
1863/--/-- The Confederates defeat the Union army at Chancellorsville; Jackson is killed. 1528
1865/--/-- Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C. 1529
1868/--/-- Ndebele king Mzilikazi dies in Africa; he is succeeded (1870) by his son Lobengula. 1530
1869/--/-- John Roebling designs the Brooklyn Bridge but dies after a construction accident. 1531
1870/--/-- Paraguayan dictator Solano Lopez dies, ending the War of the Triple Alliance. 1532
1872/--/-- Photographer Eadweard Muybridge begins his series of motion studies. 1533
1872/--/-- The death of Kamehameha V ends the Kamehameha dynasty of Hawaiian kings. 1534
1880/--/-- Australian bushranger Ned Kelly is hanged for murder. 1535
1881/--/-- Alexander II is assassinated by narodniki revolutionaries in Russia. 1536
1881/--/-- President Garfield is assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau. 1537
1883/--/-- The Island volcano of Krakatoa explodes in Indonesia, causing 36,000 deaths. 1538
1885/--/-- General Gordon is killed by Mahdist forces at the siege of Khartoum in Sudan. 1539
1888/--/-- Jack the Ripper murders seven women in London. 1540
1889/--/-- Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria commits suicide at Mayerling. 1541
1890/--/-- Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh commits suicide. 1542
1895/--/-- The Cuban War of Independence begins against Spain; Jose Marti is killed in battle. 1543
1896/--/-- A tsunami (tidal wave) kills 27,000 people in Japan. 1544
1897/--/-- British physician Havelock Ellis begins his Studies in the Psychology of Sex. 1545
1900/--/-- Humbert I is assassinated; he is succeeded by Victor Emanuel III as king of Italy. 1546
1901/--/-- President McKinley is assassinated by the anarchist Leon Czolgosz. 1547
1901/--/-- Queen Victoria dies; she is succeeded by her son Edward VII. 1548
1903/--/-- Alexander, King of Serbia, is assassinated; he is succeeded by Peter I. 1549
1906/--/-- The San Francisco earthquake kills 700. 1550
1908/--/-- An earthquake at Messina in Italy kills 80,000. 1551
1913/--/-- King George I of Greece is assassinated; he is succeeded by Constantine I 1552
1913/--/-- Victoriano Huerta leads a military coup in Mexico; president Francisco Madero is killed. 1553
1914/--/-- Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo, precipitating World War I. 1554
1915/--/-- A German submarine torpedoes the British liner Lusitania; 124 Americans are killed. 1555
1915/--/-- War poet Rupert Brooke's 1914 and Other Poems is published in the year he dies. 1556
1918/--/-- An influenza pandemic begins (it kills 21-22 million in 2 years). 1557
1918/--/-- German air ace Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron) is shot down and killed. 1558
1919/--/-- German communist Rosa Luxemburg is murdered after the Sparticus uprising. 1559
1919/--/-- Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata is killed. 1560
1920/--/-- Mexican president Venustiano Carranza is deposed and killed by Alvaro Obregon. 1561
1921/--/-- American anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are found guilty of murder. 1562
1921/--/-- Japanese premier Hara Takashi is assassinated. 1563
1922/--/-- Irish revolutionary statesman Michael Collins is assassinated. 1564
1923/--/-- Tokyo and Yokohama are destroyed by an earthquake; 100,000 are killed. 1565
1923/--/-- Warren G. Harding dies; Calvin Coolidge is inaugurated as the 30th U.S. president. 1566
1924/--/-- Soviet leader Lenin dies; new leader Joseph Stalin begins a purge of his opponents. 1567
1925/--/-- Friedrich Ebert dies; Paul von Hindenburg becomes president of the German republic. 1568
1927/--/-- American dancer Isadora Duncan is killed in a tragic car accident. 1569
1934/--/-- Alexander, king of Yugoslavia, is assassinated; his son Peter II succeeds him. 1570
1934/--/-- Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss is murdered by Austrian Nazis. 1571
1934/--/-- SA leader Ernst Roehm is assassinated on the orders of Hitler. 1572
1934/--/-- Hitler becomes Fuhrer (leader) of Germany after Hindenburg's death. 1573
1934/--/-- John Dillinger, public enemy number one, is killed by the FBI. 1574
1935/--/-- Controversial Louisiana senator Huey P. Long is assassinated. 1575
1940/--/-- Exiled revolutionary Leon Trotsky is assassinated in Mexico on Stalin's orders. 1576
1942/--/-- American forces in the Philippines surrender; the Bataan death march begins. 1577
1944/--/-- German officers attempt to assassinate Hitler. 1578
1944/--/-- Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson dies from an accidental drug overdose. 1579
1945/--/-- Hitler commits suicide in his Berlin bunker; Germany surrenders to the Allies. 1580
1945/--/-- Suicide attacks by Japanese kamikaze pilots are unable to stem the U.S. advances. 1581
1945/--/-- Mussolini is killed by Italian partisans. 1582
1945/--/-- Roosevelt dies; Harry S. Truman is inaugurated as the 33rd U.S. president. 1583
1948/--/-- Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu fanatic. 1584
1949/--/-- Arthur Miller's play Death of a Salesman is produced. 1585
1949/--/-- The Netherlands grants independence to Indonesia (formerly the Dutch East Indies). 1586
1951/--/-- King Abdullah of Jordan is assassinated by a Palestinian nationalist. 1587
1951/--/-- Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are sentenced to death for espionage against the U.S. 1588
1952/--/-- Eva Peron, popularly known as Evita, dies in Argentina. 1589
1952/--/-- Queen Elizabeth II ascends to the British throne on the death of her father George VI. 1590
1953/--/-- Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin dies; Georgy M. Malenkov becomes the new premier. 1591
1955/--/-- Film star James Dean is killed in a car crash. 1592
1956/--/-- President Anastasio Somoza Garcia is assassinated in Nicaragua. 1593
1959/--/-- Rock 'n roll star Buddy Holly is killed in a plane crash. 1594
1960/--/-- Congo (Zaire) premier Patrice Lumumba is ousted by Joseph Mobutu and murdered. 1595
1960/--/-- 69 Africans are killed in the Sharpeville massacre in South Africa. 1596
1960/--/-- An earthquake kills 15,000 at Agadir in Morocco. 1597
1961/--/-- President Rafael Trujillo is assassinated in the Dominican Republic. 1598
1961/--/-- UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjold is killed in a plane crash in the Congo (Zaire). 1599
1962/--/-- American film actress Marilyn Monroe dies from a drug overdose. 1600
1963/--/-- John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is shot and killed by Jack Ruby. 1601
1963/--/-- President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas. 1602
1963/--/-- President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam is assassinated. 1603
1963/--/-- John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is shot and killed by Jack Ruby. 1604
1963/--/-- Sylvia Plath's novel The Bell Jar is published in the year of her death. 1605
1964/--/-- The Warren Commission decides that Oswald was the sole assassin of John F. Kennedy. 1606
1964/--/-- Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru dies; he is succeeded by Lal Bahadur Shastri. 1607
1965/--/-- The Black Muslim leader Malcolm X is assassinated in New York City. 1608
1966/--/-- South African prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd is assassinated. 1609
1966/--/-- Indian prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri dies; he is succeeded by Indira Gandhi. 1610
1966/--/-- Nigerian prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is killed in a military coup. 1611
1967/--/-- A fire kills U.S. astronauts White, Grissom and Chaffee during a launch test. 1612
1967/--/-- Latin American guerrilla leader Che Guevara is killed in Bolivia. 1613
1967/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov is killed during the landing of Soyuz 1. 1614
1968/--/-- Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated. 1615
1968/--/-- Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated. 1616
1968/--/-- French downhill skier Jean Claude Killy wins three Olympic gold medals. 1617
1969/--/-- Charles Manson and his followers kill actress Sharon Tate and six of her friends. 1618
1969/--/-- Edward Kennedy's female companion dies in a car accident off the Chappaquiddick bridge. 1619
1969/--/-- Golda Meir becomes prime minister of Israel after the death of Levi Eshkol. 1620
1970/--/-- Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser dies; he is succeeded by Anwar al-Sadat. 1621
1970/--/-- Ohio national guardsmen kill four Kent State students during an anti-war protest. 1622
1970/--/-- Rock music guitarist Jimi Hendrix dies from a drug overdose. 1623
1971/--/-- Lt. William Calley is found guilty of killing Vietnamese civilians at My Lai. 1624
1972/--/-- Alabama governor George Wallace is shot in an assassination attempt. 1625
1972/--/-- Japanese novelist Kawabata Yasunari commits suicide. 1626
1972/--/-- An earthquake kills 10,000 in the Nicaraguan capital of Managua. 1627
1972/--/-- Palestinian terrorists kill 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics. 1628
1974/--/-- Isabel Peron becomes president of Argentina after the death of her husband. 1629
1975/--/-- Saudi King Faisal is assassinated; he is succeeded by his brother Khalid. 1630
1975/--/-- Juan Carlos I becomes king of Spain after the death of General Francisco Franco. 1631
1975/--/-- President Mujibur Rahman is killed in a military coup in Bangladesh. 1632
1975/--/-- President N'Garta Tombalbaye of Chad is killed in a coup d'etat. 1633
1975/--/-- Taiwanese leader Chiang Kai-shek dies; he is succeeded by Chiang Ching-kuo. 1634
1976/--/-- A severe earthquake in China kills over 600,000. 1635
1977/--/-- Rock 'n roll performer Elvis Presley dies. 1636
1978/--/-- Italian politician Aldo Moro is kidnapped and murdered by Red Brigade terrorists. 1637
1978/--/-- More than 900 members of a religious cult commit suicide at Jonestown, Guyana. 1638
1978/--/-- The murder of opposition leader Pedro Joaquin Chamorro sparks uprisings in Nicaragua. 1639
1978/--/-- Afghanistan president Mohammad Daud Khan is killed in a Marxist coup. 1640
1979/--/-- IRA terrorists assassinate Lord Mountbatten in Ireland. 1641
1979/--/-- South Korean president Park Chung Hee is assassinated. 1642
1979/--/-- Algerian president Houari Boumedienne dies; he is succeeded by Chadli Benjedid. 1643
1980/--/-- Ex-Nicaraguan president Anastasio Somoza Debayle is assassinated. 1644
1980/--/-- An earthquake in Algeria kills 20,000. 1645
1980/--/-- Liberian president William R. Tolbert is killed in a military coup led by Samuel Doe. 1646
1980/--/-- Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington state killing eight people. 1647
1981/--/-- Anwar al-Sadat is killed; Hosni Mubarak becomes president of Egypt. 1648
1981/--/-- Ten IRA prisoners starve themselves to death as a political protest. 1649
1982/--/-- Amin Gemayel becomes the president of Lebanon after his brother Bashir is killed. 1650
1982/--/-- Princess Grace of Monaco dies in a car accident. 1651
1982/--/-- Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev dies; he is succeeded by Yuri Andropov. 1652
1983/--/-- Opposition leader Benigno Aquino is assassinated in the Philippines. 1653
1984/--/-- Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by Sikh extremists. 1654
1984/--/-- A toxic gas leak kills 2,000 and affects an estimated 150,000 in Bhopal, India. 1655
1984/--/-- Soviet leader Yuri Andropov dies; he is succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko. 1656
1985/--/-- Albanian premier Enver Hoxha dies; he is succeeded by Ramiz Alia. 1657
1985/--/-- American film actor Rock Hudson dies from AIDS. 1658
1985/--/-- Soviet premier Konstantin Chernenko dies; he is succeeded by Mikhail Gorbachev. 1659
1986/--/-- Swedish prime minister Olof Palme is assassinated. 1660
1986/--/-- The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes after launch, killing the crew of seven. 1661
1988/--/-- Armenia is hit by a severe earthquake, killing tens of thousands. 1662
1988/--/-- Pakistani leader Gen. Muhammed Zia ul-Haq is killed in a plane crash. 1663
1989/--/-- Ayatollah Khomeini dies in Iran; Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani becomes president. 1664
1989/--/-- Hu Yao-pang's death in China sparks public rallies demanding social changes. 1665
1989/--/-- Hundreds of demonstrators are killed by troops in Peking's T'ien-an-Men Square. 1666
1989/--/-- Romanian president Nicolae Ceausescu is deposed and killed. 1667
1990/--/-- President Samuel Doe is killed during a military rebellion in Liberia. 1668
.......... Roman emperor Augustus adopts Tiberius and recognizes him as his successor. 1669
.......... Judea becomes a province of Rome. 1670
.......... Roman poet Ovid completes his greatest poetic achievement Metamorphoses. 1671
.......... German leader Arminius defeats three Roman legions in the Battle of Teutoburg Forest. 1672
.......... Chinese emperor Wang Mang founds the Hsin dynasty, ending the Former Han dynasty. 1673
.......... Augustus dies; he is succeeded by Tiberius as emperor of Rome. 1674
.......... Chinese emperor Wang Mang dies. 1675
.......... The Later Han dynasty is established in China. 1676
.......... Jesus is baptized by John the Baptist. 1677
.......... John the Baptist is executed by Herod Antipas. 1678
.......... Pontius Pilate, Roman governor of Judea, orders the crucifixion of Jesus. 1679
.......... St. Paul is converted to Christianity. 1680
.......... Tiberius dies; he is succeeded by Caligula as emperor of Rome. 1681
.......... The Roman encyclopedist Celsus dies. 1682
.......... An early Christian church is erected at Corinth. 1683
.......... Caligula is assassinated; Claudius becomes emperor of Rome. 1684
.......... The Romans invade Britain. 1685
.......... The city of Londinium (London) is founded. 1686
.......... St. Paul begins his Christian missionary travels. 1687
.......... The Epistle of James is begun about this time. 1688
.......... Thrace becomes a Roman province. 1689
.......... Gallic nobles are admitted to the Roman Senate. 1690
.......... The expansion of the kingdom of Aksum begins in present day Ethiopia. 1691
.......... The first Roman colony in Britain is founded at Colchester. 1692
.......... Cologne is founded about this time in present day Germany. 1693
.......... Claudius is murdered; Nero becomes emperor of Rome. 1694
.......... St. Paul writes his Epistles to the Corinthians. 1695
.......... Boadicea, queen of the Iceni tribe, rebels against Roman rule in Britain 1696
.......... St. James (the brother of Jesus Christ) is stoned to death. 1697
.......... Rome is devastated by fire; the Christians are blamed and persecuted. 1698
.......... The Kushans sack the city of Taxila in present day Pakistan. 1699
.......... Roman philosopher Seneca commits suicide. 1700
.......... Writing of The Gospel According to Mark is begun. 1701
.......... A Jewish revolt against Roman rule begins in Judea. 1702
.......... Roman writer Petronius Arbiter, the reputed author of the Satyricon, dies. 1703
.......... St. Peter and St. Paul are martyred in Rome. 1704
.......... Roman emperor Nero commits suicide. 1705
.......... Buddhism is introduced into China. 1706
.......... Vespasian becomes emperor of Rome and founds the Flavian dynasty. 1707
.......... Roman general Titus suppresses a Jewish revolt and captures Jerusalem. 1708
.......... The Herod dynasty ends in Judea. 1709
.......... Writing of the Acts of the Apostles begins. 1710
.......... The Romans conquer Masada, the last Jewish stronghold. 1711
.......... Josephus begins his history of the Jewish War. 1712
.......... Pliny the Elder writes his Historia naturalis. 1713
.......... Roman general Agricola becomes governor of Britain. 1714
.......... Mount Vesuvius erupts, burying the Roman city of Pompeii. 1715
.......... The Gospel According to Luke and The Gospel According to Matthew are begun. 1716
.......... The building of the Colosseum is completed in Rome. 1717
.......... Titus dies; he is succeeded by Domitian as emperor of Rome. 1718
.......... The Arch of Titus is erected in Rome. 1719
.......... St. Clement becomes Bishop of Rome. 1720
.......... St. Timothy is martyred at Ephesus. 1721
.......... Nerva dies; he is succeeded by Trajan as emperor of Rome. 1722
0100/--/-- Teotihuacan in central Mexico has a population of 50,000. 1723
0100/--/-- The compilation of the Kamasutra is begun in India. 1724
0100/--/-- The earliest Chinese dictionary the Shuo Wen is compiled about this time. 1725
0105/--/-- Paper is invented in China. 1726
0106/--/-- The city of Petra is conquered by the Roman emperor Trajan. 1727
0113/--/-- Emperor Trajan's column is built to glorify his military victories. 1728
0115/--/-- Greek writer Lucian's The True History describes a fantasy trip to the moon. 1729
0117/--/-- Trajan dies; he is succeeded by Hadrian as emperor of Rome. 1730
0117/--/-- The Roman Empire is at the height of its territorial power. 1731
0118/--/-- Construction of the Pantheon begins in Rome. 1732
0122/--/-- Construction of Hadrian's Wall is begun to protect Britain from northern tribes. 1733
0130/--/-- The Taoist religion is accepted in China. 1734
0132/--/-- The Jewish Bar Kochba revolt begins against the Romans. 1735
0135/--/-- Suppression of the Jewish revolt leads to the diaspora (dispersion) of the Jews. 1736
0150/--/-- Greek astronomer Ptolemy writes his Almagest and Geography. 1737
0150/--/-- The Niger region is dominated by Berber and Mandingo tribes. 1738
0150/--/-- Apuleius, author of the Latin tale The Golden Ass, dies. 1739
0150/--/-- The earliest surviving Sanskrit inscriptions are made in India. 1740
0161/--/-- Marcus Aurelius, author of the Meditations, becomes emperor of Rome. 1741
0170/--/-- Pausanias writes his Description of Greece, a contemporary guide book. 1742
0170/--/-- Persecution of the Christians increases in Rome. 1743
0180/--/-- Bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius is completed in Rome. 1744
0189/--/-- The reign of the last Han Emperor Hsien-Ti begins. 1745
0190/--/-- The abacus is used for numerical calculation in China. 1746
0190/--/-- Alexandrian surgeon Galen compiles his writings on medical treatments. 1747
0196/--/-- Roman emperor Septimius Severus sacks the city of Byzantium (Istanbul). 1748
0200/--/-- Buddhism is established as a vital force in China. 1749
0200/--/-- Carthage in North Africa becomes a world metropolis under Roman rule 1750
0201/--/-- Empress Jingo reigns as regent in Japan. 1751
0206/--/-- The building of the Baths of Caracalla is begun in Rome by Septimius Severus. 1752
0212/--/-- Emperor Caracalla grants citizenship to all freemen of the empire. 1753
0220/--/-- The Goths invade Asia Minor and the Balkan Peninsula. 1754
0220/--/-- The Han dynasty ends in China. 1755
0224/--/-- Sassanians under Ardashir defeat the Arascid dynasty in Persia. 1756
0250/--/-- Emperor Decius persecutes the Christians and makes emperor-worship compulsory. 1757
0250/--/-- Diophantus of Alexandria writes the first book on algebra. 1758
0250/--/-- The Classical period of the Maya begins in Mesoamerica. 1759
0250/--/-- The Kingdom of Aksum gains control of the Red Sea trade. 1760
0254/--/-- Plotinus the founder of neoplatonism begins writing his discourses. 1761
0257/--/-- The Visigoths and Ostrogoths invade the Black Sea region. 1762
0257/--/-- The Franks invade Spain. 1763
0260/--/-- Persians under Shapur I defeat the Roman army and capture Emperor Valerian. 1764
0265/--/-- The reign of the first Chin dynasty begins in China. 1765
0268/--/-- The Goths attack Athens, Sparta, and Corinth. 1766
0269/--/-- Egypt is occupied by Zenobia, queen of Palmyra; the library at Alexandria is burnt. 1767
0270/--/-- The first compass is used in China about this time. 1768
0276/--/-- Mani, founder of Manichean sect, is crucified in Persia. 1769
0284/--/-- Emperor Diocletian bans alchemical books. 1770
0285/--/-- Confucianism is introduced into Japan. 1771
0286/--/-- Saint Maurice and the Theban legion are massacred by Emperor Maximian. 1772
0286/--/-- Diocletian rules the eastern Roman Empire; Maximian rules the western empire. 1773
0295/--/-- Diocletian's Palace is built on the Dalmatian coast of Yugoslavia. 1774
0297/--/-- Rome recaptures Armenia and Mesopotamia. 1775
0300/--/-- St. Anthony forms Christian hermit communities in the Egyptian desert. 1776
0305/--/-- Roman emperor Diocletian abdicates in the East; Maximian abdicates in the West 1777
0306/--/-- Constantine becomes Emperor of the West. 1778
0311/--/-- The final persecution of the Christians begins in Rome. 1779
0312/--/-- Emperor Constantine is converted to Christianity. 1780
0312/--/-- The Edict of Toleration at Milan legalizes Christianity. 1781
0313/--/-- The Koguryo Kingdom expels the Chinese from Korea. 1782
0316/--/-- The Huns (Hsuiung-nu) invade northern China. 1783
0320/--/-- Chandragupta I founds the Gupta dynasty in northern India. 1784
0324/--/-- Constantine defeats Licinius, the former Emperor of the East, at Adrianople (now Edirne). 1785
0325/--/-- The council of bishops at Nicaea decide that God and Christ are one. 1786
0330/--/-- The Roman capital moves to Constantinople (now Instanbul); the Byzantine Empire begins. 1787
0330/--/-- St. Peter's Church in Rome is designed for Christian worship. 1788
0350/--/-- The Persians regain Armenia from Rome. 1789
0350/--/-- The Huns invade Persia and India. 1790
0350/--/-- A school of church song (Schola Cantorum) is founded in Rome. 1791
0350/--/-- Aksum destroys the kingdom of Meroe. 1792
0360/--/-- The Japanese invade Korea. 1793
0360/--/-- The Picts and Scots cross Hadrian's Wall and attack Roman Britain. 1794
0360/--/-- Vellum books begin to replace scrolls. 1795
0364/--/-- Valentinian becomes Emperor of the West; Valens becomes Emperor of the East. 1796
0370/--/-- The Huns appear in Europe for the first time. 1797
0370/--/-- Theodosius drives the Picts and Scots out of Britain. 1798
0372/--/-- Buddhism is introduced into Korea. 1799
0376/--/-- The Huns invade Russia. 1800
0378/--/-- Emperor Valens is killed by the Visigoths at the Battle of Adrianople (now Edirne). 1801
0378/--/-- St. Ursus builds a cathedral at Ravenna. 1802
0380/--/-- Chandragupta II heads the Gupta Empire. 1803
0383/--/-- The Roman army begins the evacuation of Britain. 1804
0386/--/-- Hymn singing is introduced by Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. 1805
0386/--/-- St. Augustine converts to Christianity. 1806
0395/--/-- Theodosius dies; the Roman Empire is permanently divided into East and West. 1807
0396/--/-- Alaric king of the Visigoths plunders Athens 1808
0401/--/-- Pope Innocent I claims universal power over the Roman church. 1809
0401/--/-- The Visigoths invade Italy. 1810
0406/--/-- The Vandals invade Gaul; Roman legions are withdrawn from Britain. 1811
0407/--/-- The first Mongol empire is founded by the Avars. 1812
0409/--/-- The Vandals invade Spain. 1813
0410/--/-- The Visigoths under Alaric destroy Rome. 1814
0410/--/-- Alchemists begin to search for the Philosopher's Stone. 1815
0411/--/-- St. Augustine writes The City of God. 1816
0425/--/-- Vandals, Ostrogoths and Visigoths settle in former Roman provinces. 1817
0425/--/-- Constantinople University is founded. 1818
0429/--/-- Vandals under Gaiseric establish a kingdom in North Africa. 1819
0432/--/-- St. Patrick's Christian mission reaches Ireland. 1820
0433/--/-- Attila becomes the ruler of the Huns. 1821
0439/--/-- The Vandals capture Carthage. 1822
0449/--/-- Jutes, Angles, and Saxons begin the conquest of Britain. 1823
0450/--/-- The Basket Maker III period of the Anasazi culture begins in North America. 1824
0451/--/-- Attila the Hun invades Gaul but is repulsed at the Battle of Chalons. 1825
0452/--/-- Attila the Hun invades Italy. 1826
0452/--/-- Venice is founded by refugees from the Huns. 1827
0455/--/-- The Vandals under Gaiseric sack Rome. 1828
0455/--/-- Skandagupta defeats a Hun invasion and becomes emperor of India. 1829
0470/--/-- The Huns withdraw from Europe. 1830
0470/--/-- Mayan urban civilization flourishes in southern Mexico. 1831
0471/--/-- Theodoric the Great becomes king of the Ostrogoths. 1832
0476/--/-- Germanic king Odoacer occupies Rome, ending the Roman Empire of the West. 1833
0478/--/-- The first Shinto shrines are built in Japan. 1834
0480/--/-- The Gupta Empire begins to decline after an invasion by White Huns. 1835
0486/--/-- Frankish king Clovis defeats the Romans in Gaul and founds the Merovingian dynasty. 1836
0493/--/-- Theodoric King of the Ostrogoths becomes ruler of all Italy 1837
0493/--/-- Frankish king Clovis becomes the first barbarian ruler to be baptized. 1838
0500/--/-- The colonial period of the Hohokam culture begins in North America about this time. 1839
0500/--/-- The Lex Salica Germanic law is composed. 1840
0500/--/-- Modern forms of harness for draft animals appear in China about this time. 1841
0501/--/-- Gundobad king of the Burgundians establishes judicial duel or trial by combat. 1842
0507/--/-- The Franks conquer the Visigoths; Alaric II is killed by Clovis. 1843
0511/--/-- Clovis king of the Franks dies; his kingdom is divided among his four sons. 1844
0520/--/-- King Arthur is said to have organized the Celtic defence against Saxon invaders. 1845
0523/--/-- Hilderic becomes the Vandal king of North Africa. 1846
0523/--/-- Roman scholar Boethius writes On the Consolation of Philosophy. 1847
0525/--/-- Theodora marries Justinian, the future Byzantine Emperor. 1848
0526/--/-- Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy, dies. 1849
0527/--/-- Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium. 1850
0529/--/-- St. Benedict founds the Benedictine order and builds an abbey at Monte Cassino, Italy. 1851
0531/--/-- Khosru I becomes king of Persia; the Sassanian Empire is at its greatest extent. 1852
0534/--/-- Byzantine general Belisarius reconquers North Africa. 1853
0534/--/-- Roman Law is codified under Justinian as the Body of Civil Law. 1854
0535/--/-- A 12-story pagoda is built in China. 1855
0537/--/-- The church of Hagia Sophia is completed in Constantinople (Istanbul). 1856
0538/--/-- Buddhism is introduced into Japan from Korea. 1857
0541/--/-- A Bubonic Plague ravages Europe. 1858
0547/--/-- The Byzantine church of San Vitale is built at Ravenna in Italy. 1859
0550/--/-- The crucifix develops as an ornament about this time. 1860
0552/--/-- Persian monks smuggle Chinese silkworms into Constantinople (Istanbul). 1861
0553/--/-- Justinian reconquers Italy from the Ostrogoths. 1862
0560/--/-- The Mediterranean seaboard falls under Byzantine control. 1863
0562/--/-- The Silla kingdom expels the Japanese from Korea. 1864
0563/--/-- St. Columba establishes an Irish monastery on the island of Iona. 1865
0565/--/-- The first recorded sighting of the legendary Loch Ness monster is made in Scotland. 1866
0568/--/-- The Lombards invade northern Italy. 1867
0570/--/-- The prophet Muhammad is born at Mecca. 1868
0572/--/-- War begins between Persia and Byzantium. 1869
0581/--/-- Wen Ti founds the Sui dynasty and reunites China. 1870
0586/--/-- The earliest known depiction of Christ on the cross is made. 1871
0589/--/-- The Visigoths in Spain are converted to Christianity. 1872
0590/--/-- Gregory I becomes the first monk to be elected as Pope. 1873
0594/--/-- The plague that began in 541 ends, after halving the population of Europe. 1874
0597/--/-- St. Augustine begins his Christian mission to England at Canterbury. 1875
0600/--/-- The Anglo-Saxons are dominant in Britain; romanized Britons survive in the west. 1876
0600/--/-- A Mayan center is established at Bonampak in Mexico about this time. 1877
0600/--/-- The city of Huari is established in central Peru about this time. 1878
0600/--/-- Irish missionaries work in Scotland and Germany. 1879
0600/--/-- Windmills are in use in Persia for irrigation. 1880
0600/--/-- The game of chess is invented in India about this time. 1881
0600/--/-- Smallpox spreads from India to Europe. 1882
0600/--/-- Pope Gregory I supervises the compiling of plainsong (Gregorian chants). 1883
0600/--/-- The kettledrum originates in the Near East about this time. 1884
0607/--/-- The first Buddhist temple is built at Nara in Japan. 1885
0610/--/-- Muhammad, the founder of Islam, receives his first prophetic message. 1886
0614/--/-- Persian armies overrun Asia Minor and capture Jerusalem. 1887
0618/--/-- The T'ang dynasty in China establishes an imperial bureaucracy. 1888
0619/--/-- The Persians conquer Egypt 1889
0620/--/-- Lyric poetry of the T'ang dynasty promotes the use of the Chinese language. 1890
0622/--/-- The Muslim era begins with the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina. 1891
0627/--/-- The Byzantines under Heraclius defeat the Persians at Nineveh. 1892
0629/--/-- The Visigoths drive the Byzantines from Spain. 1893
0630/--/-- A holy war (jihad) by Muslims leads to the conquest of Mecca. 1894
0630/--/-- The Sutton Hoo treasure is buried in a grave of an Anglo-Saxon king in England. 1895
0632/--/-- Muhammad dies; he is succeeded by the first caliph (successor) Abu Bakr. 1896
0637/--/-- Arab armies destroy the Sassanian Empire. 1897
0642/--/-- The Arabs conquer Syria, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. 1898
0645/--/-- T'ang dynasty artist Yen Li-Pen is active about this time. 1899
0645/--/-- Buddhism reaches Tibet from India. 1900
0646/--/-- The Taika Reform remodels Japanese imperial authority on Chinese lines. 1901
0650/--/-- Teotihuacan falls into decline in central Mexico; the city is looted and burned. 1902
0650/--/-- Coptic art in Egypt incorporates Christian and Arab influences. 1903
0651/--/-- The Koran, sacred book of Islam, reaches its final form. 1904
0658/--/-- Chinese power in Central Asia reaches its maximum extent. 1905
0661/--/-- Classical Arab music evolves under the Umayyad caliphs (leaders). 1906
0661/--/-- The schism of Islam into Shiite and Sunnite factions begins. 1907
0664/--/-- The Arabs conquer the city of Kabul in present day Afghanistan. 1908
0668/--/-- Korea is unified under the kingdom of Silla. 1909
0670/--/-- The first English poet Caedmon writes Christian verse. 1910
0673/--/-- Greek fire is used against the Muslims during the siege of Constantinople (Istanbul). 1911
0674/--/-- The Arab eastward conquest reaches the Indus River. 1912
0678/--/-- A Muslim blockade of Constantinople fails; the Byzantines and Arabs establish a truce. 1913
0680/--/-- The Bulgars invade the Balkans 1914
0688/--/-- Construction begins of the Dome of the Rock mosque in Jerusalem. 1915
0695/--/-- The Jews are persecuted in Spain. 1916
0697/--/-- The Arabs begin the permanent destruction of Carthage. 1917
0698/--/-- The Lindisfarne Gospels are produced in England. 1918
0700/--/-- The Arabs capture Tunis, exterminating Christianity in North Africa. 1919
0700/--/-- The rise of the empire of Ghana begins in Africa. 1920
0700/--/-- The Mississippian culture is founded in North America; the Cahokia Mounds are begun. 1921
0700/--/-- The Zapotec center at Monte Alban in Mexico is abandoned about this time. 1922
0700/--/-- Waterwheels are in use throughout Europe. 1923
0700/--/-- Chichen Itza becomes an important Mayan center in the Yucatan (Mexico). 1924
0700/--/-- The Mochica culture declines about this time in Peru. 1925
0700/--/-- The Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf is composed. 1926
0700/--/-- Arabic becomes the official language of Egypt. 1927
0700/--/-- First Pueblo period begins in North America; above-ground adobe dwellings are built. 1928
0706/--/-- The city of Nara is founded as the first capital of Japan. 1929
0711/--/-- The Moors (Arabs and Berbers) invade Spain. 1930
0712/--/-- The Arabs establish a state in Sind in present day Pakistan. 1931
0712/--/-- The earliest Japanese history the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) is written. 1932
0718/--/-- Emperor Leo III defeats the Arab siege of Constantinople (Istanbul). 1933
0725/--/-- The Arabs introduce the lute into Spain. 1934
0726/--/-- Byzantine ruler Leo III forbids the worship of icons. 1935
0730/--/-- Printing begins in China. 1936
0731/--/-- The Venerable Bede writes a history of the English church. 1937
0732/--/-- The Franks defeat the Moors at Tours and halt Arab expansion into Europe. 1938
0743/--/-- Buddhism becomes a state cult in Japan. 1939
0744/--/-- The Uighurs seize Mongolia. 1940
0748/--/-- The first printed newspaper appears in China. 1941
0749/--/-- The Abbasid caliphate deposes the Umayyads. 1942
0750/--/-- The city of Granada is founded in Spain. 1943
0750/--/-- The Buddhist Pala dynasty is founded in Bengal (India) about this time. 1944
0750/--/-- The Hindu temple complex at Bhubaneswar is begun about this time in India. 1945
0751/--/-- The Merovingian dynasty ends; Pepin begins the Carolingian dynasty. 1946
0751/--/-- An Arab paper mill is established in Samarkand using Chinese paper-makers. 1947
0751/--/-- The Lombards capture Ravenna, the last Byzantine stronghold in northern Italy. 1948
0755/--/-- The formation of the Papal States begins in Italy. 1949
0770/--/-- Block printing develops in Japan; 1 million copies of a prayer paper are produced. 1950
0771/--/-- Charlemagne becomes the sole king of the Franks. 1951
0774/--/-- Charlemagne expels the Lombards from Italy. 1952
0780/--/-- Lu Yu's The Classic of Tea, the first handbook on tea, is published in China. 1953
0782/--/-- Charlemagne invites Alcuin of York to lead a cultural revival in Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen). 1954
0785/--/-- The Arabs begin the construction of the Great Mosque at Cordoba in Spain. 1955
0786/--/-- The golden age of Arab music begins under caliph Harun al-Rashid. 1956
0787/--/-- Byzantine empress Irene convenes the Second Council of Nicaea to rule on iconoclasm. 1957
0787/--/-- The city of Bremen is founded in Germany. 1958
0789/--/-- Vikings begin their attacks on England. 1959
0790/--/-- The city of Fez is founded in Morocco. 1960
0792/--/-- Charlemagne begins building his Chapel at Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen). 1961
0794/--/-- The Japanese capital moves from Nara to Kyoto. 1962
0799/--/-- The Book of Kells is completed about this time. 1963
0800/--/-- Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne as the first European emperor since the Romans. 1964
0800/--/-- The Mayan center of Palenque begins to decline in Mexico. 1965
0800/--/-- The Srivijaya Empire is dominant in the Straits of Malacca. 1966
0800/--/-- The Kanem-Bornu Empire is founded about this time in West Africa. 1967
0800/--/-- Irish monks reach Iceland. 1968
0800/--/-- The Oseberg Viking longship is buried about this time 1969
0800/--/-- The temple of Borobudur is constructed in Java. 1970
0800/--/-- Mayan murals are completed at Bonampak in Mexico. 1971
0812/--/-- The Chinese government issues paper bank drafts as money. 1972
0814/--/-- Construction of the Doge's Palace begins in Venice. 1973
0814/--/-- The Arabs adopt Indian numerals (1-9). 1974
0838/--/-- The Arabs sack Marseille and settle in southern Italy. 1975
0840/--/-- Viking settlers found the city of Dublin in Ireland. 1976
0843/--/-- The Carolingian Empire is partitioned by the Treaty of Verdun. 1977
0844/--/-- A Viking raid on Seville is repulsed. 1978
0845/--/-- The Vikings sack Paris. 1979
0846/--/-- The Arabs sack Rome and destroy the Venetian fleet. 1980
0849/--/-- The city of Pagan is founded in Burma. 1981
0850/--/-- Sian, capital of the T'ang Empire, has a population of over 1 million inhabitants. 1982
0850/--/-- The Acropolis of Zimbabwe is built in Africa. 1983
0851/--/-- An earthquake devastates Rome. 1984
0860/--/-- The Cyrillic alphabet is developed in eastern Europe about this time. 1985
0860/--/-- Rus Vikings attack Constantinople (Istanbul). 1986
0862/--/-- Novgorod in Russia is founded by the Rus Viking, Ulrich. 1987
0866/--/-- Danish Vikings establish a kingdom in York, England. 1988
0867/--/-- Photius, the patriarch of Constantinople, initiates a schism with the church of Rome. 1989
0867/--/-- Byzantine mosaics are created in the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. 1990
0868/--/-- The earliest known woodcut illustration is made in China. 1991
0870/--/-- The Vikings found settlements on Iceland about this time. 1992
0871/--/-- Alfred the Great becomes king of Wessex; the Danish advance is halted in England. 1993
0872/--/-- Harold I gains control of Norway. 1994
0879/--/-- Rurik establishes Kiev as the center of the Kievan Rus' domains. 1995
0880/--/-- Angkor is founded as the capital city of the Khmer Empire in Cambodia (Kampuchea). 1996
0880/--/-- Byzantine emperor Basil I drives the Arabs from Italy. 1997
0884/--/-- Charles III becomes king of France and reunites the Frankish Empire. 1998
0886/--/-- Alfred divides England with the Danes under the Danelaw pact. 1999
0887/--/-- Arnulf deposes Charles III to become the last Carolingian Frankish emperor. 2000
0895/--/-- The Fujiwaras become rulers of Japan. 2001
0896/--/-- The Magyars migrate to the Danube region. 2002
0900/--/-- The Second Pueblo period begins in North America. 2003
0900/--/-- The Vikings raid along the Mediterranean coast. 2004
0900/--/-- Cordoba in Spain becomes the center of Islamic science. 2005
0900/--/-- The windmill arrives in Muslim Spain from Persia. 2006
0906/--/-- The last T'ang emperor is deposed; civil war begins in China. 2007
0909/--/-- A Benedictine abbey is founded at Cluny in France. 2008
0910/--/-- The mystical Islamic religion Sufism flourishes. 2009
0911/--/-- The Viking chief Rollo is granted land by the Franks and founds Normandy in France. 2010
0915/--/-- Fatimid armies invade Egypt. 2011
0918/--/-- The state of Koryo is founded in Korea. 2012
0920/--/-- The golden age of the Empire of Ghana begins in Africa. 2013
0922/--/-- The Fatimid dynasty conquers Morocco. 2014
0936/--/-- Otto I becomes king of Germany. 2015
0939/--/-- The Kingdom of Leon captures Madrid from the Arabs. 2016
0939/--/-- The Annamese drive the Chinese out of Vietnam. 2017
0941/--/-- Rus Vikings attack Constantinople (Istanbul). 2018
0947/--/-- The Liao dynasty is established in China with its capital at Peking. 2019
0950/--/-- The Arabs import drums and trumpets into Europe. 2020
0950/--/-- Organs are installed in European abbeys and cathedrals. 2021
0950/--/-- The Classical Mayan period ends about this time. 2022
0950/--/-- Tula is established as the capital of Toltec power in Mexico. 2023
0950/--/-- Al-Farabi, Arab philosopher and author of the Grand Book of Music, dies. 2024
0950/--/-- The building of the temple complex at Khajuraho begins in India. 2025
0950/--/-- The Ottonian art period begins. 2026
0955/--/-- Otto I defeats the Magyars at Lechfeld. 2027
0960/--/-- The Sung dynasty begins in China. 2028
0960/--/-- The Piasts found the first Polish dynasty. 2029
0962/--/-- Pope John XII crowns Otto I as Holy Roman Emperor. 2030
0966/--/-- The Poles convert to Christianity 2031
0966/--/-- Fujiwara domination of Japan is at its height. 2032
0969/--/-- The Fatimids conquer Egypt and found Cairo. 2033
0975/--/-- The Arabs introduce arithmetical notation into Europe. 2034
0979/--/-- The Sung dynasty reunites China. 2035
0980/--/-- Arabs settle along the east coast of Africa. 2036
0980/--/-- Danish raids on England are renewed. 2037
0981/--/-- Viking leader Eric the Red discovers Greenland. 2038
0982/--/-- Otto II is defeated by the Saracens in southern Italy. 2039
0985/--/-- Venice and Genoa trade between Asia and western Europe. 2040
0986/--/-- Viking ships sail in Newfoundland waters. 2041
0987/--/-- The Carolingian dynasty ends; the Capetians rule France. 2042
0987/--/-- The Toltecs capture Chichen Itza from the Mayas in Mexico. 2043
0988/--/-- Vladimir I of Kiev introduces Eastern Christianity to Russia. 2044
0991/--/-- AEthelred II pays the first Danegeld ransom to stop Danish attacks on England. 2045
0991/--/-- Japanese poet Sei Shonagon begins her diary The Pillow Book. 2046
0995/--/-- Olaf I conquers Norway and proclaims it a Christian kingdom. 2047
0996/--/-- Cane sugar arrives in Venice from Egypt. 2048
0999/--/-- Baguda becomes the first king of Kano in Nigeria. 2049
1000/--/-- Stephen I is crowned as the first king of Hungary. 2050
1000/--/-- Christianity reaches Greenland and Iceland. 2051
1000/--/-- Olaf I dies; Norway is ruled by the Danes. 2052
1000/--/-- Venice has domain over the Dalmatian coast and the Adriatic Sea. 2053
1000/--/-- Leif Eriksson, son of Eric the Red, explores the coast of North America. 2054
1000/--/-- Eilmer of Malmesbury makes a glider flight from Malmesbury Abbey in England. 2055
1000/--/-- Sancho III rules all of Christian Spain. 2056
1000/--/-- Zanzibar is settled about this time in Africa. 2057
1000/--/-- The canonization of saints is formalized by the Christian church. 2058
1000/--/-- The frame harp is in use in Ireland about this time. 2059
1001/--/-- Mahmud of Ghazni begins a holy war to conquer India for Islam. 2060
1002/--/-- Brian Boru defeats the Norse and becomes the king of Ireland. 2061
1004/--/-- Henry II of Germany is crowned king of Lombardy. 2062
1010/--/-- Viking explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni attempts to found a settlement in North America. 2063
1010/--/-- Persian poet Firdawsi completes the Shah Namah (Book of Kings). 2064
1013/--/-- The Danes conquer England; AEthelred flees to Normandy. 2065
1014/--/-- Henry II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 2066
1015/--/-- Vikings abandon the Vinland settlement on the coast of North America. 2067
1016/--/-- The Danes under Canute rule England. 2068
1016/--/-- Olaf II regains Norway from the Danes. 2069
1017/--/-- Fatimid caliph al-Hakim founds the Druze religion. 2070
1018/--/-- The Byzantine Empire annexes Bulgaria. 2071
1020/--/-- Female Japanese author Murasaki Shikibu completes The Tale of Genji. 2072
1025/--/-- The Cholas invade Bengal, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Java. 2073
1025/--/-- Poland is divided after the death of Boleslaw I. 2074
1025/--/-- Guido d'Arezzo invents the use of the staff in musical notation. 2075
1027/--/-- Conrad II becomes Holy Roman Emperor, founding the Franconian dynasty. 2076
1028/--/-- Canute, king of England and Denmark, conquers Norway. 2077
1030/--/-- The Cumans begin their conquest of southern Russia. 2078
1031/--/-- The caliphate of Cordoba collapses in Spain. 2079
1035/--/-- Aragon and Castile become separate kingdoms in Spain. 2080
1037/--/-- Avicenna, Muslim philosopher and physician, dies. 2081
1039/--/-- The camera obscure is described for the first time. 2082
1040/--/-- Macbeth kills Duncan I and becomes king of Scotland. 2083
1042/--/-- Edward the Confessor rules England with the support of the Danes. 2084
1044/--/-- The first Burmese state is established by Anawratha at Pagan. 2085
1046/--/-- Henry III is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor. 2086
1050/--/-- The city of Oslo is founded in Norway. 2087
1050/--/-- Timbuktu is founded in North Africa by the Tuaregs. 2088
1050/--/-- Chinese books are printed with movable wooden type. 2089
1050/--/-- Polyphonic singing replaces Gregorian chants. 2090
1050/--/-- Edward the Confessor begins the construction of Westminster Abbey. 2091
1051/--/-- Isfahan becomes the capital of the Seljuk Empire. 2092
1054/--/-- The Great Schism begins between the Orthodox church and the Roman Church. 2093
1054/--/-- A supernova or guest star (the Crab Nebula) is reported by the Chinese. 2094
1055/--/-- The Seljuk Turks occupy Baghdad. 2095
1056/--/-- The Almoravids conquer North Africa 2096
1057/--/-- Malcolm III kills Macbeth and becomes king of Scotland. 2097
1059/--/-- The Florence Baptistery is consecrated. 2098
1062/--/-- The city of Marrakech is founded in Morocco. 2099
1063/--/-- The building of Pisa Cathedral is begun. 2100
1064/--/-- The Seljuks under Alp-Arslan conquer Armenia. 2101
1064/--/-- The Hungarians seize Belgrade from the Byzantines. 2102
1066/--/-- William duke of Normandy defeats the Saxon king Harold at the Battle of Hastings. 2103
1071/--/-- The Seljuks under Alp-Arslan defeat the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert. 2104
1072/--/-- The Normans under Robert Guiscard conquer much of Byzantine Italy. 2105
1072/--/-- Alfonso VI becomes king of Leon and Castile. 2106
1073/--/-- Pope Gregory VII removes the power of investiture from the state. 2107
1075/--/-- Persian poet Omar Khayyam writes the Rubaiyat. 2108
1076/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV tries to depose Pope Gregory VII. 2109
1077/--/-- The Almoravids are dominant in Ghana, Africa. 2110
1078/--/-- The Building of the Tower of London begins in England. 2111
1079/--/-- The Building of Winchester Cathedral begins in England. 2112
1080/--/-- The city of Newcastle is founded in England. 2113
1080/--/-- The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Norman victory at the Battle of Hastings. 2114
1083/--/-- Emperor Henry IV storms Rome and installs the antipope Clement III. 2115
1085/--/-- Alfonso VI captures Toledo from the Moors. 2116
1086/--/-- The Almoravids cross into Spain and defeat the Christian army of reconquest. 2117
1086/--/-- The Domesday Book records land use and tenure in England. 2118
1086/--/-- Over 5,000 waterwheels are in use in England according to the Domesday Book. 2119
1091/--/-- Ladislas I unites Hungary and Croatia. 2120
1091/--/-- Byzantine emperor Alexius I defeats the Normans and the Pechnegs. 2121
1093/--/-- Saint Mark's Basilica is completed in Venice. 2122
1094/--/-- Spanish leader El Cid takes Valencia from the Moors. 2123
1094/--/-- The sect of the Assassins is established. 2124
1096/--/-- The Almoravids rule Muslim Spain. 2125
1096/--/-- The First Christian Crusade begins against the Muslims. 2126
1098/--/-- The first Cistercian monastery is founded by St. Robert. 2127
1098/--/-- St. Anselm writes Why God Became Man. 2128
1099/--/-- The Crusaders capture Jerusalem and establish the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 2129
1100/--/-- The Third Pueblo period begins in southwest North America. 2130
1100/--/-- Kano becomes an important Hausa city state in Nigeria about this time. 2131
1100/--/-- The Temne probably inhabit present-day Sierra Leone by this date. 2132
1100/--/-- The epic poem Chanson de Roland celebrates the Age of Charlemagne. 2133
1105/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV is captured and forced to abdicate by his son Henry V. 2134
1108/--/-- Louis VI succeeds his father Philip I as king of France. 2135
1114/--/-- Chichester Cathedral is founded in England. 2136
1117/--/-- The first reference of a compass used for navigation at sea is made in China. 2137
1118/--/-- The Knights Templar military and religious order is founded. 2138
1119/--/-- French theologian Peter Abelard becomes a monk after his love affair with Heloise. 2139
1120/--/-- Ibn Tumart declares himself the mahdi and founds the Almohad dynasty. 2140
1121/--/-- Peter Abelard's teachings on the Trinity are condemned by the Council of Soissons. 2141
1122/--/-- The Concordat of Worms ends the investiture controversy over church and state powers. 2142
1130/--/-- The Almohad dynasty is established in Morocco. 2143
1130/--/-- Stained glass is used to decorate church windows for the first time. 2144
1135/--/-- The Almohads are dominant in northwestern Africa and Muslim Spain. 2145
1135/--/-- Geoffrey of Monmouth begins his History of Britain. 2146
1137/--/-- Louis VII becomes king of France. 2147
1137/--/-- Wena (Vienna) is chartered as a city. 2148
1137/--/-- The building of Saint-Denis Church in Paris marks the beginning of the Gothic art period. 2149
1138/--/-- The Hohenstaufen dynasty begins its domain over the Holy Roman Empire. 2150
1139/--/-- Roger II, the Norman ruler of Sicily, founds the Kingdom of Naples. 2151
1145/--/-- The legendary Christian king Prester John is mentioned for the first time. 2152
1147/--/-- The Moors are expelled from Lisbon by the Christian Portuguese. 2153
1147/--/-- The first reference is made to the city of Moscow. 2154
1147/--/-- The Almohads kill the last Almoravid ruler in Marrakech. 2155
1150/--/-- The destruction of Tula marks the end of the Toltec empire. 2156
1150/--/-- The Yoruba city states begin to flourish in Nigeria. 2157
1150/--/-- Europe's first paper mill is established at Jativa, Spain. 2158
1150/--/-- The Chinese develop the first rockets. 2159
1150/--/-- A medical school is established at Bologna University. 2160
1150/--/-- The temple of Angkor Wat is built in Cambodia (Kampuchea). 2161
1150/--/-- Oxford University is founded in England about this time. 2162
1152/--/-- Louis VII the king of France annuls his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitane. 2163
1152/--/-- Eleanor of Aquitane marries Henry of Anjou. 2164
1153/--/-- Parakrama Bahu I begins his reign at Plonnaruwa, capital of Lanka (Sri Lanka). 2165
1154/--/-- Henry of Anjou is crowned Henry II of England -- the first Plantagenet king. 2166
1154/--/-- Muslim ruler Nur al-Din captures Damascus from the Seljuk Turks. 2167
1155/--/-- Frederick I (Frederick Barbarossa) is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor. 2168
1159/--/-- Civil war between the Taira and Minamoto samurai ravages Japan. 2169
1160/--/-- The Almohads drive the Almoravid Muslims from Spain and North Africa. 2170
1160/--/-- The Rolls of Oleron (maritime laws) are proclaimed in France. 2171
1160/--/-- French court poet Chretien de Troyes is active about this time. 2172
1163/--/-- Notre Dame Cathedral is begun; flying buttresses are used for the first time. 2173
1168/--/-- The Jewish philosopher Maimonides completes the Mishnah Torah. 2174
1170/--/-- A military faction seizes control in Korea and suppresses Buddhism. 2175
1170/--/-- Archbishop Thomas Becket is murdered after a quarrel with King Henry II. 2176
1170/--/-- The University of Paris is founded. 2177
1171/--/-- Saladin defeats the Fatimids and conquers Egypt. 2178
1171/--/-- King Henry II of England annexes Ireland. 2179
1174/--/-- The building of the Leaning Tower of Pisa begins in Italy. 2180
1174/--/-- The first public horse race course is constructed in London. 2181
1175/--/-- The building of Strasbourg Cathedral begins in Germany. 2182
1175/--/-- The first version of the French fable Reynard the Fox is written. 2183
1176/--/-- The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I at Legnano. 2184
1176/--/-- The building of Old London Bridge is begun. 2185
1177/--/-- The city of Belfast is founded in Ireland. 2186
1180/--/-- The Khmer Empire is at its greatest extent in Cambodia (Kampuchea). 2187
1180/--/-- Japanese warrior Minamoto no Yoritomo begins the 5-year Gempei War. 2188
1180/--/-- Spanish Arab philosopher Averroes writes The Incoherence of the Incoherence. 2189
1185/--/-- Minamoto no Yoritomo establishes the Kamakura shogunate in Japan. 2190
1186/--/-- Bulgaria reestablishes its independence from the Byzantine Empire. 2191
1187/--/-- Saladin recaptures Jerusalem from the Crusaders. 2192
1187/--/-- The Toltecs are deposed at Chichen Itza in Mexico. 2193
1188/--/-- The Third Crusade begins. 2194
1190/--/-- Frederick I drowns enroute to the Crusades; Henry VI becomes Holy Roman Emperor (1191). 2195
1190/--/-- The Mongol empire begins to expand in eastern Asia. 2196
1190/--/-- The order of the Teutonic Knights is founded during the Third Crusade. 2197
1190/--/-- Zen Buddhism is introduced into Japan. 2198
1190/--/-- King Philip Augustus grants a charter to the perfumers of Paris. 2199
1191/--/-- King Richard I of England captures Cyprus. 2200
1192/--/-- Minamoto no Yoritomo rules as the shogun of Japan. 2201
1192/--/-- King Richard I of England is captured by Duke Leopold of Austria. 2202
1194/--/-- The Kingdom of Naples and Sicily become part of the Holy Roman Empire under Henry VI. 2203
1194/--/-- King Richard I is released from imprisonment after a ransom is paid. 2204
1194/--/-- A Gothic cathedral is begun at Chartres, replacing an earlier structure. 2205
1197/--/-- Henry VI is succeeded by Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor. 2206
1199/--/-- Richard I is killed in battle in France; he is succeeded by John as king of England. 2207
1200/--/-- The empire of Mali begins to flourish in west Africa. 2208
1200/--/-- Cambridge University is founded in England. 2209
1200/--/-- The Jewish kabbalistic philosophy develops. 2210
1200/--/-- The German epic Nibelungenlied is composed. 2211
1200/--/-- Troubadour performances are at their height in Europe. 2212
1202/--/-- The Fourth Crusade begins. 2213
1202/--/-- Italian mathematician Leonardo Pisano uses 0 (zero) for the first time in Europe. 2214
1204/--/-- The Crusaders capture Constantinoplem (Istanbul) and found the Latin Empire. 2215
1204/--/-- The city of Amsterdam is founded in Holland. 2216
1206/--/-- Mongol tribal chief Temujin is proclaimed as Genghis Khan (universal ruler). 2217
1206/--/-- The Delhi Sultanate is established in India. 2218
1207/--/-- The city of Liverpool is settled in England. 2219
1209/--/-- Pope Innocent III instigates a crusade against the Albigenses in southern France. 2220
1210/--/-- The Mongols begin to invade China. 2221
1210/--/-- St. Francis of Assisi founds the Franciscan order. 2222
1211/--/-- The building of St. James' Cathedral is begun in Santiago, Spain. 2223
1212/--/-- The Children's Crusade begins. 2224
1212/--/-- Castile defeats the Muslim Almohads in Spain. 2225
1214/--/-- Philip II defeats Emperor Otto IV and King John of England at the Battle of Bouvines. 2226
1215/--/-- King John of England signs the Magna Carta. 2227
1215/--/-- The Mongols defeat the Chin empire and occupy Peking. 2228
1217/--/-- The Fifth Crusade begins with an attack on Egypt. 2229
1217/--/-- The Kingdom of Serbia is founded. 2230
1219/--/-- Denmark institutes a national flag, the oldest in Europe. 2231
1219/--/-- The city of Samarkand is conquered by Ghengis Khan. 2232
1220/--/-- The building of Salisbury Cathedral is begun in England. 2233
1222/--/-- The University of Padua is founded in Italy. 2234
1223/--/-- The Khanate of the Golden Horde is established in Russia by the Mongols. 2235
1225/--/-- French poet Guillaume de Lorris writes the Romance of the Rose. 2236
1227/--/-- Ghengis Khan dies; the Mongol empire is divided among his 4 sons. 2237
1227/--/-- The building of Toledo Cathedral is begun in Spain. 2238
1229/--/-- James I of Aragon captures Majorca from the Moors. 2239
1230/--/-- The Qutb Minar minaret is built near present-day New Delhi, India 2240
1231/--/-- Jalal al-Din al-Rumi founds the Sufi order known as Whirling Dervishes. 2241
1231/--/-- Pope Gregory IX institutes the papal Inquisition. 2242
1234/--/-- The printing of Buddhist texts using movable wooden type begins in Korea. 2243
1240/--/-- Russian prince Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Neva. 2244
1240/--/-- The Mongol Golden Horde conquers Kievan Russia. 2245
1241/--/-- The Mongols invade Hungary. 2246
1242/--/-- English monk Roger Bacon describes a formula for making gunpowder. 2247
1244/--/-- The city of Berlin is mentioned for the first time. 2248
1245/--/-- Pope Innocent IV sends the Franciscan friar Carpini to the Mongols as a missionary. 2249
1248/--/-- The Christian reconquest of Spain is almost complete; the Muslims still hold Granada. 2250
1248/--/-- The building of Cologne Cathedral is begun in Germany. 2251
1249/--/-- Alfonso III drives the Moors from Portugal. 2252
1250/--/-- Louis IX of France is captured by the Muslims during the Seventh Crusade. 2253
1250/--/-- Egyptian Mamelukes overthrow the Ayyubid dynasty. 2254
1250/--/-- Frederick II's death leads to an Interregnum in Germany and a struggle for the crown. 2255
1250/--/-- Albertus Magnus describes a method for manufacturing arsenic. 2256
1250/--/-- Naval warfare in the Mediterranean is dominated by galleys. 2257
1250/--/-- Vincent of Beauvais publishes the Greater Mirror, a contemporary encyclopedia. 2258
1252/--/-- The city of Stockholm is founded in Sweden. 2259
1256/--/-- The Order of Augustinian Hermits is founded. 2260
1257/--/-- The Sorbonne theological college is founded at the University of Paris. 2261
1258/--/-- The Mongols sack Baghdad, ending the Abbasid caliphate. 2262
1260/--/-- Kublai Khan is proclaimed as the Mongol emperor. 2263
1260/--/-- Venetian merchants Nicolo and Maffeo Polo begin their journey to China. 2264
1260/--/-- The first flagellant movements appear in Italy. 2265
1260/--/-- Paris becomes the center of tapestry weaving. 2266
1261/--/-- Michael VIII regains Constantinople (Istanbul) and refounds the Byzantine Empire. 2267
1263/--/-- Norway gains control of Iceland. 2268
1264/--/-- Simon de Montfort and the English barons defeat Henry III at the Battle of Lewes. 2269
1265/--/-- Simon de Montfort is killed at the Battle of Evesham. 2270
1266/--/-- Norway surrenders the Hebrides to Scotland. 2271
1266/--/-- Charles I of Anjou becomes king of Naples and Sicily. 2272
1268/--/-- The Angevins and Guelphs defeat the Ghibellines at Tagliacozzo in Italy. 2273
1269/--/-- The Mamelukes seize Mecca. 2274
1271/--/-- Venetian merchant Marco Polo begins his journey to the court of Kublai Khan in China. 2275
1273/--/-- Rudolf I becomes king of Germany, establishing the Habsburg dynasty. 2276
1273/--/-- Dominican theologian Thomas Aquinas completes his Summa Theologiae. 2277
1274/--/-- The Mongols invade Japan. 2278
1277/--/-- Ottone Visconti rules Milan and founds the Visconti dynasty. 2279
1279/--/-- Kublai Khan establishes the Yuan dynasty in China. 2280
1280/--/-- Syrian scholar al-Hassan-al-Rammah describes "Chinese Arrows" (rockets). 2281
1282/--/-- Sicilians revolt against the French during the Sicilian Vespers. 2282
1282/--/-- Sicily splits from the Kingdom of Naples; Peter III of Aragon is elected to the throne. 2283
1284/--/-- The Genoese fleet defeats Pisa to become dominant in the Mediterranean. 2284
1284/--/-- The Pied Piper of Hamelin is alleged to have appeared about this time. 2285
1285/--/-- Sienese artist Duccio paints the Rucellai Madonna in Florence. 2286
1287/--/-- Pagan is conquered by the Mongols in Burma. 2287
1290/--/-- Edward I expels the Jews from England. 2288
1290/--/-- Osman I founds the dynasty of the Ottoman Turks. 2289
1290/--/-- Florentine artist Cimabue paints the Crucifix. 2290
1290/--/-- Moses de Leon composes the Kabbalistic work Zohar. 2291
1291/--/-- The Mamelukes capture Acre, ending the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 2292
1291/--/-- The Swiss Confederation (Switzerland) is formed. 2293
1293/--/-- Italian poet Dante writes his first book La vita nuova (The New Life). 2294
1293/--/-- The Majapahit Empire is founded in Java. 2295
1294/--/-- Philip IV of France institutes sumptuary laws against extravagant costumes. 2296
1294/--/-- The building of Florence Cathedral is begun in Italy. 2297
1295/--/-- Marco Polo brings a pasta recipe to Italy from Asia. 2298
1297/--/-- William Wallace expels the English from Scotland. 2299
1297/--/-- The Genoese defeat the Venetian fleet at Curzola. 2300
1298/--/-- English king Edward I defeats William Wallace and reconquers Scotland. 2301
1298/--/-- Marco Polo dictates the memoirs of his Travels from a prison in Genoa. 2302
1300/--/-- The city of Cholula regains prominence under the Mixtecs in Mexico. 2303
1300/--/-- The Forbidden City is built in Peking about this time. 2304
1300/--/-- Apothecaries become popular in Germany. 2305
1300/--/-- The first mechanical clocks appear in Europe. 2306
1300/--/-- The use of eyeglasses (spectacles) becomes common. 2307
1300/--/-- The spinning wheel is in use in Europe. 2308
1303/--/-- Philip IV of France tries to abduct Pope Boniface VIII. 2309
1305/--/-- Florentine painter Giotto begins his frescoes in the Arena Chapel in Padua. 2310
1306/--/-- Robert the Bruce leads the Scots in a rebellion against English rule. 2311
1306/--/-- Philip IV expels the Jews from France. 2312
1307/--/-- Italian poet Dante begins his masterwork The Divine Comedy. 2313
1308/--/-- Charles I becomes the first Angevin king of Hungary. 2314
1309/--/-- Pope Clement V moves the papal court from Rome to Avignon in France. 2315
1312/--/-- Henry VII is crowned Holy Roman Emperor but dies one year later. 2316
1312/--/-- Mansa Musa becomes emperor of Mali in West Africa. 2317
1314/--/-- Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria contest the rule of the Holy Roman Empire. 2318
1314/--/-- The Scots defeat the English at the Battle of Bannockburn. 2319
1320/--/-- Poland is reunited under King Wladyslaw I. 2320
1322/--/-- Louis IV defeats Frederick of Austria at the Battle of Muhldorf. 2321
1322/--/-- English folk hero Robin Hood is first mentioned. 2322
1325/--/-- Arab geographer Ibn Battuta begins his explorations. 2323
1326/--/-- Edward II of England is deposed by Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer. 2324
1327/--/-- Louis IV king of Germany invades Italy. 2325
1327/--/-- The city of Munich is destroyed by fire. 2326
1328/--/-- Louis IV crowns himself as Holy Roman Emperor and installs an antipope. 2327
1328/--/-- Sienese artist Simone Martini portrays the warlord Guidoriccio da Fogliano. 2328
1331/--/-- The Moscow Kremlin (fortress) is mentioned for the first time. 2329
1333/--/-- The Minamoto shogunate comes to an end; civil war breaks out in Japan. 2330
1337/--/-- The Hundred Years' War begins between England and France. 2331
1338/--/-- The Ashikaga shogunate begins in Japan. 2332
1340/--/-- A British fleet defeats the French at Sluys. 2333
1341/--/-- The Muslims rule Kashmir in India. 2334
1342/--/-- Italian poet Petrarch writes his Canzoniere love lyrics. 2335
1345/--/-- The Aztecs found Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). 2336
1345/--/-- The building of the present Doge's Palace begins in Venice. 2337
1346/--/-- Louis IV is deposed by Charles IV as king of Germany. 2338
1346/--/-- English archers defeat the French at Crecy; cannons (bombards) are used in the battle. 2339
1346/--/-- Stephen Dusan crowns himself emperor of Serbia and the Greeks. 2340
1347/--/-- The English capture the French port of Calais. 2341
1347/--/-- The Black Death (bubonic plague) arrives in Europe, killing a third of the population. 2342
1348/--/-- Italian writer Boccaccio begins the Decameron. 2343
1348/--/-- Prague University is founded in Czechoslovakia. 2344
1350/--/-- No drama develops in Japan about this time. 2345
1351/--/-- Zurich joins the Swiss Confederation. 2346
1352/--/-- Arab geographer Ibn Battuta explores Nigeria. 2347
1354/--/-- The Shroud of Turin is mentioned for the first time. 2348
1355/--/-- Charles IV is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 2349
1356/--/-- Edward the Black Prince defeats the French at Poitiers and captures King John II. 2350
1356/--/-- Charles IV establishes the Golden Bull constitution for the Holy Roman Empire. 2351
1358/--/-- Lubeck becomes headquarters of the Hanseatic League. 2352
1360/--/-- The Treaty of Bretigny ends the first phase of The Hundred Years' War. 2353
1360/--/-- Sir John Hawkwood leads his White Company of mercenaries into Italy. 2354
1362/--/-- According to the Kensington Rune Stone, the Vikings reach Minnesota in America. 2355
1362/--/-- English poet William Langland writes Piers Plowman. 2356
1364/--/-- Polish king Casimir III founds Krakow University. 2357
1368/--/-- The Ming dynasty begins in China. 2358
1369/--/-- The French renew the war against England and recapture most of Aquitaine. 2359
1370/--/-- Mongol leader Timur (Tamerlane) begins his wars of conquest in Asia. 2360
1370/--/-- The death of Casimir III ends the Piast dynasty in Poland. 2361
1370/--/-- The building of the Bastille fortress begins in Paris. 2362
1370/--/-- The first modern perfume Hungary Water is made for Queen Elizabeth of Hungary. 2363
1377/--/-- Pope Gregory XI returns the papacy to Rome. 2364
1377/--/-- Playing cards are described for the first time. 2365
1378/--/-- The Great Schism begins; 2 Popes reign from Rome and Avignon. 2366
1379/--/-- Italian historian Muraroti describes the use of rockets during the siege of Chiozzia, Italy. 2367
1380/--/-- Russian Prince Dimitry Donskoi defeats the Mongols at Kulikovo. 2368
1380/--/-- Venice defeats Genoa and maintains sovereignty over the eastern Mediterranean. 2369
1381/--/-- The Peasants' Revolt begins in England. 2370
1382/--/-- John Wycliffe translates the Bible into English. 2371
1384/--/-- The Lollard movement grows after the death of John Wycliffe. 2372
1386/--/-- Poland and Lithuania are united by marriage; the Jagello dynasty is founded. 2373
1386/--/-- Heidelberg University is founded in Germany. 2374
1386/--/-- English poet Geoffrey Chaucer begins The Canterbury Tales. 2375
1387/--/-- The Viscontis win the city-states of Verona and Vicenza from the Scala family. 2376
1387/--/-- Timur (Tamerlane) conquers the city of Isfahan in Persia (Iran). 2377
1389/--/-- The Ottoman Turks defeat the Hungarians at the Battle of Kosovo. 2378
1392/--/-- The Yi dynasty usurps power from the Koryos in Korea. 2379
1394/--/-- The Thais invade Cambodia (Kampuchea). 2380
1395/--/-- Claus Sluter begins the Well of Moses sculpture at Chartreuse in France. 2381
1396/--/-- A Christian army is defeated by the Ottoman Turks at Nicopolis, Bulgaria. 2382
1397/--/-- The Kalmar Union unites Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. 2383
1398/--/-- Timur (Tamerlane) invades India and sacks the Kingdom of Delhi. 2384
1399/--/-- Bolingbroke (Henry IV) deposes Richard II and founds the House of Lancaster. 2385
1400/--/-- Owen Glendower leads a Welsh revolt against English rule. 2386
1400/--/-- Norse settlers die out in Greenland. 2387
1400/--/-- The Hohokam culture dies out in the American southwest. 2388
1400/--/-- Bedlam, England's first hospital for the mentally ill, is founded in London. 2389
1400/--/-- The first reported discovery is made of a frozen mammoth in Siberia. 2390
1400/--/-- French historian Jean Froissart completes his Chronicles. 2391
1402/--/-- Timur (Tamerlane) defeats the Ottomans at Ankara and captures Sultan Bayezid I. 2392
1402/--/-- The building of Seville Cathedral begins in Spain. 2393
1403/--/-- Henry IV, King of England, defeats the Percy family at the Battle of Shrewsbury. 2394
1403/--/-- Italian sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti begins the bronze doors for the Florence Baptistery. 2395
1406/--/-- The city-state of Pisa is defeated by Florence. 2396
1407/--/-- The murder of Louis duc d'Orleans begins a civil war in France. 2397
1407/--/-- The Chinese reoccupy Vietnam. 2398
1409/--/-- Czech religious reformer John Huss (Jan Hus) lectures at Prague University. 2399
1410/--/-- The Poles and the Lithuanians defeat the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Tannenberg. 2400
1410/--/-- Flemish illuminators the Limbourg brothers begin the Belle Heures du Duc de Berry. 2401
1411/--/-- Open conflict breaks out between the Armagnacs and Burgundians in France. 2402
1415/--/-- Henry V invades France and defeats the French at the Battle of Agincourt. 2403
1415/--/-- The Portuguese capture Ceuta, laying the foundations for Portugal's African Empire. 2404
1415/--/-- The Council of Constance is convened to end the Schism caused by 2 competing popes. 2405
1415/--/-- John Huss (Jan Hus) is burned at the stake for heresy. 2406
1418/--/-- Prince Henry the Navigator dispatches the first Portuguese voyages of exploration. 2407
1418/--/-- The earliest known European woodcut illustration is made. 2408
1418/--/-- German author Thomas a Kempis writes The Imitation of Christ. 2409
1420/--/-- Henry V of England is acknowledged as heir to the French throne. 2410
1421/--/-- The first known patent is issued in Florence. 2411
1425/--/-- Florentine sculptor Donatello begins his bronze statue of David around this time. 2412
1427/--/-- The Portuguese discover the Azores. 2413
1427/--/-- The first major witch hunt takes place in Switzerland. 2414
1427/--/-- Masaccio completes the Expulsion of Adam and Eve fresco in the Brancacci Chapel. 2415
1428/--/-- Copenhagen becomes the residence of the Danish monarchs. 2416
1428/--/-- Le Loi defeats the Chinese and founds the Le dynasty in Vietnam. 2417
1429/--/-- The French under Joan of Arc raise the siege of Orleans and defeat the English. 2418
1431/--/-- Joan of Arc is burned as a witch by the English at Rouen in France. 2419
1431/--/-- Tenochtitlan emerges as a dominant city-state in central Mexico under Aztec rule. 2420
1431/--/-- Thai forces destroy the Khmer capital of Angkor. 2421
1431/--/-- Luca della Robbia sculpts the Cantoria (Singing Gallery) for Florence Cathedral. 2422
1433/--/-- Sigismund king of Germany is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 2423
1434/--/-- Phnom Penh is established as the new Khmer capital. 2424
1434/--/-- Cosimo de'Medici gains control of Florence. 2425
1434/--/-- The Portuguese explore the African coast south of Cape Bojador. 2426
1434/--/-- Flemish artist Jan van Eyck paints the wedding portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini. 2427
1435/--/-- Italian artist Leon Battista Alberti writes on the laws of perspective. 2428
1436/--/-- The French end the English occupation of Paris. 2429
1438/--/-- The Inca empire is established in Peru. 2430
1440/--/-- Hungary and Poland are united under Wladyslaw III to oppose the Turks. 2431
1440/--/-- The Mayan city of Mayapan is destroyed in Mexico. 2432
1440/--/-- King Henry VI founds Eton College in England. 2433
1442/--/-- The Kingdom of Naples comes under Aragonnese rule. 2434
1442/--/-- Florentine architect Filippo Brunelleschi begins work on the Pazzi Chapel. 2435
1443/--/-- Flemish painter Rogier van der Weyden paints the Descent From the Cross. 2436
1444/--/-- Wladyslaw III is killed by the Turks under Murad II at the Battle of Varna. 2437
1446/--/-- The building of the Chapel at King's College is begun in Cambridge, England. 2438
1448/--/-- The Hungarians are defeated by the Turks at the second battle of Kosovo. 2439
1450/--/-- The Sforza family conquer the city-state of Milan. 2440
1450/--/-- The Portuguese begin the West African slave trade about this time. 2441
1450/--/-- The Thurn and Taxis families establish a postal service for the Holy Roman Empire. 2442
1450/--/-- German goldsmith Johann Gutenberg perfects printing by movable metal type. 2443
1450/--/-- The Arabian Nights are written about this time. 2444
1452/--/-- Frederick III is crowned as the first Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor. 2445
1452/--/-- Florentine painter Fra Filippo Lippi begins his frescoes for the Prato Cathedral. 2446
1453/--/-- The French capture Bordeaux from the English, ending the Hundred Years' War. 2447
1453/--/-- Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople (Istanbul), marking the end of the Byzantine Empire. 2448
1454/--/-- The building of the Topkapi Palace begins in Constantinople (Istanbul). 2449
1455/--/-- The Wars of the Roses begin in England. 2450
1455/--/-- The Gutenberg Bible becomes the first book to be printed with movable metal type. 2451
1455/--/-- Florentine artist Paolo Uccello begins painting The Battle of San Romano. 2452
1456/--/-- The Turks capture Athens. 2453
1456/--/-- Hungarians under Janos Hunyadi defeat the Turks at Belgrade. 2454
1456/--/-- Vlad the Impaler becomes Prince of Walachia. 2455
1457/--/-- The first printed almanac is published. 2456
1458/--/-- Matthias Corvinus becomes king of Hungary. 2457
1458/--/-- The building of the Pitti Palace begins in Florence. 2458
1459/--/-- The Turks conquer Serbia. 2459
1460/--/-- Richard of York defeats the royalist forces at Northampton, but is killed at Wakefield. 2460
1460/--/-- Woodcuts are in use for illustrating books. 2461
1460/--/-- Italian artist Mantegna begins painting The Agony in the Garden. 2462
1461/--/-- Richard of York's son Edward IV is crowned king of England. 2463
1462/--/-- Spain captures Gibraltar from the Muslims. 2464
1464/--/-- Sunni Ali founds the Songhai empire in West Africa. 2465
1466/--/-- West Prussia is ceded to Poland by the Treaty of Torun. 2466
1467/--/-- Charles the Bold becomes the Duke of Burgundy. 2467
1467/--/-- The 10-year Onin War begins in Japan. 2468
1469/--/-- Henry VI and the Earl of Warwick depose Edward IV of England. 2469
1469/--/-- Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile. 2470
1470/--/-- Sir Thomas Malory completes the Morte D'arthur. 2471
1470/--/-- The first ballad appears about the Swiss hero William Tell. 2472
1471/--/-- The Portuguese capture Tangier from the Muslims. 2473
1471/--/-- Henry VI of England is murdered; Edward IV is restored to the throne. 2474
1473/--/-- The building of the Sistine Chapel begins in Rome. 2475
1475/--/-- The English under Edward IV invade France. 2476
1475/--/-- The Turks conquer the Crimea. 2477
1475/--/-- Stephen the Great defeats the Turks at the Battle of Vaslui. 2478
1475/--/-- Burgundy is at the height of power under Charles the Bold. 2479
1476/--/-- Copperplate (intaglio) engravings are developed. 2480
1477/--/-- William Caxton prints the first book in England. 2481
1477/--/-- Louis XI establishes a royal postal service in France. 2482
1478/--/-- Lorenzo de'Medici rules Florence. 2483
1479/--/-- Ferdinand II becomes king of Aragon, which unites with his wife's kingdom of Castile. 2484
1480/--/-- Ivan III defeats the Tartars and begins the unification of Russia. 2485
1480/--/-- Ludovico Sforza becomes the Duke of Milan. 2486
1480/--/-- The Spanish Inquisition is established to interrogate heretics and converted Jews. 2487
1480/--/-- Brussels becomes the center of the European tapestry industry about this time. 2488
1480/--/-- Flemish artist Hans Memling is active about this time. 2489
1481/--/-- Mehmed II dies; Bayezid II becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Turks. 2490
1481/--/-- Edward IV establishes a postal service in England. 2491
1482/--/-- The Portuguese settle on the African Gold Coast (Ghana). 2492
1482/--/-- The Portuguese explore the Congo River and encounter the Kingdom of Kongo. 2493
1483/--/-- Richard III usurps the throne of England; Edward V is murdered. 2494
1483/--/-- Italian reformer Girolamo Savonarola is executed for heresy. 2495
1483/--/-- Torquemada becomes the grand inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition. 2496
1483/--/-- Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci sketches an early helicopter design. 2497
1483/--/-- Artist Giovanni Bellini is appointed as painter to the Venetian Republic. 2498
1485/--/-- Henry Tudor defeats Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. 2499
1485/--/-- Portuguese explorers discover the Kingdom of Benin. 2500
1485/--/-- English land owners begin enclosing their fields with hedges. 2501
1485/--/-- German playing card symbols (hearts, leaves, bells and acorns) are established. 2502
1485/--/-- Sandro Botticelli paints The Birth of Venus in Florence. 2503
1486/--/-- Henry VII of England unites the warring houses of York and Lancaster. 2504
1486/--/-- The Aztecs found the city of Oaxaca in Mexico. 2505
1486/--/-- The first major book on witchcraft Hammer of Sorceresses is published in Germany. 2506
1487/--/-- Quito becomes the northern capital of the Inca empire. 2507
1488/--/-- Bartolomeu Dias becomes the first European to round the Cape of Good Hope. 2508
1488/--/-- Italian philosopher Pico della Mirandola is imprisoned for heresy. 2509
1489/--/-- Venice gains control of the island of Cyprus. 2510
1490/--/-- Italian printer Aldus Manutius establishes the Aldine Press in Venice. 2511
1490/--/-- Ballet originates in Italy about this time. 2512
1490/--/-- Papal singer and composer Josquin des Prez is active during this period. 2513
1492/--/-- Ferdinand II conquers Granada, ending the Muslim influence in Spain. 2514
1492/--/-- Christopher Columbus sails from Spain to the New World. 2515
1492/--/-- Spanish Jews are given 3 months to become Christians or to leave the country. 2516
1492/--/-- German geographer Martin Benhaim makes the first terrestrial globe. 2517
1493/--/-- Maximilian I succeeds Frederick III as Holy Roman Emperor. 2518
1494/--/-- Charles VIII of France invades Italy, beginning the Italian Wars. 2519
1494/--/-- The Treaty of Tordesillas establishes a boundary between New World discoveries. 2520
1494/--/-- German artist Albrecht Durer travels from Nuremberg to Italy. 2521
1494/--/-- German satirist Sebastian Brant writes the Ship of Fools. 2522
1495/--/-- French king Charles VIII is crowned at Naples. 2523
1495/--/-- The Jews are expelled from Portugal. 2524
1495/--/-- Leonardo da Vinci begins painting The Last Supper in Milan. 2525
1495/--/-- Printed editions of the Greek classics becomes available in Europe. 2526
1496/--/-- The first description of the tobacco plant appears in Europe. 2527
1497/--/-- Italian explorer John Cabot discovers Newfoundland for England. 2528
1498/--/-- Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama reaches India. 2529
1498/--/-- Louis XII succeeds Charles VIII as king of France. 2530
1498/--/-- Columbus lands on the coast of South America during his third voyage. 2531
1498/--/-- The toothbrush is invented by a Chinese dentist. 2532
1498/--/-- Michelangelo begins sculpting the Pieta for St. Peter's Church in Rome. 2533
1499/--/-- French forces under Louis XII capture Milan. 2534
1499/--/-- Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the English throne, is executed by Henry VII. 2535
1499/--/-- Venetian artist Giorgione paints Portrait of a Young Man. 2536
1500/--/-- Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral lays claim to Brazil for Portugal. 2537
1500/--/-- Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch paints The Garden of Earthly Delights. 2538
1501/--/-- France and Spain divide the Kingdom of Naples. 2539
1501/--/-- Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci explores Brazil. 2540
1502/--/-- A peace treaty is established between Venice and the Ottoman Turks. 2541
1502/--/-- Shah Ismail founds the Safavid dynasty; Shiism becomes the religion of Persia (Iran). 2542
1502/--/-- A Portuguese trading post is established at Cochin in India. 2543
1502/--/-- Columbus sails on his fourth voyage of discovery. 2544
1503/--/-- Spanish general Fernandez de Cordoba forces the French to abandon Naples. 2545
1503/--/-- Juan Bermudez lands on the island of Bermuda, which is named for him. 2546
1503/--/-- Arquebuses (handguns) help the Spanish defeat the French in Italy. 2547
1503/--/-- The Spanish crown approves encomienda (enforced slavery) in the American colonies. 2548
1503/--/-- Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa. 2549
1504/--/-- Babur occupies Kabul and establishes a kingdom in Afghanistan. 2550
1504/--/-- Italian artist Raphael paints The Marriage of the Virgin. 2551
1505/--/-- The Portuguese colonize Mozambique and arrive at Ceylon (Sri Lanka). 2552
1505/--/-- Christian king Alfonso I (Nzinga Mbemba) rules the Kingdom of Kongo. 2553
1506/--/-- Christopher Columbus dies in poverty. 2554
1506/--/-- Italian architect Bramante begins the plans for St. Peters in Rome. 2555
1507/--/-- Cartographer Martin Waldseemuller uses the word America on a map for the first time. 2556
1508/--/-- The League of Cambrai is formed to oppose Venice. 2557
1508/--/-- Michelangelo begins painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. 2558
1509/--/-- Venice is defeated by the League of Cambrai at Agnadello. 2559
1509/--/-- Henry VIII succeeds his father Henry VII as king of England. 2560
1509/--/-- The first sugar cane mill is established in the Americas. 2561
1509/--/-- Dutch scholar Erasmus writes The Praise of Folly. 2562
1510/--/-- Spain conquers Tripoli in North Africa. 2563
1510/--/-- The Portuguese colony of Goa is founded on the coast of India. 2564
1510/--/-- The Polygraphia, the first printed work on cryptology, is published in Germany. 2565
1510/--/-- The English morality play Everyman is adapted from an earlier Dutch work. 2566
1511/--/-- The Portuguese capture Malacca (now Melaka) in Malaysia. 2567
1511/--/-- Pope Julius II organizes a Holy League against Louis XII of France. 2568
1511/--/-- The Portuguese become the first Europeans to reach Siam (Thailand). 2569
1511/--/-- German artist Matthias Grunewald begins painting the Isenheim Altarpiece. 2570
1512/--/-- The Habsburgs reinstate the Medicis as the rulers of Florence. 2571
1512/--/-- Selim I becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. 2572
1512/--/-- Albrecht Durer is appointed court painter to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. 2573
1513/--/-- Louis XII is defeated by the Holy League; French forces are expelled from Italy. 2574
1513/--/-- Vasco Nunez de Balboa becomes the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean. 2575
1513/--/-- Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon lands on the coast of Florida. 2576
1513/--/-- Italian political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli writes The Prince. 2577
1514/--/-- The Turks defeat the Persians at the Battle of Chaldiran. 2578
1514/--/-- Bartolome de Las Casas tries to improve the treatment of South American Indians. 2579
1514/--/-- Italian artist Raphael becomes the chief architect of St. Peter's in Rome. 2580
1514/--/-- Spanish conquistadors under Diego Velazquez de Cuellar conquer Cuba. 2581
1515/--/-- The French defeat the Habsburgs and their allies at the Battle of Marignano. 2582
1515/--/-- Thomas Wolsey is appointed Lord Chancellor of England. 2583
1515/--/-- The building of Hampton Court is begun in England. 2584
1515/--/-- Italian artist Michelangelo sculpts his monumental statue of Moses. 2585
1516/--/-- Milan is ceded to France by the Treaty of Noyon. 2586
1516/--/-- Charles I succeeds Ferdinand II as king of Spain. 2587
1516/--/-- The Ottoman Turks capture Algiers in North Africa. 2588
1516/--/-- English intellectual and statesman Sir Thomas More writes Utopia. 2589
1517/--/-- The Turks defeat the Mamelukes for possession of Syria and Egypt. 2590
1517/--/-- Theologian Martin Luther displays his 95 theses at Wittenberg in Germany. 2591
1517/--/-- Andrea del Sarto paints the Madonna of the Harpies. 2592
1518/--/-- Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado explores the Yucatan Peninsula. 2593
1519/--/-- Charles I of Spain succeeds Maximilian I as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. 2594
1519/--/-- Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes meets the Aztec leader Montezuma in Mexico. 2595
1519/--/-- Panama City is founded by the Spanish in Central America. 2596
1519/--/-- Ulrich Zwingli leads the Reformation in Switzerland. 2597
1519/--/-- Chocolate is introduced into Spain as a beverage. 2598
1520/--/-- Suleiman I (the Magnificent) succeeds Selim I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. 2599
1520/--/-- King Christian II of Denmark conquers Sweden. 2600
1520/--/-- Francis I meets Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in Calais, France. 2601
1520/--/-- Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan discovers the Strait of Magellan. 2602
1520/--/-- The earliest state lottery is organized in France. 2603
1520/--/-- Corn (Zea mays) is imported into Spain from the West Indies. 2604
1521/--/-- Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. 2605
1521/--/-- Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan is killed by natives in the Philippines. 2606
1521/--/-- Martin Luther is excommunicated as a heretic at the Diet of Worms. 2607
1522/--/-- Magellan's crew aboard the Victoria complete the first global circumnavigation. 2608
1522/--/-- Jean Clouet becomes the court painter to Francis I of France. 2609
1523/--/-- Gustav I drives out the Danes to become King of Sweden. 2610
1523/--/-- Spanish settlements are established in Venezuela. 2611
1523/--/-- Venetian artist Titian paints Bacchus and Ariadne. 2612
1524/--/-- The Peasants' War breaks out in central Europe. 2613
1524/--/-- Giovanni da Verrazano discovers New York Bay and the Hudson River. 2614
1525/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Charles V defeats and captures Francis I at the Battle of Pavia. 2615
1526/--/-- The Turks defeat the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohacs; King Louis II is killed. 2616
1526/--/-- The domains of Hungary and Bohemia are inherited by the Habsburgs. 2617
1526/--/-- Correggio paints the Assumption of the Virgin in Parma Cathedral. 2618
1526/--/-- Babur founds the Mogul dynasty in India, ending the Delhi Sultanate. 2619
1527/--/-- Rome is sacked by the Spanish and Habsburg armies. 2620
1527/--/-- German physician Paracelsus lectures on medicine at Basel in Switzerland. 2621
1527/--/-- Italian courtier Baldassare Castiglione writes The Book of the Courtier. 2622
1528/--/-- The building of the Chateau de Fontainebleau is begun in France. 2623
1529/--/-- Henry VIII dismisses Cardinal Wolsey for failing to secure his divorce. 2624
1529/--/-- The Ottoman Turks besiege Vienna. 2625
1530/--/-- The Hospitalers (Knights of St. John) are granted Malta by Charles V. 2626
1530/--/-- Humayun succeeds Babur as Mogul emperor. 2627
1530/--/-- The Lutheran confession of faith is issued at the Diet of Augsburg. 2628
1531/--/-- Religious war begins in Switzerland; Protestant leader Zwingli is killed in battle. 2629
1531/--/-- The League of Schmalkald is formed as an alliance of Protestant German rulers. 2630
1532/--/-- Thomas Cromwell becomes chief minister to Henry VIII of England. 2631
1532/--/-- French scholar Francois Rabelais begins the publication of Gargantua and Pantagruel. 2632
1533/--/-- Catherine de Medicis marries Henry II, the future king of France. 2633
1533/--/-- The Church of England breaks with Rome. 2634
1533/--/-- Henry VIII divorces Catherine of Aragon and marries Anne Boleyn. 2635
1533/--/-- Francisco Pizarro conquers the Incas in Peru; the Inca leader Atahulpa is executed. 2636
1533/--/-- Catherine de Medicis introduces the Italian balleto into France as the ballet. 2637
1533/--/-- German artist Hans Holbein the Younger paints The Ambassadors. 2638
1534/--/-- Anabaptists seize the city of Munster in Germany. 2639
1534/--/-- Martin Luther completes his translation of the Bible into German. 2640
1535/--/-- Suleiman I completes the conquest of the last Arab domains in Mesopotamia. 2641
1535/--/-- Spanish conquistador Diego de Almagro discovers Chile. 2642
1535/--/-- French explorer Jacques Cartier navigates the St. Lawrence River in Canada. 2643
1535/--/-- Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro founds the city of Lima in Peru. 2644
1535/--/-- The Spanish discover the Galapagos Islands. 2645
1535/--/-- English humanist and statesman Thomas More is executed. 2646
1536/--/-- Christian III establishes the state Lutheran church of Denmark and Norway. 2647
1536/--/-- Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aries in Argentina. 2648
1536/--/-- Henry VIII executes Anne Boleyn and marries Jane Seymour. 2649
1536/--/-- Dissolution of the monasteries and nunneries begins in England. 2650
1536/--/-- English reformer William Tyndale is burned at the stake for heresy. 2651
1536/--/-- French theologian John Calvin publishes his Institutes of the Christian Religion. 2652
1537/--/-- Kempe Gowda founds the city of Bangalore in India. 2653
1537/--/-- Niccolo Tartaglia publishes his work on ballistics The New Science. 2654
1538/--/-- The Spanish found the city of Bogota in Columbia. 2655
1538/--/-- Italian artist Benvenuto Cellini begins his Autobiography. 2656
1539/--/-- Afghan ruler Sher Shah defeats the Mogul emperor Humayun. 2657
1540/--/-- Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; he is divorced and marries Catherine Howard. 2658
1540/--/-- Henry VIII executes his principal minister Thomas Cromwell. 2659
1540/--/-- Hernando de Soto defeats the Choctaw Indians under Chief Tuscaloosa. 2660
1540/--/-- Coronado explores the American southwest in search of the fabled cities of Cibola. 2661
1540/--/-- The Grand Canyon is discovered by Garcia Lopez de Cardenas. 2662
1540/--/-- The Order of Jesuits is inaugurated under Ignatius Loyola. 2663
1541/--/-- Geneva becomes the center of Calvinism. 2664
1541/--/-- Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia founds the city of Santiago in Chile. 2665
1541/--/-- Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto discovers the Mississippi River. 2666
1542/--/-- The infant Mary Stuart succeeds James V as queen of Scotland. 2667
1542/--/-- Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana discovers the Amazon River. 2668
1542/--/-- Catherine Howard is executed by Henry VIII. 2669
1543/--/-- Portuguese explorers land in Japan. 2670
1543/--/-- Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth wife. 2671
1543/--/-- The first botanical garden is founded in Pisa. 2672
1543/--/-- Nicolaus Copernicus' On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres is published. 2673
1543/--/-- Anatomist Andreas Vesalius publishes On the Structure of the Human Body. 2674
1543/--/-- The first single-cast cannon is made in England. 2675
1544/--/-- French surgeon Ambroise Pare publishes his book on surgical treatments. 2676
1545/--/-- Silver mines are discovered in Bolivia; the city of Potosi is founded. 2677
1545/--/-- Pope Paul III opens the Council of Trent to reform the Catholic Church. 2678
1545/--/-- Mathematician Gerolamo Cardano publishes his treatise The Great Art. 2679
1545/--/-- Henry VIII's warship the Mary Rose sinks near Portsmouth in England. 2680
1546/--/-- Turkish pirate leader Barbarossa dies. 2681
1546/--/-- Francis I commissions Pierre Lescot to begin the design of the Louvre art museum. 2682
1546/--/-- Physician Girolamo Fracastoro describes the transmission of disease by living germs. 2683
1546/--/-- German physician Georgius Agricola publishes On the Nature of Fossils. 2684
1547/--/-- Henry VIII dies and is succeeded by Edward VI as king of England. 2685
1547/--/-- Ivan IV (the Terrible) is crowned tsar of Russia. 2686
1547/--/-- Henry II succeeds Francis I as king of France. 2687
1547/--/-- Antonio Torquemada publishes the first book on the game of checkers. 2688
1548/--/-- Sigismund II is crowned King of Poland. 2689
1548/--/-- Francis Xavier founds the Jesuit mission in Japan. 2690
1548/--/-- The Spanish found the city of La Paz in Bolivia. 2691
1548/--/-- Venetian artist Tintoretto paints the Miracle of the Slave. 2692
1549/--/-- English theologian Thomas Cranmer promotes the Book of Common Prayer. 2693
1550/--/-- Virtually all of Italy comes under the rule of Habsburg emperor Charles V. 2694
1550/--/-- Pedro de Valdivia founds the city of Concepcion in Chile. 2695
1550/--/-- King Gustav I founds the city of Helsinki in Finland. 2696
1550/--/-- Tobacco smoking is introduced into Spain and Portugal. 2697
1550/--/-- The violin evolves about this time from the medieval fiddle. 2698
1550/--/-- Commedia dell'arte performances evolve in Italy about this time. 2699
1550/--/-- The sport of curling becomes popular in Scotland about his time. 2700
1550/--/-- Vasari writes the Lives of Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. 2701
1551/--/-- The University of Mexico is founded. 2702
1551/--/-- Italian architect Andrea Palladio completes the design of the Villa Rotunda. 2703
1552/--/-- Ivan IV conquers the Tatar khanate of Kazan. 2704
1553/--/-- Edward VI dies; Lady Jane Grey rules England but is deposed after 9 days. 2705
1553/--/-- Mary I (Bloody Mary) becomes queen of England. 2706
1553/--/-- The Araucanian Indian Lautaro kills Pedro de Valdivia during an uprising in Chile. 2707
1553/--/-- The English Muscovy Company begin the search for a Northeast Passage to the Indies. 2708
1553/--/-- Venetian artist Paolo Veronese paints the ceiling panels of the Doge's Palace. 2709
1554/--/-- The Turks conquer the Barbary States along the North African coast. 2710
1554/--/-- Mary I, Queen of England, marries Philip, heir to the Spanish throne. 2711
1554/--/-- The Catholic restoration begins in England under Mary I. 2712
1554/--/-- Italian composer Palestrina dedicates his Masses to Pope Julius III. 2713
1554/--/-- Tomatoes from South America are cultivated in Europe. 2714
1555/--/-- 300 English Protestants are burned at the stake. 2715
1555/--/-- The Peace of Augsburg gives German princes a right to chose Catholicism or Lutheranism. 2716
1555/--/-- French astrologer Nostradamus publishes the Centuries, a book of predictions. 2717
1555/--/-- The building of St. Basil's Cathedral is begun in Moscow. 2718
1556/--/-- Akbar succeeds Humayun as Mogul emperor. 2719
1556/--/-- Charles V abdicates; the Holy Roman Empire is divided between Philip II and Ferdinand I. 2720
1556/--/-- Protestant theologian Thomas Cranmer is executed by Mary I. 2721
1556/--/-- An earthquake in China is the worst in history with a death toll of 830,000. 2722
1556/--/-- Agricola's treatise on mining and metallurgy De re mettalica is published. 2723
1556/--/-- Turkish architect Sinan builds the Suleimaniye Mosque in Constantinople (Istanbul). 2724
1557/--/-- Philip II of Spain defeats the French at Saint Quentin. 2725
1557/--/-- The Portuguese establish a settlement at Macao in China. 2726
1557/--/-- The equals symbol (=) is first used. 2727
1558/--/-- The Trinh and Nguyen divide the Kingdom of Vietnam. 2728
1558/--/-- The English lose Calais, their last French possession. 2729
1558/--/-- Mary, Queen of Scots, marries the French dauphin Francis II. 2730
1558/--/-- Elizabeth I succeeds Mary I as queen of England. 2731
1558/--/-- Ferdinand I is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 2732
1559/--/-- Calvinist preacher John Knox returns to Scotland to lead the Protestant struggle. 2733
1559/--/-- The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ends the Italian Wars between France and Spain. 2734
1559/--/-- Pope Paul IV issues the first index of forbidden books. 2735
1560/--/-- Puritanism begins in England about this time. 2736
1560/--/-- Tulips are imported into Europe from Turkey about this time. 2737
1560/--/-- The building of the Uffizi Palace is begun in Florence. 2738
1561/--/-- Philip II makes Madrid the capital of Spain. 2739
1561/--/-- Mary, Queen of Scots, returns from France to Scotland. 2740
1561/--/-- Ruy Lopez de Segura analyzes chess movements. 2741
1561/--/-- The building of the tomb of Humayun begins in Dehli. 2742
1562/--/-- Giuseppe Arcimboldo becomes court painter to Maximilian II. 2743
1562/--/-- Religious wars break out in France between Protestant Huguenots and Catholics. 2744
1562/--/-- Sir John Hawkins begins the slave trade between Africa and the West Indies. 2745
1562/--/-- French Huguenots attempt to colonize Florida. 2746
1563/--/-- Vientiane becomes the capital of the Lao kingdom (Laos). 2747
1564/--/-- Maximilian II succeeds Ferdinand I as Holy Roman Emperor. 2748
1564/--/-- Spain founds the first European settlement in the U.S. at Saint Augustine in Florida. 2749
1564/--/-- The Spanish found their first colony in the Philippines at Cebu. 2750
1564/--/-- Ivan IV begins a reign of terror in Russia. 2751
1564/--/-- The manufacture of lead (graphite) pencils begins in England. 2752
1564/--/-- The first horse-drawn coaches come to England from Holland. 2753
1565/--/-- The Spanish massacre French Huguenot settlers in Florida. 2754
1565/--/-- Muslims destroy the Hindu capital of Vijayanagar in southern India. 2755
1566/--/-- A revolt begins in the Netherlands against Spanish rule. 2756
1567/--/-- Mary, Queen of Scots, is forced to abdicate in favor of her son James VI. 2757
1567/--/-- The Portuguese oust Huguenot settlers and found the city of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. 2758
1567/--/-- The Duque de Alba is sent to the Netherlands to quell the Dutch Revolt. 2759
1568/--/-- Mary, Queen of Scots, is imprisoned in England for 19 years by Elizabeth I. 2760
1568/--/-- Nobunaga seizes Kyoto and begins the reunification of Japan. 2761
1568/--/-- Flemish painter Bruegel the Elder paints The Blind Leading the Blind. 2762
1569/--/-- The Union of Lublin unites the Polish states under Sigismund II. 2763
1569/--/-- Mogul emperor Akbar establishes a new capital at Fatehpur Sikri in India. 2764
1569/--/-- Jacques Besson develops the first screw-cutting lathe. 2765
1569/--/-- Cartographer Gerardus Mercator uses the first cylindrical projection for a world map. 2766
1570/--/-- The Kanem-Bornu empire flourishes in West Africa. 2767
1570/--/-- Italian architect Andrea Palladio publishes The Four Books of Architecture. 2768
1570/--/-- Nicholas Hilliard paints a miniature portrait of Elizabeth I. 2769
1571/--/-- The Turks conquer the island of Cyprus. 2770
1571/--/-- The allied fleet of Spain, Venice, and the papacy destroys the Turks at Lepanto. 2771
1571/--/-- The Spanish found the city of Manila in the Philippines. 2772
1571/--/-- A calligraphy manual The Useful Writer is published in Italy. 2773
1572/--/-- Huguenots are massacred in France on St. Bartholomew's Day. 2774
1572/--/-- Sigismund II dies, ending the Jagello dynasty in Poland. 2775
1572/--/-- The Gujarat state is annexed by the Moguls in India. 2776
1572/--/-- Francisco de Toledo executes Tupac Amaru, ending Inca resistance in Peru. 2777
1572/--/-- Bogota University is founded in Columbia. 2778
1573/--/-- An era of castle building begins in Japan during the Momoyama period. 2779
1573/--/-- The potato is brought back from the Americas and cultivated in Spain. 2780
1574/--/-- The Turks regain Tunis in North Africa from Spain. 2781
1574/--/-- Henry III is crowned king of France. 2782
1575/--/-- Stephen Bathory is elected king of Poland. 2783
1575/--/-- Indian leader Hiawatha allegedly founds the Iroquois League. 2784
1576/--/-- The Dutch provinces unite to drive out the Spanish. 2785
1576/--/-- Rudolf II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor; the imperial court moves to Prague. 2786
1576/--/-- Martin Frobisher commands an expedition to search for a Northwest Passage. 2787
1576/--/-- Henry III outlaws Protestantism in France. 2788
1576/--/-- Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe builds an observatory on the island of Ven. 2789
1576/--/-- The first playhouse, the Theater, is erected by actor James Burbage in London. 2790
1577/--/-- English explorer Francis Drake begins his voyage of circumnavigation. 2791
1577/--/-- Ram Das founds the city of Amritsar, a Sikh religious center. 2792
1578/--/-- King Sebastian of Portugal is killed by Muslims at Alcazrquivir in Morocco. 2793
1578/--/-- The Christian catacombs are rediscovered in Rome. 2794
1578/--/-- English dramatist John Lyly writes Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit. 2795
1579/--/-- English explorer Francis Drake discovers San Francisco Bay. 2796
1580/--/-- Philip II of Spain invades Portugal. 2797
1580/--/-- Witches are persecuted throughout western Europe. 2798
1580/--/-- French writer Michel de Montaigne publishes his Essays. 2799
1581/--/-- The Dutch Republic is founded after the Union of Utrecht. 2800
1581/--/-- The Russian conquest of Siberia begins with the expedition of Yermak Timofeyevich. 2801
1581/--/-- Beaujoyeux's Ballet Comique de la Reigne is performed in Paris. 2802
1582/--/-- The Gregorian calendar is introduced into Catholic countries by Pope Gregory XIII. 2803
1582/--/-- Geographer Richard Hakluyt publishes an account of the discovery of America. 2804
1583/--/-- Sir Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland for England. 2805
1583/--/-- Edinburgh University is founded in Scotland. 2806
1583/--/-- Japanese leader Hideyoshi builds Osaka castle. 2807
1584/--/-- Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible dies. 2808
1584/--/-- William I, leader of the Dutch Revolt, is assassinated. 2809
1584/--/-- Walter Raleigh and Richard Grenville organize English colonizing ventures to North America. 2810
1585/--/-- England is at war with Spain (until 1604). 2811
1585/--/-- Roanoke Island in North Carolina is settled as the first English colony in Virginia. 2812
1585/--/-- John Davis discovers Davis Strait between Greenland and North America. 2813
1586/--/-- Mary, Queen of Scots, is found guilty of treason and executed (1587). 2814
1586/--/-- Pipe smoking is introduced into England. 2815
1587/--/-- Francis Drake attacks the Spanish fleet in Cadiz harbor. 2816
1587/--/-- Japanese leader Hideyoshi bans Christian missionaries. 2817
1588/--/-- The Spanish Armada is defeated by the English navy. 2818
1588/--/-- Christian IV succeeds Frederick II as king of Denmark. 2819
1588/--/-- The Catholic League expels Henry III from Paris. 2820
1588/--/-- Timothy Bright composes the first manual of shorthand. 2821
1589/--/-- Henry III is assassinated; he is succeeded by Henry IV as king of France. 2822
1589/--/-- Galileo Galilei is made professor of mathematics at Pisa. 2823
1590/--/-- Hideyoshi completes the unification of Japan. 2824
1590/--/-- Viete, inventor of symbolic algebra, writes his Introduction to the Analytic Art. 2825
1590/--/-- English poet Edmund Spenser begins The Faerie Queene. 2826
1590/--/-- Christopher Marlowe's drama Tamburlaine the Great is published in London. 2827
1590/--/-- William Shakespeare begins writing plays about this time. 2828
1591/--/-- The Songhai Empire is destroyed by the Moroccan army. 2829
1591/--/-- The Roanoke colony dies out in North Carolina. 2830
1592/--/-- Elizabeth I founds Trinity College in Dublin. 2831
1592/--/-- Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno is imprisoned for heresy. 2832
1592/--/-- Thomas Kyd writes his revenge play The Spanish Tragedy. 2833
1592/--/-- Playwright Christopher Marlowe writes Doctor Faustus. 2834
1592/--/-- London theaters are closed because of the plague. 2835
1593/--/-- Henry IV of France converts to Catholicism. 2836
1593/--/-- English theologian Richard Hooker publishes his Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity. 2837
1594/--/-- Henry IV of France captures Paris. 2838
1594/--/-- Jacopo Peri's Dafne, the first opera, is performed in Italy about this time. 2839
1595/--/-- Hugh O'Neill leads a rebellion against the English in Ireland. 2840
1596/--/-- Warsaw is established as the capital of Poland. 2841
1597/--/-- Spanish artist El Greco paints The Agony in the Garden. 2842
1597/--/-- English composer John Dowland publishes his First Booke of Songes. 2843
1598/--/-- The Edict of Nantes grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. 2844
1598/--/-- Abbas I of Persia (Iran) defeats the Uzbeks at Herat. 2845
1598/--/-- Philip III succeeds Philip II as king of Spain. 2846
1598/--/-- Boris Godunov becomes tsar of Russia; the Time of Troubles begin. 2847
1598/--/-- John Florio produces an Italian-English dictionary. 2848
1598/--/-- English playwright Ben Jonson writes Every Man in His Humour. 2849
1599/--/-- The Earl of Essex is imprisoned for negotiating a truce with the Irish rebels. 2850
1599/--/-- The Globe theater is built in London. 2851
1600/--/-- Maurice of Nassau defeats the Austrian army at Nieuport. 2852
1600/--/-- Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake in Rome for heretical writing. 2853
1600/--/-- A charter is granted to the East India Company by Queen Elizabeth I. 2854
1600/--/-- Wigs become fashionable at European courts about this time. 2855
1600/--/-- Hans and Zacharias Jannsen construct the first microscope about this time. 2856
1600/--/-- William Gilbert publishes his treatise on magnetism. 2857
1600/--/-- The Baroque period in art and architecture begins in Italy about this time. 2858
1601/--/-- The Earl of Essex is executed by Elizabeth I after his rebellion fails. 2859
1601/--/-- Manchurian leader Nurhachi unites the Manchu tribes under the banner system. 2860
1601/--/-- Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci arrives in Peking. 2861
1601/--/-- The Gobelins tapestry factory is established in Paris. 2862
1601/--/-- Italian artist Caravaggio paints the Conversion of St. Paul. 2863
1602/--/-- The Bodleian Library, the first public library in Europe, opens in Oxford, England 2864
1602/--/-- Abbas I leads Persia (Iran) in a holy war against the Ottoman Turks. 2865
1602/--/-- Bartholomew Gosnold explores the New England coast and names Cape Cod. 2866
1602/--/-- The Dutch East India Company is founded. 2867
1603/--/-- Ieyasu founds the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan. 2868
1603/--/-- Queen Elizabeth I dies; she is succeeded by James I (James IV of Scotland). 2869
1603/--/-- William Shakespeare's play Hamlet is performed for the first time. 2870
1603/--/-- The first Kabuki performance is given in Japan. 2871
1604/--/-- England and Spain are at peace after 19 years of war. 2872
1604/--/-- A false Dmitry lays claim to the Russian throne during the "Time of Troubles." 2873
1604/--/-- Charles IX is crowned king of Sweden. 2874
1604/--/-- The Spanish capture the Dutch city of Ostend after a 3-year siege. 2875
1604/--/-- The French East India Company is founded. 2876
1604/--/-- Hieronymus Fabricius writes De formata foctu, a study of human embryology. 2877
1604/--/-- Flemish artist Carel van Mander publishes a handbook for painters Het Schilderboeck. 2878
1605/--/-- The Gunpowder Plot to blow up the English Parliament is discovered. 2879
1605/--/-- Jahangir succeeds Akbar as Mogul emperor of India. 2880
1605/--/-- The first French settlement in North America is founded at Port Royal in Nova Scotia. 2881
1605/--/-- The English claim Barbados in the West Indies. 2882
1605/--/-- English philosopher Francis Bacon publishes The Advancement of Learning. 2883
1605/--/-- Spanish writer Cervantes publishes part one of Don Quixote. 2884
1606/--/-- Ben Jonson's play Volpone is performed for the first time. 2885
1607/--/-- John Smith founds the first English colony at Jamestown in Virginia. 2886
1607/--/-- Claudio Monteverdi's first opera Orfeo is performed. 2887
1608/--/-- Emperor Rudolf II cedes Hungary to his brother Matthias. 2888
1608/--/-- Samuel de Champlain founds a French settlement in Quebec. 2889
1608/--/-- The first telescope is invented by Dutch optician Hans Lippershey. 2890
1608/--/-- Italian scientist Galileo Galilei assembles an astronomical telescope. 2891
1608/--/-- Girolamo Frescobaldi is appointed as organist at St. Peter's in Rome. 2892
1609/--/-- A truce with Spain gives the United Provinces (the Netherlands) virtual independence. 2893
1609/--/-- The Spanish found Santa Fe in New Mexico. 2894
1609/--/-- The English colonize Bermuda. 2895
1609/--/-- Johannes Kepler publishes his first law of planetary motion in New Astronomy. 2896
1609/--/-- Spanish playwright Lope de Vega publishes The New Art of Writing Plays. 2897
1610/--/-- Henry IV of France is assassinated; he is succeeded by his son Louis XIII. 2898
1610/--/-- Maximilian of Bavaria forms the Catholic League to oppose the Protestant Union. 2899
1610/--/-- The Polish army of Sigismund III invades Russia and captures Moscow. 2900
1610/--/-- Galileo Galilei publishes his first stellar observations in The Starry Messenger. 2901
1610/--/-- English navigator Henry Hudson becomes the first European to explore Hudson Bay. 2902
1610/--/-- Ben Jonson's play The Alchemist is performed for the first time. 2903
1611/--/-- English and Scottish Protestants settle in Ireland under the Ulster Plantation. 2904
1611/--/-- Christian IV of Denmark declares war on Sweden. 2905
1611/--/-- Gustav II Adolf succeeds Charles IX as king of Sweden. 2906
1611/--/-- An edition of the Bible authorized by King James I is completed in England. 2907
1612/--/-- Matthias succeeds his brother Rudolf II as Holy Roman Emperor. 2908
1612/--/-- John Webster's tragedy The White Devil is produced. 2909
1613/--/-- Michael becomes tsar of Russia, founding the Romanov dynasty. 2910
1613/--/-- Virginia colonists destroy French settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia. 2911
1613/--/-- Gabor Bethlen becomes Prince of Transylvania. 2912
1613/--/-- Gustav II Adolf ends the War of Kalmar with Denmark and attacks Russia. 2913
1614/--/-- James I dissolves the Addled Parliament in England. 2914
1614/--/-- Pocahontas, a North American Indian princess, marries English settler John Rolfe. 2915
1614/--/-- Sir Walter Raleigh writes his History of the World. 2916
1614/--/-- Scottish mathematician John Napier publishes Marvelous Canon of Logarithms. 2917
1615/--/-- Manchu tribes in China expand to eight banners (military regions) under Nurhachi. 2918
1615/--/-- The Dutch seize the Spice Islands (the Moluccas) from the Portuguese. 2919
1615/--/-- The first English language reference is made to tea. 2920
1615/--/-- Coffee is introduced into Italy from Turkey. 2921
1616/--/-- Cardinal Richelieu becomes Minister of State for Foreign Affairs in France. 2922
1616/--/-- Emperor Ieyasu of Japan dies; he is succeeded by his son Hidetada. 2923
1616/--/-- William Baffin searches for the Northwest Passage and discovers Baffin Bay. 2924
1616/--/-- A smallpox epidemic decimates the Indian population in New England. 2925
1616/--/-- The Catholic church issues an edict against Copernicanism. 2926
1617/--/-- The Treaty of Stolbovo ends the war between Russia and Sweden. 2927
1617/--/-- Tobacco is established as the major industry in North America. 2928
1618/--/-- Conflict between Catholic and Protestant states begins the Thirty Years' War. 2929
1618/--/-- James I orders the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh. 2930
1619/--/-- Louis XIII of France defeats the supporters of his mother Maria de Medicis. 2931
1619/--/-- Dutch ships bring the first Negro slaves to the colony of Virginia. 2932
1619/--/-- Ferdinand II is elected Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia. 2933
1619/--/-- The Bohemians depose Ferdinand and elect Frederick V (Elector Palatine) as king. 2934
1619/--/-- Inigo Jones designs the Banqueting House at Whitehall, London. 2935
1619/--/-- Spanish artist Diego Velazquez paints The Water Seller of Seville. 2936
1620/--/-- The Pilgrim Fathers arrive at Cape Cod and found the Plymouth Colony. 2937
1620/--/-- Catholic League forces under Graf von Tilly defeat the Bohemians under Frederick V. 2938
1620/--/-- Ferdinand II is restored to the throne of Bohemia. 2939
1620/--/-- Gustavus II Adolf begins a war with Poland and captures Livonia. 2940
1620/--/-- Cornelis Drebbel demonstrates a submarine on the River Thames. 2941
1621/--/-- A Huguenot (Protestant) revolt begins against Louis XIII in France. 2942
1621/--/-- Philip IV becomes king of Spain and Portugal. 2943
1621/--/-- War is renewed between Spain and the United Provinces (the Netherlands). 2944
1621/--/-- The Dutch West India Company is founded. 2945
1621/--/-- English scholar Robert Burton publishes Anatomy of Melancholy. 2946
1622/--/-- Indians massacre 347 settlers in Virginia. 2947
1623/--/-- Abbas I, shah of Persia (Iran), captures Bagdhad from the Turks. 2948
1623/--/-- Catholic League and Imperial forces overrun the Palatinate in Germany. 2949
1623/--/-- The first English settlement is founded in New Hampshire. 2950
1623/--/-- Philosopher Francis Bacon publishes On the Dignity and Growth of Sciences. 2951
1623/--/-- Diego Velazquez is made court painter to Philip IV of Spain. 2952
1624/--/-- Flemish chemist Johannes Baptista van Helmont names compressible fluid gas. 2953
1624/--/-- Dutch artist Frans Hals paints the Laughing Cavalier. 2954
1624/--/-- English poet John Donne publishes Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. 2955
1625/--/-- Charles I succeeds James I as king of England. 2956
1625/--/-- The Spanish capture Breda from the Dutch. 2957
1625/--/-- Albrecht Wenzel von Wallenstein is made general of Ferdinand II's Imperial armies. 2958
1625/--/-- Peter Minuit founds the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (now New York). 2959
1625/--/-- Flemish baroque artist Peter Paul Rubens paints The Judgement of Paris. 2960
1626/--/-- The Dutch purchase Manhattan Island from the Indians for the equivalent of $24. 2961
1626/--/-- Imperial forces under Wallenstein defeat Graf von Mansfield at Dessau. 2962
1626/--/-- Graf von Tilly's Catholic army routs the Danes under Christian IV. 2963
1627/--/-- The Huguenots (Protestants) revolt against Cardinal Richelieu at La Rochelle. 2964
1627/--/-- Shah Jahan succeeds Jahangir as Mogul emperor of India. 2965
1627/--/-- The Manchus (Ch'ing) begin their conquest of Korea. 2966
1628/--/-- King Charles I is forced to accept Parliament's Petition of Right. 2967
1628/--/-- The Duke of Buckingham, a supporter of the French Huguenots, is assassinated. 2968
1628/--/-- The Huguenots surrender La Rochelle after a 14-month siege. 2969
1628/--/-- French philosopher Rene Descartes begins Rules For the Direction of the Mind. 2970
1628/--/-- Puritans under John Endecott settle at Salem in Massachusetts. 2971
1628/--/-- English physician William Harvey publishes On the Motions of the Heart and Blood. 2972
1629/--/-- Charles I dissolves Parliament and rules England directly. 2973
1629/--/-- Ferdinand II's Edict of Restitution restores Catholic properties taken by Protestants. 2974
1630/--/-- The Ottoman Turks capture Hamadan in Persia (Iran). 2975
1630/--/-- Gustav II Adolf invades Germany in support of the Protestant cause. 2976
1630/--/-- Spanish artist Francisco de Zubaran paints the Holy House of Nazareth. 2977
1630/--/-- John Winthrop founds a Puritan settlement at Boston in Massachusetts. 2978
1630/--/-- Bhutan becomes independent from Tibet about this time. 2979
1630/--/-- Dutch landscape artist Salomon van Ruisdael paints River Landscape. 2980
1631/--/-- Baldassarre Longhena begins building the church of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice. 2981
1631/--/-- Marie de Medicis goes into exile after a plot to remove Cardinal Richelieu fails. 2982
1631/--/-- Gustav II Adolf defeats Graf von Tilly's Imperial forces at Breitenfeld. 2983
1631/--/-- The building of the Taj Mahal begins at Agra in India. 2984
1631/--/-- The first newspaper, the Gazette de France, is published in Paris. 2985
1632/--/-- Charles I grants a charter for the English colony of Maryland. 2986
1632/--/-- Imperial general Graf von Tilly is mortally wounded at the Battle of Lech. 2987
1632/--/-- Gustavus II Adolf defeats Wallenstein at Lutzen but is killed during the battle. 2988
1632/--/-- Christina becomes queen of Sweden at age 6; Count Oxenstierna rules as regent. 2989
1632/--/-- Antony Van Dyck settles in London and becomes court painter to King Charles I. 2990
1632/--/-- Dutch artist Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn paints The Anatomy Lesson. 2991
1632/--/-- Bernal Diaz del Castillo's True Story of the Conquest of Mexico is published. 2992
1633/--/-- An English colony is established in Connecticut. 2993
1633/--/-- French artist Nicolas Poussin paints The Adoration of the Golden Calf. 2994
1633/--/-- Galileo Galilei is imprisoned for "vehement suspicion of heresy." 2995
1634/--/-- Ferdinand II declares General Wallenstein a traitor; Wallenstein is assassinated. 2996
1634/--/-- Imperial forces under Ferdinand III defeat the Swedes at Nordlingen. 2997
1634/--/-- French fur trader Jean Nicolet explores Wisconsin. 2998
1634/--/-- Hackney carriages are in use in London for public transport. 2999
1635/--/-- The Dutch occupy parts of Formosa (Taiwan). 3000
1635/--/-- The Peace of Prague is signed between Ferdinand II and Protestant German princes. 3001
1635/--/-- France forms an alliance with Sweden and enters the Thirty Years' War. 3002
1635/--/-- Cardinal Richelieu founds the Academie Francaise in Paris. 3003
1635/--/-- Spanish playwright Pedro Calderon de la Barca writes Life Is a Dream. 3004
1636/--/-- The Dutch settle in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). 3005
1636/--/-- Radical Puritan Roger Williams establishes the town of Providence, Rhode Island. 3006
1636/--/-- Harvard University is founded in Boston. 3007
1637/--/-- Pequot Indians are decimated during the first Indian war in New England. 3008
1637/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II dies; he is succeeded by his son Ferdinand III. 3009
1637/--/-- Rene Descartes publishes his concepts of analytic geometry Discourse on Method. 3010
1637/--/-- Religious radical Anne Hutchinson is tried for heresy in Massachusetts. 3011
1637/--/-- The first opera house Teatro San Cassiano opens in Venice. 3012
1637/--/-- French dramatist Pierre Corneille writes le Cid. 3013
1638/--/-- The Turks under Murad IV conquer Baghdad. 3014
1638/--/-- John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton found New Haven, Connecticut. 3015
1638/--/-- Swedish settlers found Fort Christina (now Wilmington) on the Delaware River. 3016
1638/--/-- Swedish and Protestant forces defeat the Imperial army at Breisach. 3017
1639/--/-- Tokugawa begins a period of isolation in Japan; only Nagasaki is open to foreigners. 3018
1639/--/-- Persia (Iran) and the Ottoman Empire sign a peace treaty. 3019
1639/--/-- Charles I concedes to Scottish demands after the First Bishops' War. 3020
1639/--/-- The first North American printing press is established in Cambridge, Mass.. 3021
1639/--/-- Spanish artist Jusepe de Ribera paints The Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew. 3022
1640/--/-- Scots invade England during the Second Bishops' War; Charles I sues for peace. 3023
1640/--/-- The Portuguese rebel against Spanish rule; John IV is crowned king. 3024
1640/--/-- Russian explorers cross Siberia and arrive at the Pacific Ocean. 3025
1640/--/-- Coke is made from coal for the first time. 3026
1641/--/-- The Dutch seize Melaka and deny the British access to the Moluccas. 3027
1641/--/-- Irish Catholics revolt against the Protestants in Ulster. 3028
1642/--/-- The English Civil War begins between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists. 3029
1642/--/-- The Swedes under Torstenson defeat the Imperial forces at Breitenfeld. 3030
1642/--/-- Dutch navigator Abel Tasman discovers Tasmania and New Zealand. 3031
1642/--/-- Montreal is founded by the French nobleman Sieur de Maisonneuve. 3032
1642/--/-- Cardinal Richelieu dies; he is succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin as first minister of France. 3033
1642/--/-- English Parliamentarians close the London theaters. 3034
1642/--/-- Dutch artist Rembrandt paints the Night Watch. 3035
1643/--/-- The New England Confederation is formed against the Indians, Dutch and French. 3036
1643/--/-- Louis XIV ascends to the French throne at age 5; Anne of Austria rules as regent. 3037
1643/--/-- Christian IV of Denmark renews the war against Sweden. 3038
1643/--/-- The first French settlement is founded on Madagascar. 3039
1643/--/-- Italian physicist Torricelli demonstrates the principles of the barometer. 3040
1643/--/-- The building of the Potala palace, residence of the Dalai Lama, is begun in Lhasa, Tibet. 3041
1643/--/-- Roger Williams publishes A Key into the Language of America. 3042
1644/--/-- French landscape artist Claude Lorrain paints the Embarkation of Saint Ursula. 3043
1644/--/-- The Manchus seize Peking and establish the Ch'ing dynasty. 3044
1644/--/-- Queen Christina begins her reign in Sweden. 3045
1644/--/-- Oliver Cromwell's Model Army defeats a Royalist army at Marston Moor. 3046
1644/--/-- French philosopher Descartes proclaims Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am). 3047
1644/--/-- Italian artist Giovanni Bernini sculpts the Ecstasy of St. Teresa. 3048
1645/--/-- Oliver Cromwell defeats Charles I at the Battle of Naseby. 3049
1645/--/-- The Swedes defeat Denmark and later defeat the Imperial forces at Jankau. 3050
1645/--/-- William Laud archbishop of Canterbury is executed. 3051
1645/--/-- French philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal invents the first adding machine. 3052
1645/--/-- Alexis succeeds Michael as the Romanov tsar of Russia. 3053
1646/--/-- The English Civil War ends when Charles I surrenders to the Parliamentarians. 3054
1646/--/-- The Swedes capture Prague and invade Bavaria with their French allies. 3055
1646/--/-- Flemish painter Teniers the Younger paints the Village Fete. 3056
1646/--/-- Spanish artist Bartolome Esteban Murillo paints Holy Family With a Bird. 3057
1647/--/-- Charles I escapes from England and concludes a treaty with the Scots. 3058
1647/--/-- Peter Stuyvesant becomes governor of the Dutch colony of the New Netherlands. 3059
1648/--/-- The English settle in the Bahamas. 3060
1648/--/-- The Treaty of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War. 3061
1648/--/-- The Dutch and Swiss republics achieve independence. 3062
1648/--/-- The Scots renew the Civil War but are defeated at Preston; Charles I is captured. 3063
1648/--/-- The Fronde revolt begins in France against Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin. 3064
1648/--/-- Naples is restored to Spanish rule after a brief uprising. 3065
1648/--/-- Frederick III succeeds Christian IV as king of Denmark. 3066
1648/--/-- Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev discovers the Bering Strait. 3067
1648/--/-- George Fox founds the Society of Friends (Quakers) about this time. 3068
1648/--/-- Margaret Jones becomes the first person executed as a witch in North America. 3069
1648/--/-- Dutch architect Jacob van Campen designs the Amsterdam City Hall. 3070
1649/--/-- Charles I is executed; the English Commonwealth (republic) begins. 3071
1649/--/-- French artist Georges de La Tour paints Saint Irene Mourning Saint Sebastian. 3072
1649/--/-- Oliver Cromwell suppresses a Catholic rebellion in Ireland. 3073
1650/--/-- The Holy Roman Empire and Sweden sign the Treaty of Nuremberg. 3074
1650/--/-- Charles II lands in Scotland to renew the English Civil War. 3075
1650/--/-- Irish Bishop James Ussher establishes the date of creation at 4004 BC. 3076
1650/--/-- Whaling becomes an important industry in New England about this time. 3077
1650/--/-- The first coffeehouses are opened in London about this time. 3078
1650/--/-- Oratorios become a popular form of musical performance in Italy. 3079
1650/--/-- Dutch landscape artist Aelbert Cuyp paints the View of Dordrecht. 3080
1650/--/-- The Ukiyo-e school of art begins to flourish in Japan about this time. 3081
1651/--/-- Charles II is crowned by the Scots; defeated at Worcester, he escapes to France. 3082
1651/--/-- Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan, a defense of absolute monarchy. 3083
1652/--/-- Cape Town is founded by the Dutch in South Africa. 3084
1652/--/-- The English Navigation Acts (1651) lead to the first Anglo-Dutch War. 3085
1653/--/-- Oliver Cromwell becomes the lord protector of England. 3086
1653/--/-- Louis XIV becomes known as the Sun King after his role in the Ballet de la Nuit. 3087
1653/--/-- French composer Jean Baptiste Lully writes the first minuet. 3088
1653/--/-- English writer Izaak Walton publishes The Compleat Angler. 3089
1654/--/-- The Portuguese drive the Dutch from Brazil. 3090
1654/--/-- The Treaty of Westminster ends the first Anglo-Dutch War. 3091
1654/--/-- Poland and Russia are at war over possession of the Ukraine. 3092
1654/--/-- Queen Christina of Sweden abdicates and becomes a Roman Catholic. 3093
1654/--/-- French philosopher Blaise Pascal joins the Jansenist sect at Port-Royal. 3094
1654/--/-- Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat collaborate on theories of probability. 3095
1655/--/-- The English capture Jamaica from Spain. 3096
1655/--/-- Dutch colonists under Peter Stuyvesant seize Swedish settlements in Delaware. 3097
1655/--/-- The Little Northern War begins with Sweden invading Poland and capturing Warsaw. 3098
1656/--/-- The Holy Roman Empire, Russia and Denmark declare war on Sweden. 3099
1656/--/-- England joins France in the war against Spain. 3100
1656/--/-- Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza is expelled from the synagogue at Amsterdam. 3101
1656/--/-- Diego Velazquez paints The Maids of Honor at the court of Spain. 3102
1656/--/-- Italian artist and architect Giovanni Bernini designs the Piazza of St. Peter's, Rome. 3103
1656/--/-- Dutch philosopher Christiaan Huygens patents the first pendulum clock. 3104
1657/--/-- Otto von Guericke demonstrates that it is possible for a vacuum to exist. 3105
1657/--/-- The Swedes attack Denmark and besiege Copenhagen. 3106
1658/--/-- Leopold I succeeds Ferdinand III as Holy Roman Emperor. 3107
1658/--/-- Oliver Cromwell dies; he is succeeded by his son Richard as lord protector of England. 3108
1658/--/-- Aurangzeb deposes his father Shah Jahan as Mogul emperor of India. 3109
1658/--/-- French colonists found the city of Saint-Louis on the Senegal River in Africa. 3110
1658/--/-- Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam describes red blood cells. 3111
1658/--/-- Dutch genre artist Jan Vermeer paints The Milkmaid. 3112
1659/--/-- Richard Cromwell resigns as lord protector of England. 3113
1659/--/-- The Peace of the Pyrenees ends a 24-year war between France and Spain. 3114
1659/--/-- French explorers Radisson and Groseilliers explore Minnesota. 3115
1660/--/-- Charles II is restored to the English throne by Parliament. 3116
1660/--/-- The Bambara kingdom begins to flourish on the upper Niger about this time. 3117
1660/--/-- Louis XIV of France marries Marie Therese of Spain. 3118
1660/--/-- Dutch farmers (Boers) settle in South Africa. 3119
1660/--/-- The Peace of Oliva ends the war between Sweden, Poland, Austria and Brandenburg. 3120
1660/--/-- Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, gains control of Prussia from Poland. 3121
1660/--/-- The Peace of Copenhagen ends the war between Sweden and Denmark. 3122
1660/--/-- Theaters are reopened in England; the period of Restoration drama begins. 3123
1660/--/-- Dutch genre artist Gabriel Metsu paints The Sick Child. 3124
1660/--/-- Peter Stuyvesant founds the first permanent settlement in New Jersey at Bergen (Jersey City). 3125
1660/--/-- English public servant Samuel Pepys begins his Diary. 3126
1661/--/-- Charles II orders that Cromwell's corpse be disinterred, hanged and beheaded. 3127
1661/--/-- The English acquire Bombay from Portugal. 3128
1661/--/-- Chinese pirate Koxinga drives the Dutch from Formosa (Taiwan). 3129
1661/--/-- Emperor K'ang-hsi succeeds to the throne in China. 3130
1661/--/-- The first Bible printed in North America is John Elliot's translation into Algonquian. 3131
1661/--/-- Dutch-born artist Peter Lely is made court painter to Charles II. 3132
1662/--/-- The Portuguese surrender Tangier to England. 3133
1662/--/-- France purchases Dunkerque from England. 3134
1662/--/-- Charles II grants a charter to the Royal Society of London for Natural Knowledge. 3135
1662/--/-- Robert Boyle develops his theory of gases (now known as Boyle's Law). 3136
1662/--/-- French architect Andre Le Notre designs the gardens for the Palace of Versailles. 3137
1662/--/-- The Theatre Royal is built in Drury Lane, London. 3138
1663/--/-- The Ottoman Turks invade Hungary. 3139
1663/--/-- The first turnpike (toll) roads are established in England. 3140
1663/--/-- Dutch genre artist Jan Steen paints the Woman Undressing. 3141
1664/--/-- England seizes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, renaming it New York. 3142
1664/--/-- The Austrians defeat the Turks at Saint Gotthard and conclude a 20-year truce. 3143
1664/--/-- The French East India Company is founded. 3144
1664/--/-- The Trappists order of monks is founded at La Trappe in France. 3145
1665/--/-- Jean Baptiste Colbert becomes minister of finance for Louis XIV. 3146
1665/--/-- The Second Anglo-Dutch War begins. 3147
1665/--/-- England and Portugal defeat Spain and establish Portuguese independence. 3148
1665/--/-- Charles II succeeds Philip IV as king of Spain. 3149
1665/--/-- The Portuguese invade the Kingdom of Kongo and kill the monarch Antonio I. 3150
1665/--/-- An outbreak of the Great Plague begins in London. 3151
1665/--/-- Robert Hooke publishes his microscope observations in Micrographia. 3152
1665/--/-- The first horse race track in North America is constructed on Long Island. 3153
1665/--/-- Dutch genre artist Gerard Ter Borch paints the Flea Hunt. 3154
1666/--/-- The Alawite dynasty assumes power in Morocco. 3155
1666/--/-- The French join the Dutch in the war with England. 3156
1666/--/-- Puritans from Connecticut settle in New Jersey. 3157
1666/--/-- Large sections of London are destroyed in the Great Fire. 3158
1666/--/-- Sabbatai Zevi claims to be the messiah and founds a Jewish sect. 3159
1666/--/-- British scientist Isaac Newton completes his theory of fluxional calculus. 3160
1666/--/-- Moliere's play The Misanthrope is performed for the first time. 3161
1667/--/-- The Dutch destroy the English fleet at anchor in the Medway. 3162
1667/--/-- The Peace of Breda ends the war between the English, French and Dutch. 3163
1667/--/-- Louis XIV begins the War of Devolution and captures the Spanish Netherlands. 3164
1667/--/-- Suleiman succeeds Abbas II as shah of Persia (Iran). 3165
1667/--/-- The Dutch acquire Suriname from the British in exchange for Manhattan. 3166
1667/--/-- The building of the Paris Observatory is begun. 3167
1667/--/-- Mexico City Cathedral is completed. 3168
1667/--/-- Louis XIV sponsors the first official Salon art exhibition at the Louvre. 3169
1667/--/-- Japanese poet Basho begins to compose his haiku poetry. 3170
1667/--/-- English poet John Milton writes Paradise Lost. 3171
1668/--/-- A Triple Alliance of England, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic is formed against France. 3172
1668/--/-- By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle France gives up its conquests but keeps Flanders. 3173
1668/--/-- By the Treaty of Lisbon Spain recognizes the independence of Portugal. 3174
1668/--/-- King John II of Poland abdicates; he is succeeded by Michael Wisniowiecki. 3175
1668/--/-- Jacques Marquette founds the first settlement in Michigan at Sault Saint Marie. 3176
1668/--/-- French fabulist Jean de La Fontaine begins publishing his Fables. 3177
1669/--/-- Venice surrenders Crete to the Ottoman Turks. 3178
1669/--/-- Mount Etna erupts in Italy, killing 20,000. 3179
1669/--/-- German Alchemist Hennig Brandt makes phosphorus for the first time. 3180
1669/--/-- Louis Le Vau begins the expansion of the Palace of Versailles for Louis XIV. 3181
1669/--/-- French courtesan Madame de Sevigne begins writing her Letters. 3182
1670/--/-- The English establish a settlement at Charles Towne (Charleston), South Carolina. 3183
1670/--/-- The Don Cossacks under Stenka Razin rebel against Russian rule. 3184
1670/--/-- The Hudson's Bay Company is founded. 3185
1670/--/-- English architect Sir Christopher Wren begins rebuilding Saint Paul's Cathedral. 3186
1671/--/-- Buccaneers under Sir Henry Morgan capture the city of Panama. 3187
1672/--/-- William III prince of Orange leads the defense of the Netherlands. 3188
1672/--/-- The French and British declare war on the Dutch. 3189
1672/--/-- Grenades become an important weapon; the French army forms grenadier companies. 3190
1672/--/-- Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban founds the French army engineering corps. 3191
1672/--/-- Astronomer Giovanni Cassini becomes the first director of the Paris Observatory. 3192
1672/--/-- Jean Baptiste Lully produces the first French operas. 3193
1673/--/-- The Polish army under John Sobieski defeats the Turks at Cochim (Khotin). 3194
1673/--/-- The Test Act excludes Catholics from public office in England. 3195
1673/--/-- Marquette and Jolliet explore the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi River. 3196
1673/--/-- The first mail service in North America is established between New York and Boston. 3197
1673/--/-- Leibniz begins to develop his theories of differential and integral calculus. 3198
1674/--/-- The Treaty of Westminster establishes New Yorkers as British subjects. 3199
1674/--/-- Maratha leader Sivaji establishes a kingdom in Maharashtra, India. 3200
1674/--/-- John Sobieski is elected as King John III of Poland. 3201
1674/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I declares war on France. 3202
1674/--/-- The Dutch under William III make peace with England. 3203
1674/--/-- Early American artist the Freake limner paints portraits of the Freake family. 3204
1675/--/-- Conflict begins between the Indians under King Philip and New England settlers . 3205
1675/--/-- The Prussians under Frederick William defeat the Swedes at Fehrbellin. 3206
1675/--/-- The Royal Observatory is established at Greenwich. 3207
1675/--/-- Dutch-Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza finishes his Ethics. 3208
1675/--/-- English dramatist William Wycherley writes The Country Wife. 3209
1676/--/-- The Sikhs under Guru Gobind Singh revolt against Mogul rule in India. 3210
1676/--/-- Indians in New England are subdued after the year-long King Philip's War. 3211
1676/--/-- The Swedes defeat the Danes at the Battle of Lunden. 3212
1676/--/-- German astronomer Ole Romer discovers the velocity of light. 3213
1676/--/-- English playwright Sir George Etherege writes Man of Mode. 3214
1677/--/-- William III prince of Orange marries Mary, daughter of the Duke of York. 3215
1677/--/-- Charles II appoints Henry Purcell as court composer. 3216
1677/--/-- English author John Dryden writes the tragedy All for Love. 3217
1677/--/-- French dramatist Jean Racine writes the tragedy of Phedre. 3218
1678/--/-- The Treaty of Nijmegen establishes peace between France, the Dutch and Spain. 3219
1678/--/-- French explorer Louis Hennepin discovers Niagara Falls. 3220
1678/--/-- Charles Le Brun designs the Hall of Mirrors for the Palace of Versailles. 3221
1678/--/-- The Hungarians rebel against Habsburg rule. 3222
1678/--/-- Comtesse de La Fayette writes the novel La Princesse de Cleves. 3223
1678/--/-- John Bunyan publishes the first part of The Pilgrim's Progress. 3224
1679/--/-- The English Parliament passes the Habeas Corpus Act. 3225
1680/--/-- Antonio Stradivari opens his violin workshop in Cremona, Italy. 3226
1680/--/-- Sadler's Wells theater opens in London. 3227
1680/--/-- The Comedie Francaise is founded in Paris. 3228
1681/--/-- Aurangzeb suppresses a Rajput revolt and campaigns against Hindu kingdoms in India. 3229
1681/--/-- English Quaker William Penn is granted the Providence of Pennsylvania. 3230
1681/--/-- The dodo, a large flightless bird, becomes extinct. 3231
1681/--/-- John Dryden publishes his satirical poem Absalom and Achitophel. 3232
1682/--/-- Peter the Great succeeds Fyodor III as tsar of Russia. 3233
1682/--/-- William Penn founds the city of Philadelphia. 3234
1682/--/-- French explorer La Salle navigates the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. 3235
1682/--/-- The Spanish establish the first settlement in Texas at Yselta (near El Paso). 3236
1682/--/-- Edmund Halley observes the Great Comet, which is later named for him. 3237
1682/--/-- The Palace of Versailles becomes the French royal residence. 3238
1683/--/-- The Turks lay siege to Vienna but are defeated by Imperial and Polish forces. 3239
1683/--/-- Louis XIV secretly marries Madame de Maintenon . 3240
1683/--/-- Chinese emperor K'ang-hsi conquers Formosa (Taiwan). 3241
1683/--/-- William Penn makes a peace treaty with the Delaware Indians. 3242
1683/--/-- Van Leeuwenhoek's microscope drawings of Protozoa are published. 3243
1684/--/-- England abandons Tangier to the Moroccans. 3244
1684/--/-- La Salle claims Louisiana, a region from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico, for France. 3245
1684/--/-- The Dutch whaling fleet at Spitsbergen (Svalbard) numbers 246 vessels. 3246
1685/--/-- Charles II of England dies; he is succeeded by his brother James II. 3247
1685/--/-- The Duke of Monmouth rebels against James II; he is captured and executed. 3248
1685/--/-- Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes and exiles thousands of French Huguenots. 3249
1685/--/-- The Huguenots begin a silk industry in London and settle in the American colonies. 3250
1685/--/-- Rice cultivation begins in North America. 3251
1685/--/-- Increase Mather becomes president of Harvard College. 3252
1685/--/-- Japanese Bunraku (puppet theater) is performed in Osaka about this time. 3253
1686/--/-- The Turks are expelled from Budapest by a Habsburg army. 3254
1686/--/-- The League of Augsburg is formed as a coalition of European states against France. 3255
1686/--/-- Henri de Tonty establishes the first European settlement in Arkansas. 3256
1687/--/-- The city of Lima, Peru, is virtually destroyed by an earthquake. 3257
1687/--/-- James II issues a Declaration of Indulgence suspending the laws against Catholics. 3258
1687/--/-- English actress and royal mistress Nell Gwynne dies. 3259
1687/--/-- Isaac Newton publishes Principia, establishing his laws of motion and gravity. 3260
1688/--/-- English Protestants demand a Glorious Revolution against Catholicism. 3261
1688/--/-- William of Orange is invited to England as king; James II escapes to France. 3262
1688/--/-- Louis XIV declares war on the Holy Roman Empire and captures Heidelberg. 3263
1688/--/-- Insurance underwriters begin meeting at Lloyd's Coffee House in London. 3264
1689/--/-- William and Mary are proclaimed king and queen of England. 3265
1689/--/-- England and the Netherlands join the Grand Alliance against France. 3266
1689/--/-- French and Indian allies attack English colonists during King William's War. 3267
1689/--/-- Chinese emperor K'ang-hsi establishes diplomatic relations with Russia. 3268
1689/--/-- British composer Henry Purcell writes the opera Dido and Aeneas. 3269
1690/--/-- William III defeats James II at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland. 3270
1690/--/-- The French defeat the English fleet at the Battle of Beachy Head. 3271
1690/--/-- Spain joins the War of Grand Alliance against France. 3272
1690/--/-- Philosopher John Locke publishes his Essay Concerning Human Understanding. 3273
1690/--/-- Jose Churriguera becomes court architect to Philip V of Spain. 3274
1690/--/-- Carlos de Siguenza y Gongora publishes The Misadventures of Alfonso Ramirez. 3275
1690/--/-- Benjamin Harris publishes the first American newspaper in Boston. 3276
1691/--/-- The Irish rebellion ends with the Treaty of Limerick. 3277
1691/--/-- Juana Ines de la Cruz writes a defense of women's rights Reply to Sister Philotea. 3278
1692/--/-- The Macdonald clan are massacred by the Campbells at Glencoe in Scotland. 3279
1692/--/-- Port Royal in Jamaica is destroyed by an earthquake; the city of Kingston is founded. 3280
1692/--/-- Witchcraft trials are held at Salem in New England. 3281
1692/--/-- The first English patent for a wallpaper design is issued. 3282
1693/--/-- John Ray publishes the first major classification of animals. 3283
1693/--/-- James Blair founds William and Mary College in Williamsburg, Virginia. 3284
1694/--/-- The Bank of England is founded. 3285
1694/--/-- The Academie Francaise introduces the first French national dictionary. 3286
1696/--/-- Russian tsar Peter the Great captures Azov from the Turks. 3287
1696/--/-- William III campaigns in Holland against the French. 3288
1696/--/-- Russia annexes the Kamchatka Peninsula. 3289
1696/--/-- The Chinese under K'ang-hsi defeat the Dzungar Mongol chieftain Galdan. 3290
1697/--/-- The Habsburg army under Eugene of Savoy defeats the Turks at Zenta. 3291
1697/--/-- Augustus II elector of Saxony becomes king of Poland. 3292
1697/--/-- The Treaty of Ryswick ends the War of the Grand Alliance. 3293
1697/--/-- Russian tsar Peter the Great sets out to study the European way of life. 3294
1697/--/-- French poet Charles Perrault publishes the Tales From Mother Goose. 3295
1697/--/-- Sir John Vanbrugh's play The Relapse is produced in London. 3296
1698/--/-- Calcutta is founded by the British East India Company. 3297
1698/--/-- Russian tsar Peter the Great imposes a tax on beards. 3298
1698/--/-- Thomas Savery invents a water pump -- the first practical application of steam power. 3299
1699/--/-- Austria, Russia, Poland and Venice sign the Peace of Karlowitz treaty with Turkey. 3300
1699/--/-- Peter the Great changes the Russian New Year from September 1 to January 1. 3301
1699/--/-- William Dampier explores the northwest coast of Australia. 3302
1699/--/-- Japanese master ceramicist Ogata Kenzan opens his kiln at Narutaki. 3303
1699/--/-- Francis Moore's Vox stellarum, known as Old Moore's Almanac, is published. 3304
1700/--/-- The Great Northern War begins; Denmark, Poland and Russia attack Sweden. 3305
1700/--/-- The Swedes under Charles XII defeat the Danes. 3306
1700/--/-- Peter the Great's Russian army is defeated by the Swedes at the Battle of Narva. 3307
1700/--/-- Charles II of Spain dies, ending the Spanish Habsburg line. 3308
1700/--/-- Philip V, grandson of Louis XIV, becomes the first Bourbon king of Spain. 3309
1700/--/-- Johann Denner invents the clarinet about this time. 3310
1700/--/-- The rococo style is introduced into French architecture about this time. 3311
1700/--/-- Kabuki Theater develops in Japan about this time. 3312
1700/--/-- William Congreve's comedy The Way of the World is produced in London. 3313
1701/--/-- The Act of Settlement in Britain establishes the Hanoverian succession to the throne. 3314
1701/--/-- Frederick I Elector of Saxony proclaims himself the first king of Prussia. 3315
1701/--/-- The War of the Spanish Succession begins. 3316
1701/--/-- Captain Kidd is hanged for piracy. 3317
1701/--/-- Yale University is founded in New Haven, Connecticut. 3318
1701/--/-- French artist Hyacinthe Rigaud paints a portrait of Louis XIV. 3319
1702/--/-- Anne succeeds William III as queen of England. 3320
1702/--/-- England declares war on France and Spain. 3321
1702/--/-- Queen Anne's War begins in America; the British attack Saint Augustine in Florida. 3322
1702/--/-- The Camisards (French Huguenots) rebel in southern France. 3323
1702/--/-- The French under the duc de Villars defeat the Grand Alliance at Friedlingen. 3324
1702/--/-- The royal colony of New Jersey is founded in America. 3325
1702/--/-- The first daily newspaper The Daily Courant is published in London. 3326
1702/--/-- French fur traders found Vincennes, the first permanent European settlement in Indiana. 3327
1703/--/-- Archduke Charles of Austria claims the Spanish throne for the Habsburgs. 3328
1703/--/-- Peter the Great lays the foundations of St. Petersburg (Leningrad). 3329
1703/--/-- Buckingham Palace is rebuilt for the Duke of Buckingham in London. 3330
1704/--/-- The Duke of Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy defeat the French at Blenheim. 3331
1704/--/-- Augustus II is deposed; Stanislaw I is crowned king of Poland. 3332
1704/--/-- The Indians and the French massacre British settlers in Deerfield, Mass. 3333
1704/--/-- The English capture Gibraltar from Spain. 3334
1704/--/-- Issac Newton publishes his theory of color and light in Opticks. 3335
1704/--/-- John Campbell founds the Boston News-Letter, the first successful American newspaper. 3336
1705/--/-- The English Navy occupies Barcelona. 3337
1705/--/-- Edmund Halley predicts that the comet of 1682 will return in 1758. 3338
1705/--/-- Nicolas Hawksmoor designs Blenheim Palace for the Duke of Marlborough. 3339
1706/--/-- The Duke of Marlborough conquers the Spanish Netherlands. 3340
1706/--/-- Eugene of Savoy defeats the French at Turin and drives them from Italy. 3341
1706/--/-- George Farquhar's comedy The Recruiting Officer is produced. 3342
1707/--/-- John V succeeds Peter II as king of Portugal. 3343
1707/--/-- The Duke of Berwick routs the allied forces at Almanza in Spain. 3344
1707/--/-- Great Britain is formed by the Act of Union between England and Scotland. 3345
1707/--/-- Emperor Aurangzeb dies; the Mogul empire begins to decline in India. 3346
1707/--/-- The British attack the French colony of Acadia (Nova Scotia). 3347
1707/--/-- Mount Fuji erupts in Japan; an earthquake kills 200,000 in Tokyo. 3348
1708/--/-- The British capture the island of Minorca from Spain. 3349
1708/--/-- French forces under Vendome are defeated by Marlborough at Oudenarde. 3350
1708/--/-- Sikh leader Guru Gobind Singh is assassinated; the Moguls persecute the Sikhs. 3351
1709/--/-- Peter the Great defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Poltava. 3352
1709/--/-- Charles XII of Sweden flees to the Ottoman Empire. 3353
1709/--/-- The Duke of Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Malplaquet. 3354
1709/--/-- The first Copyright Act becomes law in Britain. 3355
1709/--/-- Abraham Darby builds a blast furnace using coke for casting iron. 3356
1709/--/-- Italian musician Bartolommeo Cristofori invents the piano. 3357
1709/--/-- Steele and Addison's periodical The Tatler is published in London. 3358
1710/--/-- Augustus II regains the Polish throne. 3359
1710/--/-- French forces under Vendome defeat the allies at Villaviciosa in Spain. 3360
1710/--/-- Charles XII persuades the Turks to attack Russia. 3361
1710/--/-- The British seize Acadia (Nova Scotia) from the French. 3362
1710/--/-- The Meissen porcelain factory is founded near Dresden in Germany. 3363
1710/--/-- George Berkeley publishes a Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. 3364
1711/--/-- Joseph I dies; Charles VI is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 3365
1711/--/-- The Tuscarora War begins in North Carolina when Indians massacre 130 colonists. 3366
1711/--/-- The French found the first permanent settlement in Alabama at Mobile. 3367
1711/--/-- The building of the baroque Zwinger complex begins in Dresden, Germany. 3368
1711/--/-- Publication of The Tatler ceases; Steele and Addison introduce The Spectator. 3369
1712/--/-- Carolina is divided into north and south colonies. 3370
1712/--/-- The New England whaling industry expands rapidly with the hunting of sperm whales. 3371
1712/--/-- English poet Alexander Pope publishes The Rape of the Lock. 3372
1713/--/-- The Peace of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession. 3373
1713/--/-- Spain cedes Gibraltar and Minorca to Britain. 3374
1713/--/-- France cedes Acadia (Nova Scotia) and Newfoundland to Britain. 3375
1713/--/-- Sicily is ceded to the House of Savoy; Victor Amadeus II is crowned as king. 3376
1713/--/-- Frederick William I succeeds Frederick I as king of Prussia. 3377
1713/--/-- Emperor Charles VI issues the Pragmatic Sanction, allowing for a female heir. 3378
1713/--/-- The Asiento Treaty establishes British rights to the African slave trade. 3379
1714/--/-- Queen Anne of England dies; she is succeeded by George I, Elector of Hanover. 3380
1714/--/-- German composer George Frideric Handel makes London his permanent home. 3381
1714/--/-- Grinling Gibbons is appointed as master carver in wood to George I. 3382
1715/--/-- A Jacobite uprising supports James Edward as the Old Pretender to the British throne. 3383
1715/--/-- French King Louis XIV dies; he is succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson Louis XV. 3384
1715/--/-- Phillipe II Duc d'Orleans becomes regent of France. 3385
1715/--/-- The Yamasee Indians rebel against British settlers in South Carolina. 3386
1715/--/-- Japan's leading playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon writes The Battles of Coxinga. 3387
1715/--/-- French author Alain Rene Lesage publishes the Adventures of Gil Blas. 3388
1716/--/-- Emperor Charles VI declares war on the Ottoman Empire. 3389
1717/--/-- Eugene of Savoy captures Belgrade from the Turks. 3390
1717/--/-- Spain seizes Sardinia and Sicily. 3391
1717/--/-- John Law forms the Mississippi Company in France. 3392
1717/--/-- The first freemason lodge is formed in London. 3393
1717/--/-- French artist Antoine Watteau paints the Pilgrimage to Cythera. 3394
1718/--/-- The Quadruple Alliance of Austria, Britain, France and the Dutch declare war on Spain. 3395
1718/--/-- Charles XII of Sweden is killed during a campaign against Norway. 3396
1718/--/-- Sultan Ahmed III concludes the Treaty of Passarowitz with the Holy Roman Empire. 3397
1718/--/-- Spain establishes the Viceroyalty of New Granada in South America. 3398
1718/--/-- The English pirate Blackbeard is killed by the Virginia militia. 3399
1718/--/-- The French found New Orleans in Louisiana. 3400
1718/--/-- Voltaire writes the tragedy of Oedipe while imprisoned in the Bastille. 3401
1719/--/-- Liechtenstein becomes an independent principality of the Holy Roman Empire. 3402
1719/--/-- James Figg becomes the first heavyweight boxing champion of England. 3403
1719/--/-- Teams from London and Kent play one of the first cricket matches. 3404
1719/--/-- English writer Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe. 3405
1720/--/-- The Quadruple Alliance defeats Spain; Spain renounces all claims to Sicily and Sardinia. 3406
1720/--/-- Victor Amadeus II surrenders Sicily to Austria in exchange for Sardinia. 3407
1720/--/-- Tibet becomes a protectorate of China. 3408
1720/--/-- The South Sea Bubble speculation craze collapses in England. 3409
1720/--/-- The Mississippi Scheme speculation craze collapses in France. 3410
1721/--/-- The Great Northern War ends; Sweden loses most of her overseas possessions. 3411
1721/--/-- Prime minister Robert Walpole restores public confidence in Britain's finances. 3412
1721/--/-- The French settle on the island of Mauritius. 3413
1721/--/-- Italian composer Alessandro Scarlatti writes his opera Griselda. 3414
1721/--/-- German composer Johann Sebastian Bach writes the Brandenburg Concertos. 3415
1722/--/-- The Afghans invade Persia (Iran) and overthrow the Safavid rulers. 3416
1722/--/-- Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen discovers Samoa and Easter Island. 3417
1722/--/-- English author Daniel Defoe publishes Moll Flanders. 3418
1724/--/-- The British build Fort Dummer, the first permanent European settlement in Vermont. 3419
1724/--/-- The Quakers make a statement opposing slavery. 3420
1725/--/-- Peter the Great dies; his wife Catherine I succeeds him as Empress of Russia. 3421
1725/--/-- Danish explorer Vitus Bering begins his voyage in search of a Northeast Passage. 3422
1725/--/-- Francisco Romero establishes the current style of Spanish bullfighting. 3423
1726/--/-- Cardinal Andre Fleury becomes chief advisor to Louis XV. 3424
1726/--/-- The Spanish found Montevideo in Uruguay. 3425
1726/--/-- Alexander Pope completes his translation of Homer's Odyssey. 3426
1726/--/-- English satirist Jonathan Swift publishes Gulliver's Travels. 3427
1727/--/-- The Spanish lay siege to Gibraltar. 3428
1727/--/-- George II succeeds his father George I as king of Great Britain and Ireland. 3429
1727/--/-- Catherine I dies; Peter II succeeds her as Emperor of Russia. 3430
1728/--/-- Danish navigator Vitus Bering explores Bering Strait. 3431
1728/--/-- John Harrison begins his development of an accurate chronometer. 3432
1728/--/-- James Gibbs' Book of Architecture influences Colonial American designs. 3433
1728/--/-- English poet and playwright John Gay writes The Beggar's Opera. 3434
1728/--/-- Chambers's Cyclopedia; or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences is issued. 3435
1729/--/-- Denmark assumes control of Greenland. 3436
1729/--/-- Corsica rebels against Genoese rule. 3437
1729/--/-- The city of Karachi is founded in India (now in Pakistan). 3438
1729/--/-- The city of Baltimore is founded in Maryland. 3439
1729/--/-- English actress Kitty Clive establishes her reputation at the Drury Lane Theatre. 3440
1730/--/-- Peter II dies; he is succeeded by Anna as Empress of Russia. 3441
1730/--/-- Construction of the Province-hall (now Independence Hall) begins in Philadelphia. 3442
1730/--/-- Canaletto paints the Basin of San Marco, one of his many views of Venice. 3443
1731/--/-- John Hadley invents the quadrant for navigating at sea. 3444
1731/--/-- French novelist Abbe Prevost writes Manon Lescaut. 3445
1731/--/-- The Gentleman's Magazine, the first magazine, is published in London. 3446
1732/--/-- Nadir Shah expels the Afghans from Persia (Iran) and reinstates Safavid rule. 3447
1732/--/-- Covent Garden Opera House opens in London. 3448
1732/--/-- Nicola Salvi designs the Trevi Fountain in Rome. 3449
1732/--/-- William Hogarth completes his series of engravings The Harlot's Progress. 3450
1732/--/-- Benjamin Franklin publishes Poor Richard's Almanack in Philadelphia. 3451
1733/--/-- Nadir Shah defeats the Turks and occupies Bagdhad. 3452
1733/--/-- Stanislaw I is elected king of Poland with the support of Louis XV of France. 3453
1733/--/-- The War of Polish Succession begins. 3454
1733/--/-- James Oglethorpe founds the colony of Georgia and the city of Savannah. 3455
1733/--/-- John Kay invents the flying shuttle to increase the speed of weaving machines. 3456
1734/--/-- Stanislaw I is deposed; Augustus III is installed as king of Poland. 3457
1735/--/-- George Hadley proposes the Hadley cell, a circulation system for the atmosphere. 3458
1735/--/-- Antonio de Ulloa discovers the element platinum in South America. 3459
1736/--/-- Ch'ien-lung becomes emperor of China. 3460
1736/--/-- Nadir assumes the title of Shah of Persia and founds the Afshar dynasty. 3461
1736/--/-- Parliament passes the Gin Act to discourage public drunkenness in England. 3462
1736/--/-- Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler begins writing his Mechanica. 3463
1736/--/-- French artist Maurice Quentin de La Tour paints his Portrait of Voltaire. 3464
1737/--/-- William Mayo founds the city of Richmond, Virginia. 3465
1738/--/-- The Treaty of Vienna concludes the War of the Polish Succession; Stanislaw I abdicates. 3466
1738/--/-- George Whitefield precipitates the Great Awakening religious revival in America. 3467
1738/--/-- Bernoulli publishes Hydrodynamica, stating his law of hydrodynamics. 3468
1738/--/-- The excavation of Herculaneum begins in Italy. 3469
1738/--/-- A porcelain factory is established in France at Vincennes; it moves later to Sevres. 3470
1739/--/-- The Persians under Nadir Shah defeat the Mogul army and destroy Delhi. 3471
1739/--/-- Mutilation of an English sea captain by the Spanish leads to the War of Jenkins' Ear. 3472
1739/--/-- The British under Admiral Vernon raid Spanish settlements in the West Indies. 3473
1739/--/-- John Wesley founds the Methodist religious movement. 3474
1740/--/-- Frederick II (Frederick the Great) assumes the Prussian throne. 3475
1740/--/-- Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI dies; the War of the Austrian Succession begins. 3476
1740/--/-- Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa succeeds to the Austrian Habsburg empire. 3477
1740/--/-- Frederick II of Prussia invades the Habsburg province of Silesia. 3478
1740/--/-- The British under James Oglethorpe attack Spanish possessions in Florida. 3479
1740/--/-- Anna Empress of Russia dies; she is succeeded by Elizabeth in 1741. 3480
1740/--/-- Scottish philosopher David Hume writes his Treatise of Human Nature. 3481
1740/--/-- English novelist Samuel Richardson writes Pamela; or Virtue Rewarded. 3482
1741/--/-- Prussia forms an anti-Habsburg coalition with Bavaria, Spain and France. 3483
1741/--/-- George Frideric Handel composes the Messiah. 3484
1742/--/-- The Anti-Habsburg coalition elects Charles VII as Holy Roman Emperor. 3485
1742/--/-- A Spanish invasion of Georgia is defeated by British forces under James Oglethorpe. 3486
1742/--/-- Maria Theresa makes peace with Frederick II; Silesia is ceded to Prussia. 3487
1742/--/-- Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius invents the Celsius scale for temperature. 3488
1742/--/-- The cast iron Franklin stove is invented by Benjamin Franklin. 3489
1743/--/-- An English porcelain factory is established at Chelsea in London. 3490
1743/--/-- The first permanent bullring is built in Madrid. 3491
1744/--/-- King George's War begins in North America between Britain and France. 3492
1744/--/-- Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab founds the Wahhabi Muslim sect about this time. 3493
1745/--/-- The British under Pepperrell capture the French fortress of Louisburg in Canada. 3494
1745/--/-- Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) leads a second Jacobite rebellion. 3495
1745/--/-- The French under the Comte de Saxe defeat Austrian, English and Dutch forces at Fontenoy. 3496
1745/--/-- The Treaty of Dresden confirms Prussian control of Silesia. 3497
1745/--/-- Maria Theresa's husband Francis succeeds Charles VII as Holy Roman Emperor. 3498
1745/--/-- Louis XV installs the Marquise de Pompadour as his official mistress. 3499
1745/--/-- Giovanni Piranesi begins his etchings of Carceri d'Invenzione (Imaginary Prisons). 3500
1746/--/-- Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) is defeated at Culloden. 3501
1746/--/-- Ferdinand VI succeeds Philip V as king of Spain. 3502
1746/--/-- Britain and France struggle for the domination of India; France seizes Madras. 3503
1746/--/-- Princeton University is founded in New Jersey. 3504
1746/--/-- English actor David Garrick becomes the manager of the Drury Lane Theatre. 3505
1747/--/-- The Pathans defeat the Persians; Ahmad Shah Sadozai founds a new dynasty. 3506
1747/--/-- Nadir Shah of Persia (Iran) is assassinated. 3507
1747/--/-- The Ohio Company is formed to promote settlement west of the Appalachians. 3508
1748/--/-- The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession. 3509
1748/--/-- French political philosopher Montesquieu writes The Spirit of the Laws. 3510
1748/--/-- English artist Thomas Gainsborough paints Robert Andrews and Mary, His Wife. 3511
1749/--/-- The British found Halifax in Nova Scotia as a military base. 3512
1749/--/-- Italian dramatist Carlo Goldoni writes La Putta honorata (The Respectable Girl). 3513
1749/--/-- English novelist Henry Fielding writes Tom Jones. 3514
1750/--/-- The Afshars are replaced by the Zand dynasty in Persia (Iran); Shiraz becomes the capital. 3515
1750/--/-- Baal Shem Tov founds the Jewish sect of Hasidism about this time. 3516
1750/--/-- Poona becomes the capital of the Maratha confederacy in India. 3517
1750/--/-- American frontiersman Christopher Gist explores the Ohio River region. 3518
1750/--/-- The Conestoga wagon develops in Pennsylvania about this time. 3519
1750/--/-- The waltz becomes a popular dance in Europe about this time. 3520
1750/--/-- The neoclassical movement in art develops in Europe about this time. 3521
1751/--/-- English soldier Robert Clive captures Arcot in India. 3522
1751/--/-- The Worcester Royal Porcelain Company is founded in England. 3523
1751/--/-- Jean Etienne Guettard produces the first geological maps of France. 3524
1751/--/-- The first volume of Diderot's Encyclopedie is published. 3525
1751/--/-- English novelist Tobias Smollett writes The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker. 3526
1752/--/-- Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning conductor. 3527
1752/--/-- Italian artist Tiepolo paints the Marriage of Frederick Barbarossa. 3528
1752/--/-- French artist Francois Boucher paints Mademoiselle O'Murphy. 3529
1753/--/-- Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus publishes his system of plant classification. 3530
1753/--/-- The British Museum is founded in London. 3531
1754/--/-- French attacks against the English in Ohio lead to the last French and Indian War. 3532
1754/--/-- Italian architect Rastrelli designs the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg (Leningrad). 3533
1754/--/-- The Royal and Ancient Golf Club is founded at Saint Andrews in Scotland. 3534
1754/--/-- Thomas Chippendale publishes The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Directory. 3535
1755/--/-- The British under Braddock are defeated by the French at Fort Duquesne. 3536
1755/--/-- The French population of Acadia (Nova Scotia) is deported by the British. 3537
1755/--/-- Pasquale Paoli founds an independent state in Corsica. 3538
1755/--/-- Adventurer and lover Casanova is arrested in Venice for witchcraft. 3539
1755/--/-- The Lisbon earthquake kills 50,000. 3540
1755/--/-- Samuel Johnson publishes his Dictionary of the English Language. 3541
1756/--/-- The Seven Years' War begins with a Prussian attack on Austria. 3542
1756/--/-- French general Montcalm captures Fort Oswego and dominates the Great Lakes. 3543
1756/--/-- William Pitt (the Elder) becomes prime minister of Britain. 3544
1756/--/-- 123 British soldiers are alleged to have died in the Black Hole of Calcutta in Bengal, India. 3545
1757/--/-- Robert Clive defeats the nawab of Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in India. 3546
1757/--/-- Frederick II of Prussia defeats the Franco-Austrian army at Rossbach. 3547
1758/--/-- Americans and British regulars under General Forbes capture Fort Duquesne. 3548
1758/--/-- The French under Montcalm defeat the British at Fort Ticonderoga. 3549
1758/--/-- The Burmese overthrow the Mons; Rangoon becomes the new capital of Burma. 3550
1759/--/-- The British defeat the French at Niagara; Amherst captures Fort Ticonderoga. 3551
1759/--/-- The British under Wolfe defeat Montcalm at Quebec; Wolfe dies from his wounds. 3552
1759/--/-- The Russians defeat Frederick II at Kunersdorf. 3553
1759/--/-- The Botanical Gardens are founded at Kew in London. 3554
1759/--/-- Josiah Wedgwood establishes his first pottery works. 3555
1759/--/-- French poet and dramatist Voltaire publishes his philosophical novel Candide. 3556
1760/--/-- The British under Amherst capture Montreal, ending French resistance in North America. 3557
1760/--/-- The Russians invade Prussia and burn Berlin. 3558
1760/--/-- George II dies; he is succeeded by his grandson George III as king of England. 3559
1760/--/-- English architect Robert Adam begins the design of Syon House. 3560
1760/--/-- English novelist Laurence Sterne publishes the first volumes of Tristram Shandy. 3561
1761/--/-- Franz Josef Haydn becomes court composer to Prince Esterhazy. 3562
1762/--/-- Britain seizes Cuba and the Philippines from Spain. 3563
1762/--/-- Peter III succeeds Elizabeth as emperor of Russia, but is deposed and murdered. 3564
1762/--/-- Catherine II (Catherine the Great) succeeds her husband as empress of Russia. 3565
1762/--/-- The Russians end their alliance with Austria against Prussia. 3566
1762/--/-- American Indian religious leader, the Delaware Prophet, is active in the Ohio Valley. 3567
1762/--/-- France cedes Louisiana to Spain to prevent British control of the region. 3568
1762/--/-- French philosopher Rousseau publishes The Social Contract and Emile. 3569
1762/--/-- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart performs at the Imperial court in Vienna at age 6. 3570
1762/--/-- British animal painter George Stubbs completes the Horse Attacked by a Lion. 3571
1763/--/-- The Wahhabi Saudis begin to establish control over Arabia. 3572
1763/--/-- The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years' War and the French and Indian Wars. 3573
1763/--/-- French forces withdraw from Germany; Prussia retains Silesia. 3574
1763/--/-- France cedes Canada and all territories east of the Mississippi River to Britain. 3575
1763/--/-- France recognizes British dominance in India. 3576
1763/--/-- Britain returns Cuba and the Philippines to Spain in exchange for Florida. 3577
1763/--/-- The Ottawa chief Pontiac leads an uprising against the British. 3578
1763/--/-- James Boswell meets Samuel Johnson for the first time. 3579
1763/--/-- Augustus III dies; he is succeeded (1764) by Stanislaw II, the last king of Poland. 3580
1764/--/-- German historian Johann Winckelmann publishes his History of the Art of Antiquity. 3581
1764/--/-- Thomas Chatterton forges the Rowley poems at the age of 12. 3582
1765/--/-- Francis I dies; he is succeeded by Joseph II as Holy Roman Emperor. 3583
1765/--/-- Robert Clive is appointed governor of Bengal in India. 3584
1765/--/-- George Grenville's Stamp Act imposes a tax on all publications in the American colonies. 3585
1765/--/-- Samuel Adams helps to found the Sons of Liberty to oppose the Stamp Act. 3586
1765/--/-- Sir William Blackstone begins his Commentaries on the Laws of England. 3587
1765/--/-- Lancelot Capability Brown designs the gardens at Blenheim Palace. 3588
1765/--/-- French artist Francois Boucher is appointed court painter to Louis XV. 3589
1765/--/-- Horace Walpole publishes his Gothic novel The Castle of Otranto. 3590
1766/--/-- The Stamp Act is repealed after strong opposition from American colonists. 3591
1766/--/-- The Declaratory Act imposes Parliament's right to make laws in the colonies. 3592
1766/--/-- English chemist Henry Cavendish isolates hydrogen gas for the first time. 3593
1766/--/-- The Nautical Almanac provides the first practical method for determining longitude. 3594
1766/--/-- German dramatist and critic Gotthold Ephraim Lessing publishes Laocoon. 3595
1766/--/-- French artist Jean Honore Fragonard paints The Swing. 3596
1766/--/-- Anglo-Irish author Oliver Goldsmith publishes The Vicar of Wakefield. 3597
1767/--/-- The Burmese destroy the Siam capital of Ayutthaya; the Bangkok Period begins. 3598
1767/--/-- The Mason-Dixon line establishes the Pennsylvania-Maryland boundary. 3599
1767/--/-- The Townshend Acts impose a tax on imports to North America. 3600
1767/--/-- German-Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn publishes Phaedon. 3601
1767/--/-- German composer Christoph Willibald Gluck writes his opera Alceste. 3602
1768/--/-- Genoa sells its rights in Corsica to France. 3603
1768/--/-- Louis Antoine de Bougainville claims the Pacific island of Tahiti for France. 3604
1768/--/-- The Russo-Turkish War is renewed. 3605
1768/--/-- Joshua Reynolds becomes the first president of the Royal Academy in London. 3606
1768/--/-- The first weekly numbers of the Encyclopaedia Britannica are issued. 3607
1769/--/-- French forces in Corsica defeat Pasquale Paoli; Corsica becomes a province of France. 3608
1769/--/-- The Gurkhas conquer Nepal. 3609
1769/--/-- Ottawa Indian chief Pontiac is assassinated by a Peoria Indian. 3610
1769/--/-- American pioneer Daniel Boone explores a route through the Cumberland Gap. 3611
1769/--/-- The Comtesse du Barry becomes the official mistress to Louis XV. 3612
1769/--/-- James Watt patents a condenser to improve the performance of steam engines. 3613
1769/--/-- Richard Arkwright invents a spinning frame to mechanize cotton weaving. 3614
1770/--/-- Lord North becomes prime minister of Britain. 3615
1770/--/-- The British Parliament repeals the Townshend Acts. 3616
1770/--/-- Louis, the future king of France, marries Marie Antoinette. 3617
1770/--/-- A brawl between British troops and colonists leads to the Boston Massacre. 3618
1770/--/-- English navigator James Cook explores New Zealand and the east coast of Australia. 3619
1770/--/-- British explorer James Bruce discovers the source of the Blue Nile. 3620
1770/--/-- Thomas Jefferson begins building Monticello, his house in Virginia. 3621
1770/--/-- English artist Thomas Gainsborough paints The Blue Boy. 3622
1771/--/-- Governor Tyron defeats the Regulators (dissident farmers) in North Carolina. 3623
1771/--/-- Gustav III succeeds his father as king of Sweden. 3624
1772/--/-- Poland is partitioned among Russia, Prussia and Austria. 3625
1772/--/-- English artist Joshua Reynolds paints a Portrait of Samuel Johnson. 3626
1772/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints The Death of Wolfe. 3627
1773/--/-- Don Cossack Yemelian Pugachev leads the Peasant's Revolt in Russia. 3628
1773/--/-- Calcutta is established as the capital of British India. 3629
1773/--/-- Pope Clement XIV persecutes the Jesuits. 3630
1773/--/-- American colonists throw British tea into Boston Harbor during the Boston Tea Party. 3631
1773/--/-- Anglo-Irish author Oliver Goldsmith writes the play She Stoops to Conquer. 3632
1774/--/-- The Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji ends the Russo-Turkish War. 3633
1774/--/-- Louis XV dies; he is succeeded by his grandson Louis XVI as king of France. 3634
1774/--/-- Britain passes the Intolerable Acts and closes the port of Boston. 3635
1774/--/-- Warren Hastings is appointed as the first Governor-General of British India. 3636
1774/--/-- Edmund Burke's speech On American Taxation defends the colony's rights. 3637
1774/--/-- The first Continental Congress meets and condemns Britain's Intolerable Acts. 3638
1774/--/-- Rhode Island becomes the first state to abolish slavery. 3639
1774/--/-- The Quebec Act grants religious liberty to Roman Catholics in Canada. 3640
1774/--/-- British scientist Joseph Priestley discovers oxygen. 3641
1774/--/-- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe publishes The Sorrows of Young Werther. 3642
1775/--/-- American patriot Patrick Henry states "Give me liberty, or give me death." 3643
1775/--/-- Paul Revere rides to Lexington to warn of approaching British troops. 3644
1775/--/-- British troops and colonial militia clash at Lexington, starting the American Revolution. 3645
1775/--/-- British troops suffer heavy losses at the Battle of Bunker Hill. 3646
1775/--/-- The Continental Congress chooses George Washington to head the Continental Army. 3647
1775/--/-- Americans under Montgomery occupy Montreal, but fail to capture Quebec. 3648
1775/--/-- French dramatist Caron de Beaumarchais writes the Barber of Seville. 3649
1776/--/-- Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin organizes the Russian Black Sea fleet. 3650
1776/--/-- Swiss banker Jacques Necker is appointed director of the treasury by Louis XVI. 3651
1776/--/-- Thomas Paine publishes his Revolutionary War pamphlet Common Sense. 3652
1776/--/-- British forces are evacuated from Boston. 3653
1776/--/-- The Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence. 3654
1776/--/-- The British under Howe defeat Washington on Long Island and occupy New York. 3655
1776/--/-- Nathan Hale is executed by the British as a spy. 3656
1776/--/-- David Bushnell's submarine the Turtle makes an abortive attack on British ships. 3657
1776/--/-- British forces under Sir Henry Clinton bombard Charleston harbor. 3658
1776/--/-- American General Charles Lee is captured by the British. 3659
1776/--/-- Howe defeats Washington at White Plains; Washington retreats across the Delaware. 3660
1776/--/-- Ann Lee establishes a Shaker community at Wartervliet in New York. 3661
1776/--/-- Economist Adam Smith publishes the Wealth of Nations. 3662
1776/--/-- Edward Gibbon publishes the first volume of Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 3663
1776/--/-- Charles Burney publishes the first volume of A General History of Music. 3664
1776/--/-- The Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) literary movement begins in Germany. 3665
1776/--/-- Washington defeats British forces at Trenton and Princeton (1777). 3666
1777/--/-- The Marquis de Lafayette offers his services to the Continental Congress. 3667
1777/--/-- General Burgoyne captures Ticonderoga and defeats the Americans in Pennsylvania. 3668
1777/--/-- The British under Howe capture Philadelphia, forcing Congress to flee. 3669
1777/--/-- Burgoyne capitulates to Horatio Gates' American forces at Saratoga. 3670
1777/--/-- The British under Howe defeat Washington's Continental Army at Brandywine Creek. 3671
1777/--/-- The Continental Congress adopts the Stars and Stripes as the American flag. 3672
1777/--/-- Washington's Continental Army spends a hard winter at Valley Forge. 3673
1777/--/-- Christianity is introduced into Korea. 3674
1777/--/-- French chemist Lavoisier proves that air is composed of oxygen and nitrogen. 3675
1777/--/-- Richard Brinsley Sheridan's comedy The School for Scandal is produced. 3676
1778/--/-- France enters the American War of Independence in support of the colonies. 3677
1778/--/-- Washington clashes with British forces under Clinton at Monmouth, N.J. 3678
1778/--/-- Portugal transfers its rights in Equatorial Guinea to Spain. 3679
1778/--/-- Franz Anton Mesmer opens a Paris practice to treat patients using magnetism. 3680
1778/--/-- La Scala opera house opens in Milan, Italy. 3681
1778/--/-- John Singleton Copley paints Watson and the Shark. 3682
1778/--/-- English novelist Fanny Burney writes Evelina. 3683
1779/--/-- George Rogers Clark recaptures Vincennes from the British. 3684
1779/--/-- Spain declares war on Britain and lays siege to Gibraltar. 3685
1779/--/-- An American squadron led by John Paul Jones attacks British shipping. 3686
1779/--/-- American forces under Sullivan campaign against the Iroquois on the New York border. 3687
1779/--/-- War breaks out between Dutch settlers and the Xhosas in South Africa. 3688
1779/--/-- British explorer James Cook is killed by natives on Hawaii. 3689
1779/--/-- Samuel Crompton develops his spinning mule for England's cotton industry. 3690
1779/--/-- Samuel Johnson begins writing The Lives of the Poets 3691
1780/--/-- English spy John Andre is caught and executed by the Americans. 3692
1780/--/-- Andre's capture exposes Benedict Arnold's plot to surrender West Point. 3693
1780/--/-- The British under Clinton occupy Charleston, S.C. and capture the garrison. 3694
1780/--/-- Americans under Horatio Gates are defeated by Cornwallis at Camden, S.C. 3695
1780/--/-- Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter lead guerrilla forces against the British. 3696
1780/--/-- Maria Theresa dies; Joseph II inherits the crown of Bohemia and Hungary. 3697
1780/--/-- Peruvian Indians under Tupac Amaru revolt against Spainish rule. 3698
1780/--/-- The Gordon Riots begin in London against Catholic emancipation. 3699
1780/--/-- Luigi Galvani begins experiments on the effect of electricity on nerves and muscles. 3700
1780/--/-- The Derby horse race is established in England. 3701
1780/--/-- Venetian artist Francesco Guardi paints the Gondola on the Lagoon. 3702
1781/--/-- American forces under Daniel Morgan defeat the British at the Battle of Cowpens. 3703
1781/--/-- The French aid Washington in the siege of Yorktown. 3704
1781/--/-- The British under Cornwallis surrender to the Americans at Yorktown. 3705
1781/--/-- The British defeat Hyder Ali the Muslim ruler of Mysore (now Karnataka) in India. 3706
1781/--/-- English astronomer William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus. 3707
1781/--/-- German philosopher Immanuel Kant publishes his Critique of Pure Reason. 3708
1782/--/-- Tippu Sultan succeeds his father as ruler of Mysore (now Karnataka) in India. 3709
1782/--/-- Peace talks open in Paris between Britain and America. 3710
1782/--/-- Rama I founds the Chakkri dynasty in Siam (Thailand) with Bangkok as its capital. 3711
1782/--/-- Kamehameha I begins a ten-year war for control of Hawaii. 3712
1782/--/-- Henry Grattan's Patriot party achieves legislative independence for Ireland. 3713
1782/--/-- The design for the Great Seal of the United States is adopted by the Continental Congress. 3714
1782/--/-- Pierre Choderlos de Laclos writes Les Liaisons Dangereuses. 3715
1783/--/-- British forces abandon New York, their last stronghold in North America. 3716
1783/--/-- Britain recognizes the independence of the United States at the Treaty of Paris. 3717
1783/--/-- The British return Florida to Spain under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. 3718
1783/--/-- William Pitt (the Younger) becomes prime minister of Britain at age 24. 3719
1783/--/-- Russia gains control of the Crimea after three centuries of Turkish rule. 3720
1783/--/-- An earthquake kills 30,000 people at Calabria in Italy. 3721
1783/--/-- The Montgolfier brothers make the first manned flight in a hot air balloon. 3722
1783/--/-- French scientist Jacques Charles demonstrates the first hydrogen-inflated balloon. 3723
1784/--/-- Thomas Jefferson's proposes a ban on slavery in the western territories. 3724
1784/--/-- Grigory Shelekhov founds the first Russian colony in America at Kodiak Island, Alaska. 3725
1784/--/-- American inventor Oliver Evans develops the first automated flour mill. 3726
1784/--/-- French neoclassical artist Jacques Louis David paints The Oath of Horatii. 3727
1784/--/-- French dramatist Caron de Beaumarchais writes the Marriage of Figaro. 3728
1785/--/-- New York City becomes the temporary capital of the United States. 3729
1785/--/-- French navigator La Perouse sails to the Pacific to find the Northwest Passage. 3730
1785/--/-- Jean Pierre Blanchard makes the first balloon flight across the English Channel. 3731
1785/--/-- Newspaper publisher John Walter founds The Times of London. 3732
1785/--/-- English poet William Cowper publishes The Task. 3733
1786/--/-- Lord Cornwallis succeeds Warren Hastings as governor-general of India. 3734
1786/--/-- Daniel Shays leads a rebellion against the state government in Massachusetts. 3735
1786/--/-- Singapore, Penang and Melaka are ceded to Britain as the Straits Settlements. 3736
1786/--/-- Frederick II dies; he is succeeded by his son Frederick William II as king of Prussia. 3737
1786/--/-- Swiss climbers make the first ascent of Mount Blanc. 3738
1786/--/-- Francisco de Goya becomes court painter to Charles III of Spain. 3739
1786/--/-- Robert Burns publishes Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish dialect. 3740
1787/--/-- Turkey declares war on Russia, beginning a new Russo-Turkish War. 3741
1787/--/-- The Assembly of Notables is summoned by Louis XVI to reform French taxation. 3742
1787/--/-- The British found Freetown and establish Sierra Leone as a colony for freed slaves. 3743
1787/--/-- The Constitutional Convention meets in Philadelphia to draw up a U.S. Constitution. 3744
1787/--/-- The Continental Congress excludes slavery from the Northwest Territory. 3745
1787/--/-- Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison write the first Federalist essays. 3746
1787/--/-- British reformer William Wilberforce declares his aims to abolish slavery. 3747
1787/--/-- The Marylebone Cricket Club (M.C.C.) is formed in London, England. 3748
1787/--/-- American inventor John Fitch launches a steam-powered ferry boat on the Delaware. 3749
1787/--/-- Henry Holland builds the first Royal Pavilion at Brighton for the Prince Regent. 3750
1787/--/-- Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes the opera Don Giovanni. 3751
1787/--/-- Royall Tyler's The Contrast becomes the first stage comedy to be produced in the U.S. 3752
1788/--/-- Captain Arthur Phillip founds the first Australian penal colony at Sydney Cove. 3753
1788/--/-- A crop failure in France leads to bread riots. 3754
1788/--/-- George III of England has his first attack of mental illness. 3755
1788/--/-- Austria joins Russia in the war against Turkey. 3756
1788/--/-- Swedish forces under Gustav III attack Russia. 3757
1788/--/-- Warren Hastings is impeached for maladministration in India. 3758
1788/--/-- French physicist Lagrange publishes his Analytical Mechanics. 3759
1788/--/-- Mozart composes 3 symphonies: E-flat, G minor and Jupiter in less than 7 weeks. 3760
1789/--/-- A National Assembly is declared in France, ending the power of the States-General. 3761
1789/--/-- The French Revolution begins with an attack on the Bastille. 3762
1789/--/-- The French National Assembly formulates a Declaration of the Rights of Man. 3763
1789/--/-- Louis XVI is forced to capitulate; France becomes a constitutional monarchy. 3764
1789/--/-- Austrian forces capture Belgrade from the Turks. 3765
1789/--/-- Tippu Sultan begins the Third Mysore War against the British in India. 3766
1789/--/-- The Federalist party is formed by supporters of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. 3767
1789/--/-- Washington is elected as the first U.S. president; John Adams becomes vice-president. 3768
1789/--/-- Alexander Hamilton becomes the first U.S. secretary of the treasury. 3769
1789/--/-- The Supreme Court of the United States is founded with John Jay as Chief Justice. 3770
1789/--/-- The first national Thanksgiving Day is celebrated in the U.S. 3771
1789/--/-- The Tammany Hall political organization is founded in New York. 3772
1789/--/-- Mutinous sailors seize H.M.S. Bounty and take refuge on Pitcairn Island. 3773
1789/--/-- French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon makes busts of Jefferson and Washington. 3774
1789/--/-- Jeremy Bentham publishes An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. 3775
1789/--/-- English poet and artist William Blake publishes Songs of Innocence. 3776
1790/--/-- Leopold II succeeds Joseph II as Holy Roman Emperor. 3777
1790/--/-- Sweden and Russia sign a peace treaty. 3778
1790/--/-- Philadelphia replaces New York as the temporary capital of the U.S. 3779
1790/--/-- The New York Stock Exchange is founded. 3780
1790/--/-- New England captains extend whaling into the Pacific Ocean about this time. 3781
1790/--/-- The bolero Spanish dance is introduced about this time. 3782
1790/--/-- Thomas Jefferson proposes a decimal (metric) system; Congress rejects the suggestion. 3783
1791/--/-- Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are captured while trying to leave France. 3784
1791/--/-- Austria returns Belgrade to the Turks. 3785
1791/--/-- Toussaint l'Ouverture leads a slave revolt in Haiti against the French. 3786
1791/--/-- Emperor Joseph II ends the war between Austria and Turkey. 3787
1791/--/-- The Province of Quebec is divided into Upper Canada and Lower Canada. 3788
1791/--/-- Miami Indian chief Little Turtle defeats an American force under General Arthur St. Clair. 3789
1791/--/-- The Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution) is ratified. 3790
1791/--/-- Vermont becomes the 14th state of the Union. 3791
1791/--/-- The First Bank of the United States is founded. 3792
1791/--/-- Thomas Paine publishes The Rights of Man in defense of the French revolution. 3793
1791/--/-- Pierre Charles L'Enfant designs the new U.S. capital of Washington, D.C. 3794
1791/--/-- Thomas Sheraton publishes The Cabinet Maker and Upholsterer's Drawing Book. 3795
1791/--/-- Mozart's opera The Magic Flute is performed for the first time. 3796
1791/--/-- James Boswell publishes his Life of Samuel Johnson. 3797
1791/--/-- Marquis de Sade writes the novel Justine from his prison cell. 3798
1791/--/-- Chinese author Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in publishes The Dream of the Red Chamber. 3799
1792/--/-- Swiss scientist Aime Argand develops a practical oil lamp using a tubular wick. 3800
1792/--/-- The Treaty of Jasso ends the Russo-Turkish War. 3801
1792/--/-- Gustav III of Sweden is assassinated at a masquerade in Stockholm. 3802
1792/--/-- Francis II succeeds Leopold II to become the last Holy Roman Emperor. 3803
1792/--/-- Russia and Prussia invade Poland, which is still recovering from the Partition of 1772. 3804
1792/--/-- France declares war on Austria and Prussia, beginning the French Revolutionary Wars. 3805
1792/--/-- New insurrections begin in France; Louis XVI is imprisoned by the Commune of Paris. 3806
1792/--/-- The National Convention proclaims France a Republic. 3807
1792/--/-- The French Republic adopts the guillotine as a uniform method of execution. 3808
1792/--/-- The French under Dumouriez halt the Prussians and defeat the Austrians at Jemappes. 3809
1792/--/-- Jefferson leads the Democratic-Republican party in opposition to the Federalists. 3810
1792/--/-- George Washington is reelected as president. 3811
1792/--/-- Kentucky becomes the 15th state of the Union. 3812
1792/--/-- The Columbia River is discovered by Boston trader Robert Gray. 3813
1792/--/-- The dollar is selected as the U.S. unit of currency. 3814
1792/--/-- Architect James Hoban wins the competition to design the White House. 3815
1792/--/-- Charles Bulfinch designs the Connecticut State House (now Hartford City Hall). 3816
1792/--/-- Thomas Paine publishes the Rights of Man and is outlawed for treason in England. 3817
1792/--/-- German philosopher Fichte writes an Essay toward a Critique of All Revelations. 3818
1792/--/-- Mary Wollstonecraft publishes A Vindication of the Rights of Women. 3819
1793/--/-- Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are executed; the Reign of Terror begins in France. 3820
1793/--/-- Britain, Holland, Spain and Sardinia form a new anti-French coalition. 3821
1793/--/-- France raises the first national army of conscripts to oppose the Coalition forces. 3822
1793/--/-- Russia and Prussia seize Polish lands as part of the Second Partition of Poland. 3823
1793/--/-- French revolutionary Jean Paul Marat is murdered by Charlotte Corday. 3824
1793/--/-- France adopts the metric system of measurement. 3825
1793/--/-- Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin. 3826
1793/--/-- Jean Pierre Blanchard makes the first U.S. balloon flight in Philadelphia. 3827
1793/--/-- George Washington lays the cornerstone for the Capitol building in Washington D.C. 3828
1794/--/-- Robespierre's execution ends the Reign of Terror in France; the Thermidorian Reaction begins. 3829
1794/--/-- The British occupy the French island of Corsica for a two-year period. 3830
1794/--/-- Tadeusz Kosciuszko leads a revolt of Polish peasants against Russia. 3831
1794/--/-- The Qajar (Kajar) dynasty is founded in Persia (Iran). 3832
1794/--/-- U.S. forces under Anthony Wayne defeat the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 3833
1794/--/-- Militia under General Henry Lee suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania. 3834
1794/--/-- Jay's Treaty settles disputes between Britain and the U.S. 3835
1794/--/-- French engineer Claude Chappe invents the semaphore signaling system. 3836
1794/--/-- Ann Ward Radcliffe publishes her gothic novel The Mysteries of Udolpho. 3837
1795/--/-- The Constitution of 1795 establishes a Directory to rule France. 3838
1795/--/-- The British capture Cape Province (South Africa) from the Dutch. 3839
1795/--/-- The final Partition of Poland is made among Russia, Prussia and Austria. 3840
1795/--/-- Stanislaw II abdicates as the last king of Poland. 3841
1795/--/-- Napoleon Bonaparte defeats the insurrectionists in Paris. 3842
1795/--/-- Prussia and Spain sue for peace with France. 3843
1795/--/-- Spain recognizes U.S. claims to West Florida (Mississippi). 3844
1795/--/-- France claims the island of Hispaniola. 3845
1795/--/-- Scottish explorer Mungo Park reaches the Gambia and Niger Rivers. 3846
1795/--/-- The Methodists separate from the Church of England. 3847
1795/--/-- Austrian composer Franz Josef Haydn completes the 12 London symphonies. 3848
1795/--/-- American artist Charles Wilson Peale paints the Staircase group. 3849
1795/--/-- Scottish geologist James Hutton publishes his Theory of the Earth. 3850
1796/--/-- The British seize Ceylon (Sri Lanka) from the Dutch. 3851
1796/--/-- Napoleon marries Josephine, the widow of the vicomte de Beauharnais. 3852
1796/--/-- Napoleon defeats the Austrian and Sardinian armies in Italy. 3853
1796/--/-- Napoleon restores Corsica to French rule. 3854
1796/--/-- Spain sides with France in the war against Britain. 3855
1796/--/-- George Washington declines to serve as president for a third term. 3856
1796/--/-- John Adams is elected as the 2nd U.S. president; Jefferson becomes vice-president. 3857
1796/--/-- Tennessee becomes the 16th state of the Union. 3858
1796/--/-- Samuel Hahnemann publishes his findings on homeopathic treatment. 3859
1796/--/-- English physician Edward Jenner develops vaccination against smallpox. 3860
1796/--/-- Gilbert Stuart paints a portrait of Washington (used later on the dollar bill). 3861
1796/--/-- English novelist Fanny Burney publishes Camilla. 3862
1797/--/-- Nelson defeats the Spanish fleet at Cape St. Vincent, and the Dutch at Camperdown. 3863
1797/--/-- The British capture the Spanish colony of Trinidad. 3864
1797/--/-- The Directory appoint Talleyrand as minister of foreign affairs for France. 3865
1797/--/-- The Treaty of Campo Formio ends the war of the First Coalition against France. 3866
1797/--/-- The Venetian Republic is dissolved; Venice is ruled by Austria. 3867
1797/--/-- Austria cedes the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) to France. 3868
1797/--/-- David Thompson surveys the Mississippi headwaters for the North West Company. 3869
1797/--/-- British wood engraver Thomas Bewick publishes A History of British Birds. 3870
1798/--/-- French armies occupy Rome and invade Switzerland, creating the Helvetic Republic. 3871
1798/--/-- Napoleon's army invades Egypt and defeats the Mamelukes at the Battle of the Pyramids. 3872
1798/--/-- The French fleet is destroyed by Nelson at Abukir Bay, cutting off Napoleon's forces in Egypt. 3873
1798/--/-- Britain, Austria, Russia and Turkey form a Second Coalition against France. 3874
1798/--/-- Lord Wellesley becomes governor-general of India. 3875
1798/--/-- Wolfe Tone leads a revolt against the British by the Society of United Irishmen. 3876
1798/--/-- The XYZ Affair leads to the Quasi War between France and the U.S. 3877
1798/--/-- The U.S. Congress passes the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts. 3878
1798/--/-- The territory of Mississippi becomes part of the United States. 3879
1798/--/-- Eli Whitney uses early mass production techniques to manufacture muskets. 3880
1798/--/-- Economist Thomas Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population. 3881
1798/--/-- America's first professional author Charles Brockden Brown publishes Wieland. 3882
1798/--/-- William Wordsworth publishes Lyrical Ballads with Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 3883
1799/--/-- Napoleon attacks Syria to prevent a Turkish invasion of Egypt, but is defeated at Acre. 3884
1799/--/-- Napoleon returns to France as first consul; the Consulate replaces the Directory. 3885
1799/--/-- Russian forces under Suvorov defeat the French in Italy, but are held at Zurich. 3886
1799/--/-- Tippu Sultan is killed in battle with the British; the Mysore empire is destroyed. 3887
1799/--/-- Ranjit Singh establishes a Sikh kingdom in northwest India. 3888
1799/--/-- The Russian-American Company is founded to administer the Alaskan fur trade. 3889
1799/--/-- Britain becomes the first nation to introduce a national income tax. 3890
1799/--/-- City Hotel, the first American structure designed as a hotel, opens in New York. 3891
1799/--/-- The Rosetta Stone, the key to deciphering hieroglyphics, is discovered in Egypt. 3892
1799/--/-- A 33,000 year-old frozen mammoth is discovered at the Lena River in Russia. 3893
1799/--/-- Humboldt and Bonpland begin their scientific expedition in South American. 3894
1800/--/-- Napoleon defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo. 3895
1800/--/-- Napoleon commissions Cambaceres to develop the Napoleonic Code of law. 3896
1800/--/-- France regains Louisiana from Spain under the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso. 3897
1800/--/-- Jefferson defeats Adams in the U.S. presidential election, but ties with Burr. 3898
1800/--/-- The seat of U.S. government is transferred to Washington, D.C. 3899
1800/--/-- Black slave Gabriel leads an abortive uprising near Richmond, Virginia. 3900
1800/--/-- Johnny Appleseed (John Chapman) arrives in the Ohio River valley around this time. 3901
1800/--/-- Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invents the first electric battery. 3902
1800/--/-- The Library of Congress is founded in Washington D.C. 3903
1800/--/-- Madame de Stael publishes The Influence of Literature Upon Society. 3904
1801/--/-- Jefferson is selected as the 3rd U.S. president; Burr becomes vice-president. 3905
1801/--/-- Alexander I becomes emperor of Russia after the murder of his father Paul I. 3906
1801/--/-- Castlereagh secures passage of the Act of Union, which unites Britain and Ireland. 3907
1801/--/-- The Peace of Luneville ends the war between France and Austria. 3908
1801/--/-- Nelson defeats the Danish fleet at Copenhagen. 3909
1801/--/-- The British defeat Napoleon's army of Egypt at Alexandria. 3910
1801/--/-- Barbary pirates begin the Tripolitan War; a U.S. squadron sails to the Mediterranean. 3911
1801/--/-- The Union Jack becomes the official flag of the United Kingdom. 3912
1801/--/-- Robert Fulton demonstrates his 3-man submarine the Nautilus. 3913
1801/--/-- Chemists Proust and Berthollet debate the constancy of chemical composition. 3914
1802/--/-- Napoleon is created First Consul for life. 3915
1802/--/-- The French capture Haitian leader Toussaint, but are defeated by Christophe. 3916
1802/--/-- The Treaty of Amiens brings a temporary halt to the French Revolutionary Wars. 3917
1802/--/-- Britain returns the island of Minorca to Spain. 3918
1802/--/-- Alexander von Humboldt climbs Mt. Chimborazo, setting a world height record. 3919
1802/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints Death on a Pale Horse. 3920
1803/--/-- France sells Louisiana to the U.S. 3921
1803/--/-- Britain declares war on France, beginning the Napoleonic Wars. 3922
1803/--/-- Britain establishes a new penal colony on Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). 3923
1803/--/-- Robert Emmet leads an Irish rebellion in Dublin; he is captured and executed. 3924
1803/--/-- Ohio is inaugurated as the l7th state of the Union. 3925
1803/--/-- Matthew Flinders completes the first circumnavigation of Australia. 3926
1803/--/-- English scientist John Dalton describes his atomic theory. 3927
1804/--/-- Francis II assumes the title of emperor of Austria. 3928
1804/--/-- Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France. 3929
1804/--/-- Serbian nationalists revolt against the Turks. 3930
1804/--/-- Stephen Decatur leads a U.S. navy skirmish into Tripoli harbor. 3931
1804/--/-- Fulani leader Usman dan Fodio leads a holy war against the Hausa in Nigeria. 3932
1804/--/-- Dessalines declares Haitian independence and names himself Emperor Jacques I. 3933
1804/--/-- Jefferson is reelected as U.S. president; Clinton becomes vice-president. 3934
1804/--/-- American politician Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel. 3935
1804/--/-- Meriwether Lewis and William Clark begin exploring the American north-west. 3936
1804/--/-- English engineer Richard Trevithick builds the first steam locomotive. 3937
1805/--/-- Britain, Austria, Russia and Sweden form a Third Coalition against France. 3938
1805/--/-- Nelson defeats the Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar, but is killed during the action. 3939
1805/--/-- Muhammad Ali is appointed Pasha (governor) of Egypt by the Ottoman sultan. 3940
1805/--/-- The French defeat Austro-Russian forces at the Battle of Austerlitz. 3941
1805/--/-- Austria sues for peace with France at the Treaty of Pressburg. 3942
1805/--/-- American explorers Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean. 3943
1805/--/-- The Shawnee Prophet, brother of Tecumseh, begins planning an Indian uprising. 3944
1806/--/-- Napoleon forces the abdication of Francis II; the Holy Roman Empire is dissolved. 3945
1806/--/-- Prussia joins the Coalition against France, but is defeated at Jena-Auerstadt. 3946
1806/--/-- Napoleon begins the Continental System, closing European ports to British vessels. 3947
1806/--/-- The British employ Congreve rockets against a French invasion fleet. 3948
1806/--/-- Emperor Jacques I is assassinated; Haiti is divided between Christophe and Petion. 3949
1806/--/-- Revolutionary leader Francisco de Miranda makes an abortive invasion of Venezuela. 3950
1806/--/-- U.S. explorer Zebulon Pike is sent west to descend the Red River. 3951
1806/--/-- William Murdock installs gas lighting in a Manchester cotton mill. 3952
1807/--/-- Napoleon defeats the Russian armies; Russia and Prussia sue for peace at Tilsit. 3953
1807/--/-- The Janissaries depose Sultan Selim III and place Mustafa IV on the Ottoman throne. 3954
1807/--/-- Portugal refuses to observe the blockade against England; France invades Portugal. 3955
1807/--/-- The U.S. frigate Chesapeake is involved in an incident with a British man-of-war. 3956
1807/--/-- Congress passes the Embargo Act in response to interference with U.S. shipping. 3957
1807/--/-- Aaron Burr is tried for treason and acquitted. 3958
1807/--/-- The slave trade is outlawed throughout the British Empire. 3959
1807/--/-- Robert Fulton's steamship the Clermont makes its maiden voyage. 3960
1807/--/-- British chemist Humphry Davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium. 3961
1807/--/-- Beethoven completes his Fifth Symphony and begins the Sixth (Pastoral). 3962
1807/--/-- German philosopher Hegel publishes The Phenomenology of the Spirit. 3963
1808/--/-- Napoleon appoints his brother Joseph as king of Spain. 3964
1808/--/-- The British under Wellington aid Portugal against France in the Peninsular War. 3965
1808/--/-- John Jacob Astor founds the American Fur Company. 3966
1808/--/-- French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac isolates the element boron. 3967
1808/--/-- Francisco de Goya paints The Third of May, depicting the cruelty of war. 3968
1808/--/-- Japanese artist Buncho paints True View of Mount Hiko. 3969
1808/--/-- German artist Caspar David Friedrich exhibits The Cross in the Mountains. 3970
1809/--/-- Metternich draws Austria into the War of the Fifth Coalition against France. 3971
1809/--/-- Napoleon annexes the Papal States and takes Pope Pius VII prisoner. 3972
1809/--/-- The French defeat the Austrians at Wagram; Francis II accepts the Treaty of Schonbrunn. 3973
1809/--/-- Russia seizes Finland from Sweden; King Gustav IV Adolf abdicates. 3974
1809/--/-- Lamarck publishes his theories of evolution in Zoological Philosophy. 3975
1809/--/-- John Stevens' steamboat the Phoenix makes the first ocean-going voyage. 3976
1809/--/-- Frenchman Nicolas Appert develops the first effective method for canning food. 3977
1809/--/-- German artists Overbeck and Pforr found the Nazarenes. 3978
1810/--/-- Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese army holds the French on the outskirts of Lisbon. 3979
1810/--/-- Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla leads a rebellion against Spanish rule. 3980
1810/--/-- A rebellion against Spain breaks out in Buenos Aires, Argentina. 3981
1810/--/-- American settlers rebel against the Spanish in West Florida. 3982
1810/--/-- Kamehameha I becomes ruler of Hawaii and establishes the Kamehameha dynasty. 3983
1810/--/-- The Krupp arms factory is established at Essen in Germany. 3984
1811/--/-- Mexican rebel leader Hidalgo y Costilla is captured and executed. 3985
1811/--/-- Bolivar and Miranda lead the Venezuelan congress in a declaration of independence. 3986
1811/--/-- Jose Artigas raises a force to expel the Spanish from the Banda Oriental (Uruguay). 3987
1811/--/-- The ruling Mameluke aristocracy is massacred in Cairo by Muhammad Ali. 3988
1811/--/-- Henri Christophe declares himself king of northern Haiti. 3989
1811/--/-- George III becomes mentally unstable; the Prince of Wales assumes power as regent. 3990
1811/--/-- The Luddites riot in England against the mechanization of the textile industry. 3991
1811/--/-- The building of the National Road, the first U.S. federal highway, begins in Maryland. 3992
1811/--/-- Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro develops the concept known as Avogadro's law. 3993
1811/--/-- The first rowing race in the United States is held in New York. 3994
1811/--/-- William Henry Harrison defeats the Shawnee Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe. 3995
1812/--/-- Napoleon invades Russia with 450,000 men. 3996
1812/--/-- Wellington defeats the French at the Battle of Salamanca in Spain. 3997
1812/--/-- The French defeat the Russians at Borodino; Napoleon occupies Moscow. 3998
1812/--/-- Territorial and shipping disputes lead to the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain. 3999
1812/--/-- General William Hull surrenders Detroit to the British. 4000
1812/--/-- The U.S. Navy frigate Constitution defeats 2 British frigates. 4001
1812/--/-- Stephen Decatur's frigate United States defeats the British frigate Macedonian. 4002
1812/--/-- Rebel leader Morelos y Pavon defeats the Mexican royalist forces at Oaxaca. 4003
1812/--/-- Spanish forces defeat Bolivar and Miranda in Venezuela; Miranda is imprisoned. 4004
1812/--/-- Napoleon's army retreats from Moscow; only 40,000 men reach France. 4005
1812/--/-- Louisiana is inaugurated as the 18th state of the Union. 4006
1812/--/-- An earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela, killing 12,000. 4007
1812/--/-- Swiss explorer Jakob Burckhardt rediscovers the ancient city of Petra. 4008
1812/--/-- Georges Cuvier develops his theory of catastrophism through the study of fossils. 4009
1812/--/-- The ancient city of Petra (now in present-day Jordan) is rediscovered by Johann Burckhardt. 4010
1812/--/-- John Nash begins the oriental conversion of the Royal Pavilion at Brighton. 4011
1812/--/-- The first coal gas generating station is chartered in London to provide gas lighting. 4012
1812/--/-- English caricaturist Thomas Rowlandson illustrates the Tour of Dr. Syntax. 4013
1812/--/-- Grimm's Fairy Tales are published in Germany. 4014
1813/--/-- Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Leipzig by the Sixth Coalition. 4015
1813/--/-- Wellington defeats the French in Spain at Vitoria and invades southern France. 4016
1813/--/-- Oliver Hazard Perry's ships destroy the British fleet on Lake Erie. 4017
1813/--/-- William Henry Harrison defeats the British at the Battle of the Thames. 4018
1813/--/-- Pro-British Indian leader Tecumseh is killed in the Battle of the Thames. 4019
1813/--/-- James Wilkinson captures a fort at Mobile, the last Spanish possession in West Florida. 4020
1813/--/-- Rebel forces invade Venezuela and capture Caracas; Bolivar is declared the Liberator. 4021
1813/--/-- 14 Luddites are hanged at York in England. 4022
1813/--/-- Robert Southey is made poet laureate of England. 4023
1813/--/-- English novelist Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice. 4024
1814/--/-- Coalition armies invade France; Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to the island of Elba. 4025
1814/--/-- Andrew Jackson annihilates the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. 4026
1814/--/-- Louis XVIII assumes the French throne. 4027
1814/--/-- British forces burn Washington, D.C., but are repulsed at Fort McHenry. 4028
1814/--/-- U.S. forces under Thomas Macdonough destroy the British fleet on Lake Champlain. 4029
1814/--/-- New England states discuss their secession from the Union at the Hartford Convention. 4030
1814/--/-- The Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain. 4031
1814/--/-- Pope Pius VII returns to Rome; the Jesuit order is reestablished. 4032
1814/--/-- George Stephenson constructs his first steam locomotive. 4033
1814/--/-- Actor Edmund Kean makes his debut as Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. 4034
1814/--/-- French artist Ingres paints The Grand Odalisque. 4035
1815/--/-- The Americans defeat the British at New Orleans before news of peace arrives. 4036
1815/--/-- Napoleon escapes from Elba and marches on Paris during the Hundred Days. 4037
1815/--/-- The Spanish army reconquers Venezuela; Bolivar flees to Jamaica. 4038
1815/--/-- Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo; he is exiled to the island of Saint Helena. 4039
1815/--/-- The Barbary States sue for peace with the U.S. 4040
1815/--/-- The Spanish capture and execute the Mexican rebel leader Morelos y Pavon. 4041
1815/--/-- The first Gurkha regiment is formed by the British army. 4042
1816/--/-- Nepal is made a protectorate of British India. 4043
1816/--/-- The United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (Argentina) declare independence. 4044
1816/--/-- Shaka begins establishing the Zulu empire in South Africa. 4045
1816/--/-- Indiana is inaugurated as the 19th state of the Union. 4046
1816/--/-- The British Museum buys the Elgin Marbles (smuggled from Greece by Lord Elgin). 4047
1816/--/-- Gioacchino Rossini's opera The Barber of Seville is performed in Rome. 4048
1816/--/-- Maria I of Portugal dies; she is succeeded by John VI who remains in exile in Brazil. 4049
1817/--/-- Monroe is inaugurated as the 5th U.S. president; Tompkins becomes vice-president. 4050
1817/--/-- Jose de San Martin and Bernardo O'Higgins defeat the Spanish in Chile. 4051
1817/--/-- Mississippi is inaugurated as the 20th state of the Union. 4052
1817/--/-- Construction of the Erie Canal begins in New York State. 4053
1817/--/-- French physician Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope. 4054
1817/--/-- Sir Walter Scott writes the Scottish adventure novel Rob Roy. 4055
1818/--/-- Bernardo O'Higgins becomes the supreme director of independent Chile. 4056
1818/--/-- Illinois is inaugurated as the 21st state of the Union. 4057
1818/--/-- Sir John Ross sails in search of the Northwest Passage. 4058
1818/--/-- English chemist Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp. 4059
1818/--/-- Arthur Schopenhauer publishes The World as Will and Representation. 4060
1818/--/-- Composer Franz Schubert becomes the music teacher to Count Esterhazy's family. 4061
1818/--/-- Thomas Love Peacock publishes his comic novel Nightmare Abbey. 4062
1818/--/-- Mary Wollstonecroft Shelley publishes the horror novel Frankenstein. 4063
1819/--/-- Spain surrenders East and West Florida to the U.S. in the Adams-Onis Treaty. 4064
1819/--/-- Bolivar defeats the Spanish in Colombia at the Battle of Boyaca. 4065
1819/--/-- Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles acquires Singapore for the East India Company. 4066
1819/--/-- Alabama is inaugurated as the 22nd state of the Union. 4067
1819/--/-- The Savannah becomes the first steamship to cross the Atlantic. 4068
1819/--/-- The Prado Museum is inaugurated in Madrid. 4069
1819/--/-- American artist Washington Allston paints Moonlit Landscape. 4070
1819/--/-- Lord Byron begins his satirical poem Don Juan. 4071
1820/--/-- Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes the virtual dictator of Argentina. 4072
1820/--/-- The first free American slaves to be resettled in Africa land in Liberia. 4073
1820/--/-- The Prince Regent becomes King George IV on the death of George III. 4074
1820/--/-- Henri Christophe commits suicide; Haiti is united under Jean Pierre Boyer. 4075
1820/--/-- Maine is inaugurated as the 23rd state of the Union. 4076
1820/--/-- U.S. navy hero Stephen Decatur is killed in a duel. 4077
1820/--/-- Stephen H. Long explores the Rocky Mountain region. 4078
1820/--/-- The Missouri Compromise admits Missouri to the Union as a slave state. 4079
1820/--/-- Carbonari Italian nationalists rebel against the rule of Ferdinand I in Naples. 4080
1820/--/-- The first American missionaries are admitted to Hawaii. 4081
1820/--/-- Russian Admiral Fabian von Bellingshausen sights land in the Antarctic. 4082
1820/--/-- French navigator Dumont d'Urville discovers the Venus de Milo on the island of Melos. 4083
1820/--/-- English poet John Keats writes Ode To a Nightingale. 4084
1820/--/-- French poet Alphonse de Lamartine publishes Meditations Poetiques. 4085
1820/--/-- English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley writes Prometheus Unbound. 4086
1820/--/-- Washington Irving publishes Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. 4087
1821/--/-- The Greek War of Independence begins against Turkey. 4088
1821/--/-- King John VI is reinstated on the Portuguese throne. 4089
1821/--/-- Revolutionary leader Iturbide declares Mexican independence from Spain. 4090
1821/--/-- Simon Bolivar defeats the Spanish forces in Venezuela and Ecuador. 4091
1821/--/-- Bolivar forms Gran Colombia (Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and Panama). 4092
1821/--/-- Revolutionary general San Martin enters Lima and declares Peru independent. 4093
1821/--/-- Brazil annexes the Banda Oriental (Uruguay). 4094
1821/--/-- Napoleon dies on Saint Helena. 4095
1821/--/-- Missouri is inaugurated as the 24th state of the Union. 4096
1821/--/-- American captain John Davis is the first to land on the continent of Antarctica. 4097
1821/--/-- The Cherokee Indian Sequoya develops the Cherokee written language. 4098
1821/--/-- English landscape artist John Constable paints The Hay Wain. 4099
1821/--/-- Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater is published. 4100
1822/--/-- Egyptian leader Muhammad Ali completes the conquest of northern Sudan. 4101
1822/--/-- Dom Pedro, son of Portuguese King John VI, declares Brazil independent. 4102
1822/--/-- British statesman Lord Castlereagh commits suicide. 4103
1822/--/-- Antonio Jose de Sucre defeats the Spanish in Ecuador at the Battle of Pichincha. 4104
1822/--/-- Denmark Vesey leads a slave revolt in Charleston; 35 blacks are executed. 4105
1822/--/-- American surgeon William Beaumont begins his study of the gastric process. 4106
1822/--/-- French scholar Jean Francois Champollion deciphers the Rosetta Stone hieroglyphics. 4107
1823/--/-- General Santa Anna leads a coup against Mexican Emperor Agustin I (Iturbide). 4108
1823/--/-- The Monroe Doctrine warns Europe not to interfere in the Americas. 4109
1823/--/-- Charles Babbage begins work on his difference engine, a precursor of the computer. 4110
1823/--/-- Charles Macintosh patents the waterproof fabric used in mackintosh raincoats. 4111
1823/--/-- Japanese artist Hokusai begins a series of Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. 4112
1823/--/-- Rugby football originates at Rugby School in England. 4113
1823/--/-- Ludwig van Beethoven completes his 9th Symphony. 4114
1823/--/-- James Fenimore Cooper publishes the first volume of The Leatherstocking Tales. 4115
1823/--/-- Charles Lamb publishes his Essays of Elia in The London Magazine. 4116
1824/--/-- Disputes over the border of India lead to war between Britain and Burma. 4117
1824/--/-- The Ashanti begin a war of resistance against Britain in the Gold Coast (Ghana). 4118
1824/--/-- De Sucre defeats the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho, liberating Peru. 4119
1824/--/-- The National Gallery is founded in London. 4120
1824/--/-- English poet Lord Byron travels to Greece to aid the patriots but dies of a fever. 4121
1824/--/-- Sadi Carnot lays the foundations for the second law of thermodynamics. 4122
1824/--/-- Jons Jakob Berzelius discovers the element silicon about this time. 4123
1825/--/-- Adams is inaugurated as the 6th U.S. president; Calhoun becomes vice-president. 4124
1825/--/-- Uruguayan leader Lavalleja precipitates a war between Brazil and Argentina. 4125
1825/--/-- The Central American Federation declares its independence from Mexico. 4126
1825/--/-- Nicholas I is made emperor of Russia; the Decembrists revolt breaks out. 4127
1825/--/-- Welsh reformer Robert Owen founds a community at New Harmony, Indiana. 4128
1825/--/-- Mountain man James Bridger discovers the Great Salt Lake. 4129
1825/--/-- American painter Thomas Cole founds the Hudson River School about this time. 4130
1825/--/-- English literary critic William Hazlitt publishes The Spirit of the Age. 4131
1825/--/-- Kappa Alpha, the first social fraternity, is formed at Union College, New York. 4132
1826/--/-- Revolutionary leader Antonio Jose de Sucre is elected first president of Bolivia. 4133
1826/--/-- Ohm's law establishes the relationship of electrical voltage, current and resistance. 4134
1826/--/-- British engineer Thomas Telford builds the Menai suspension bridge in Wales. 4135
1826/--/-- Andre Ampere publishes his Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomenon. 4136
1826/--/-- American engineer John Stevens builds the first U.S. steam locomotive. 4137
1826/--/-- Felix Mendelssohn composes his overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream at age 17. 4138
1826/--/-- German poet Heine begins the publication of Reisebilder (Travel Pictures). 4139
1827/--/-- Britain, France and Russia demand that Turkey ends the war with Greece. 4140
1827/--/-- The Allied navies destroy the Turkish and Egyptian fleet at Navarino in Greece. 4141
1827/--/-- Mountain man Jedediah Smith pioneers an overland route to California. 4142
1827/--/-- American frontiersman Davy Crockett is elected to Congress. 4143
1827/--/-- English inventor John Walker introduces the first friction matches. 4144
1827/--/-- Ornithologist John James Audubon begins the publication of his Birds of America. 4145
1827/--/-- French landscape artist Camille Corot paints the Bridge at Narni. 4146
1828/--/-- Lavalleja's Thirty-three Immortals achieve Uruguayan independence from Brazil. 4147
1828/--/-- The Duke of Wellington becomes prime minister of Britain. 4148
1828/--/-- Rammohun Roy founds the Brahmo Samaj religious society in India. 4149
1828/--/-- Virtuoso violin player Niccolo Paganini performs in Vienna. 4150
1828/--/-- Composer Frederic Chopin begins concert tours at age 18. 4151
1828/--/-- Noah Webster publishes his American Dictionary of the English Language. 4152
1829/--/-- Jackson is inaugurated as the 7th U.S. president; Calhoun continues as vice-president. 4153
1829/--/-- Serbia becomes an autonomous principality under Prince Milos. 4154
1829/--/-- Sir Robert Peel sponsers the Catholic Emancipation Act in Britain. 4155
1829/--/-- The convict-free British colony of Western Australia is founded. 4156
1829/--/-- Explorer Charles Sturt charts the Murray River in Australia. 4157
1829/--/-- Sir Robert Peel reorganizes the London police; his policemen are nicknamed Bobbies. 4158
1829/--/-- Lord Bentinck bans the Indian custom of suttee (the burning of widows). 4159
1829/--/-- Louis Braille publishes his braille system of writing for the blind. 4160
1829/--/-- The first U.S. encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia Americana, is begun. 4161
1830/--/-- Fructuoso Rivera is elected as first president of Uruguay. 4162
1830/--/-- William IV succeeds George IV as king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 4163
1830/--/-- The July Revolution in France forces the abdication of Charles X. 4164
1830/--/-- Louis Philippe is chosen as the citizen king of France. 4165
1830/--/-- Greece becomes independent from Turkey. 4166
1830/--/-- Belgium asserts its independence from the Netherlands. 4167
1830/--/-- Polish rebellions are suppressed by Russia. 4168
1830/--/-- Simon Bolivar resigns as dictator of Gran Colombia, he dies later in the year. 4169
1830/--/-- The Indian Removal Act is passed to move the southeastern tribes to Indian Territory. 4170
1830/--/-- Joseph Smith founds the Mormon church at Fayette, New York. 4171
1830/--/-- The locomotive Best Friend of Charleston is in use on the first U.S. railroad. 4172
1830/--/-- British geologist Charles Lyell begins publishing his Principles of Geology. 4173
1830/--/-- George Catlin begins his paintings of North American Indians about this time. 4174
1830/--/-- Philipon publishes the satirical weekly La Caricature, with contributions by Daumier. 4175
1830/--/-- Hector Berlioz composes his first major work the Symphonie Fantastique. 4176
1830/--/-- The Women's magazine Godey's Lady's Book is published in the U.S. 4177
1831/--/-- Leopold I is selected as the first king of Belgium. 4178
1831/--/-- Jose Antonio Paez becomes the first president of Venezuela. 4179
1831/--/-- Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini founds the Young Italy movement. 4180
1831/--/-- The crown colony of British Guiana (Guyana) is formed. 4181
1831/--/-- Nat Turner leads a black slave revolt in Virginia; he is captured and hanged. 4182
1831/--/-- Explorer James Clark Ross determines the position of the north magnetic pole. 4183
1831/--/-- British naturalist Charles Darwin sails to South America aboard H.M.S. Beagle. 4184
1831/--/-- King Louis Philippe founds the French foreign legion. 4185
1831/--/-- William Lloyd Garrison publishes the abolitionist newspaper the Liberator. 4186
1831/--/-- Cyrus McCormick invents a mechanical reaper. 4187
1831/--/-- Michael Faraday demonstrates his theory of electromagnetic induction. 4188
1831/--/-- Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin completes his masterpiece Eugene Onegin. 4189
1832/--/-- The Black Hawk War is the last major Indian conflict east of the Mississippi River. 4190
1832/--/-- The Democratic party is formally established as a national organization. 4191
1832/--/-- Japanese artist Hiroshige begins work on Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido. 4192
1832/--/-- George Sand (Aurore Dudevant) publishes her first novel Indiana. 4193
1833/--/-- Britain occupies the Falkland Islands. 4194
1833/--/-- Isabella II succeeds Ferdinand VII, King of Spain; the Carlist Wars begin. 4195
1833/--/-- General Santa Anna becomes president of Mexico. 4196
1833/--/-- A Bavarian prince becomes King Otto of Greece. 4197
1833/--/-- President Jackson withdraws federal deposits from the Bank of the United States. 4198
1833/--/-- The American Anti-Slavery Society is inaugurated in Philadelphia. 4199
1833/--/-- Carl von Clausewitz's classic study of warfare On War is published. 4200
1833/--/-- Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame is published in English. 4201
1834/--/-- The Carlist Wars resume in Spain. 4202
1834/--/-- A Quadruple Alliance is formed to aid Isabella II of Spain and Maria II of Portugal. 4203
1834/--/-- British politician Sir Robert Peel founds the Conservative Party. 4204
1834/--/-- The Whig party is formed to oppose Andrew Jackson and the Democratic party. 4205
1834/--/-- The Hansom cab is designed; it becomes the standard horse-drawn cab in London. 4206
1834/--/-- American inventor Jacob Perkins patents the first practical ice-making machine. 4207
1835/--/-- Attempts to move the Seminole Indians begins the second Seminole War. 4208
1835/--/-- American settlers begin the Texas Revolution against Mexican rule. 4209
1835/--/-- French politician Alexis de Tocqueville publishes Democracy in America. 4210
1835/--/-- James Gordon Bennett founds the New York Herald newspaper. 4211
1835/--/-- Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen publishes Tales Told for Children. 4212
1836/--/-- Bolivian president Santa Cruz invades Peru and forms the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. 4213
1836/--/-- Boer (Afrikaner) settlers begin the Great Trek into the South African interior. 4214
1836/--/-- Santa Anna's army storms the Alamo in Texas, killing the defenders. 4215
1836/--/-- Texans under Sam Houston defeat Santa Anna at the San Jacinto River. 4216
1836/--/-- Arkansas is inaugurated as the 25th state of the Union. 4217
1836/--/-- John C. Calhoun supports the gag rules to prevent Congress debating slavery. 4218
1836/--/-- American inventor Samuel Colt begins manufacturing the first revolver. 4219
1836/--/-- The Arc de Triomphe, the world's largest triumphal arch, is completed in Paris. 4220
1836/--/-- Charles Barry designs Westminster Palace in the Gothic Revival style. 4221
1836/--/-- American educator William Holmes McGuffey begins editing his Readers. 4222
1836/--/-- Russian author Nikolai Gogol writes his play The Inspector General. 4223
1836/--/-- American literary figure Ralph Waldo Emerson founds the Transcendental Club. 4224
1836/--/-- Charles Dickens publishes his first popular work The Pickwick Papers. 4225
1837/--/-- Van Buren is inaugurated as the 8th U.S. president; Johnson becomes vice-president. 4226
1837/--/-- William IV dies; Victoria succeeds him as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 4227
1837/--/-- Britain's refusal to grant more home rule in Canada leads to the Rebellions of 1837. 4228
1837/--/-- Michigan is inaugurated as the 26th state of the Union. 4229
1837/--/-- Seminole Indian leader Osceola is captured. 4230
1837/--/-- British scientist Charles Wheatstone designs an electric telegraph system. 4231
1837/--/-- Louis Daguerre invents the daguerreotype method for taking permanent photographs. 4232
1837/--/-- Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle publishes The French Revolution. 4233
1837/--/-- Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin is killed in a duel. 4234
1837/--/-- Mikhail Lermontov writes the Death of a Poet, inspired by the death of Pushkin. 4235
1838/--/-- Boer (Afrikaner) leader Andries Pretorius defeats the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River. 4236
1838/--/-- Charles Wilkes heads a U.S. Navy expedition to Antarctica. 4237
1838/--/-- Samuel F.B. Morse develops the Morse code for electric telegraph systems. 4238
1838/--/-- Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick Macmillan makes the first pedal-driven bicycle. 4239
1838/--/-- John Deere develops a steel-tipped plow capable of turning heavy prairie soil. 4240
1838/--/-- French philosopher Auguste Comte inaugurates the science of sociology. 4241
1838/--/-- British artist Joseph Mallord William Turner paints the Fighting Temeraire. 4242
1839/--/-- Chile defeats Santa Cruz's Peru-Bolivian Confederation at the Battle of Yungay. 4243
1839/--/-- Jose Rafael Carrera captures Guatemala; the Central American Federation is dissolved. 4244
1839/--/-- The Opium Wars begin between Britain and China. 4245
1839/--/-- The Anglo-Afghan Wars begin in Afghanistan. 4246
1839/--/-- American inventor Charles Goodyear develops the vulcanization of rubber. 4247
1839/--/-- Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden formulate the cell theory. 4248
1839/--/-- Stephens and Catherwood explore Maya ruins in the Yucatan. 4249
1839/--/-- Hungarian composer and pianist Franz Liszt embarks on a concert tour of Europe. 4250
1839/--/-- French novelist Stendhal writes The Charterhouse of Parma. 4251
1840/--/-- Civil War breaks out in Uruguay between the Colorados (reds) and Blancos (whites). 4252
1840/--/-- Upper and Lower Canada are united in the single Province of Canada. 4253
1840/--/-- Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg. 4254
1840/--/-- Maori chiefs sign over their tribal lands to Queen Victoria in the Treaty of Waitangi. 4255
1840/--/-- The Underground Railroad is active in helping escaping slaves in the U.S. 4256
1840/--/-- The Liberty party is founded in Albany, N.Y. based exclusively on an antislavery platform. 4257
1840/--/-- The metric system of measurement is reinstated in France. 4258
1840/--/-- The first adhesive postage stamp, the Penny Black, is issued in London. 4259
1840/--/-- Swiss-American naturalist Louis Agassiz postulates his theory of ice ages. 4260
1840/--/-- French philosopher and anarchist Pierre Joseph Proudhon writes What is Property. 4261
1840/--/-- Horatio Greenough's classical statue of George Washington is strongly criticized. 4262
1841/--/-- Harrison is inaugurated as the 9th U.S. president; Tyler becomes vice-president. 4263
1841/--/-- New Zealand is established as a separate British colony. 4264
1841/--/-- George Grey is appointed governor of South Australia to help save the colony. 4265
1841/--/-- Muhammad Ali defeats the Ottomans and becomes the hereditary ruler of Egypt. 4266
1841/--/-- Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne resigns; he is succeeded by Sir Robert Peel. 4267
1841/--/-- President Harrison dies; John Tyler is inaugurated as the 10th U.S. president 4268
1841/--/-- William Henry Talbot patents the calotype photographic process. 4269
1841/--/-- Italian ballerina Carlotta Grisi creates the role of Giselle. 4270
1841/--/-- Horace Greeley founds the New York Tribune newspaper. 4271
1841/--/-- Edgar Allan Poe writes an early detective story The Murders in the Rue Morgue. 4272
1842/--/-- China is defeated in the first Opium War; Chinese ports are opened to British trade. 4273
1842/--/-- China cedes Hong Kong to Britain. 4274
1842/--/-- Austrian physicist Christian Johann Doppler predicts the Doppler effect. 4275
1842/--/-- American explorer John C. Fremont begins surveying the Oregon Trail. 4276
1842/--/-- American showman P.T. Barnum discovers the 40-inch midget Tom Thumb. 4277
1842/--/-- Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti writes his opera Don Pasquale. 4278
1843/--/-- A coup in Greece forces King Otto to accept a constitutional monarchy. 4279
1843/--/-- Black American Sojourner Truth begins her reform mission. 4280
1843/--/-- Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard publishes Either/Or. 4281
1843/--/-- English art critic John Ruskin begins publishing Modern Painters. 4282
1843/--/-- German astronomer Samuel Schwabe discovers the sunspot cycle. 4283
1844/--/-- Eastern Hispaniola declares independence from Haiti as the Dominican Republic. 4284
1844/--/-- Settlers in New South Wales force Britain to stop sending convicts to the colony. 4285
1844/--/-- Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormons, is killed by a lynch mob. 4286
1844/--/-- The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in England. 4287
1844/--/-- Samuel F.B. Morse establishes the first U.S. telegraph link. 4288
1844/--/-- William Henry Talbot begins his Pencil of Nature, the first book of photographs. 4289
1844/--/-- French author Alexandre Dumas (Dumas pere) publishes The Three Musketeers. 4290
1845/--/-- Polk is inaugurated as the 11th U.S. president; Dallas becomes vice-president 4291
1845/--/-- The term Manifest Destiny is first used in defense of U.S. territorial ambitions. 4292
1845/--/-- The Sikh Wars begin in British India. 4293
1845/--/-- Civil War ends in Peru; Castilla Ramon is elected as president. 4294
1845/--/-- Florida is inaugurated as the 27th state of the Union. 4295
1845/--/-- The Republic of Texas is annexed by the U.S.; it becomes the 28th state of the Union. 4296
1845/--/-- Failure of the potato crop leads to a famine in Ireland. 4297
1845/--/-- Sir John Franklin leads an ill-fated expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. 4298
1845/--/-- The first clipper ship the Rainbow is built in New York. 4299
1845/--/-- British archaeologist Austen Layard excavates the sites of Nimrud and Nineveh. 4300
1845/--/-- German scientist Alexander von Humboldt publishes the first volume of his Kosmos. 4301
1845/--/-- German composer Robert Schumann writes his Piano Concerto in A minor. 4302
1845/--/-- French artists Gavarni and Grandville begin designing the first elaborate posters. 4303
1845/--/-- American author Margaret Fuller publishes Women in the Nineteenth Century. 4304
1846/--/-- The border between the U.S. and Canada is established, settling the Oregon Question. 4305
1846/--/-- The Mexican War begins over the U.S. annexation of Texas. 4306
1846/--/-- U.S. forces under Zachary Taylor defeat the Mexicans at Palo Alto and Monterrey. 4307
1846/--/-- The Mexican government collapses; Santa Anna is reelected as president. 4308
1846/--/-- U.S. forces under Stephen Watts Kearny occupy New Mexico. 4309
1846/--/-- The Smithsonian Institution is created by Congress. 4310
1846/--/-- German astronomer Johann Galle makes the first observation of the planet Neptune. 4311
1846/--/-- Henry Creswicke Rawlinson deciphers the Mesopotamian cuneiform script. 4312
1846/--/-- American dentist William Morton extracts a tooth using ether as an anesthetic. 4313
1846/--/-- German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach publishes The Essence of Religion. 4314
1846/--/-- Adolphe Sax patents the saxophone in Paris. 4315
1846/--/-- The Christy Minstrels begin performing in New York. 4316
1846/--/-- Writer and artist Edward Lear publishes A Book of Nonsense. 4317
1847/--/-- U.S. forces under Stockton, Fremont and Kearny occupy California. 4318
1847/--/-- Taylor defeats Santa Anna's Mexican army at the Battle of Buena Vista. 4319
1847/--/-- U.S. forces under Winfield Scott land at Veracruz and advance on Mexico City. 4320
1847/--/-- Scott enters Mexico City after a series of battles; Mexico sues for peace. 4321
1847/--/-- The African slave colony of Liberia is declared independent. 4322
1847/--/-- American missionary Marcus Whitman is killed by Cayuse Indians in Oregon. 4323
1847/--/-- The Mormons under Brigham Young found Salt Lake City. 4324
1847/--/-- Maria Mitchell, the first woman astronomer in America, discovers a new comet. 4325
1847/--/-- American oceanographer Matthew Maury publishes his first Wind and Current Charts. 4326
1847/--/-- The U.S. post office begins using adhesive postage stamps. 4327
1847/--/-- Italian statesman Cavour founds the liberal newspaper Il Risorgimento (resurgence). 4328
1847/--/-- Honore de Balzac completes La Comedie humaine, a collection of over 100 novels. 4329
1847/--/-- English novelist William Makepeace Thackeray begins Vanity Fair. 4330
1847/--/-- Charlotte Bronte publishes Jane Eyre; Emily Bronte publishes Wuthering Heights. 4331
1847/--/-- The American Medical Association is founded. 4332
1848/--/-- The Revolutions of 1848 break out in Europe. 4333
1848/--/-- Risorgimento leader Garibaldi returns to Italy to fight in the war of independence. 4334
1848/--/-- The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ratifies the cession of California and New Mexico. 4335
1848/--/-- Louis Philippe abdicates; a Second Republic is declared in France. 4336
1848/--/-- Uprisings in Berlin force Frederick William IV to summon a constitutional assembly. 4337
1848/--/-- A Czech uprising under Frantisek Palacky is suppressed by Austria. 4338
1848/--/-- The Austrian revolution begins in Vienna; chancellor Metternich resigns. 4339
1848/--/-- Ferdinand I abdicates; Francis Joseph becomes Emperor of Austria. 4340
1848/--/-- Wisconsin is inaugurated as the 30th state of the Union. 4341
1848/--/-- The first U.S. women's rights assembly meets at the Seneca Falls Convention. 4342
1848/--/-- The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill begins the California gold rush. 4343
1848/--/-- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the Communist Manifesto. 4344
1848/--/-- American engineer James Bogardus begins using cast-iron for building construction. 4345
1848/--/-- Scottish physicist William Thomson Kelvin proposes an absolute temperature scale. 4346
1848/--/-- French Barbizon artist Theodore Rousseau paints the Forest at Fontainebleau. 4347
1848/--/-- Holman Hunt, Millais and Rossetti form the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in Britain. 4348
1848/--/-- French author Alexandre Dumas (Dumas fils) publishes his novel Camille. 4349
1849/--/-- Taylor is inaugurated as the 12th U.S. president; Fillmore becomes vice-president 4350
1849/--/-- Austrian forces crush the Italian revolution; Mazzini and Garibaldi flee from Italy. 4351
1849/--/-- Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin is deported to Siberia. 4352
1849/--/-- Lajos Kossuth declares Hungarian independence from Austria. 4353
1849/--/-- Austrian premier Felix Schwarzenberg uses the Russian army to defeat the Hungarians. 4354
1849/--/-- Black slave Harriet Tubman escapes and begins her Underground Railway work. 4355
1849/--/-- Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first woman to obtain a medical degree. 4356
1849/--/-- Amelia Bloomer publicizes bloomers (baggy trousers for women) in the Lily magazine. 4357
1849/--/-- French physicist Armand Fizeau measures the velocity of light. 4358
1849/--/-- Francois Rene de Chateaubriand publishes Memoirs From Beyond the Tomb. 4359
1850/--/-- The Taiping Rebellion breaks out in China against the Ch'ing dynasty. 4360
1850/--/-- President Taylor dies; Millard Fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th U.S. president. 4361
1850/--/-- The Compromise of 1850 establishes California as a non-slavery state. 4362
1850/--/-- Congress reinforces the Fugitive Slave Law for the return of escaped slaves. 4363
1850/--/-- California is inaugurated as the 31st state of the Union. 4364
1850/--/-- Allan Pinkerton founds the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. 4365
1850/--/-- Photographer Mathew Brady publishes The Gallery of Illustrious Americans. 4366
1850/--/-- American popular songwriter Stephen Foster publishes Camptown Races. 4367
1850/--/-- Jenny Lind the Swedish nightingale begins her U.S. tour. 4368
1850/--/-- French realist artist Gustave Courbet paints The Stone Breakers. 4369
1850/--/-- The first issue of Harper's magazine is published. 4370
1850/--/-- American author Nathaniel Hawthorne writes The Scarlet Letter. 4371
1850/--/-- English author Charles Dickens writes David Copperfield. 4372
1850/--/-- Elizabeth Barrett Browning publishes her Sonnets From the Portuguese. 4373
1851/--/-- Mongkut (Rama IV) becomes king of Siam (Thailand). 4374
1851/--/-- A gold rush begins in Victoria, Australia; Victoria becomes a separate colony. 4375
1851/--/-- Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones found the New York Times. 4376
1851/--/-- The first college sorority is established at Wesleyan College, Georgia. 4377
1851/--/-- Jacob Fussell begins making ice cream in commercial quantities in Baltimore. 4378
1851/--/-- Isaac Merrit Singer invents the first practical sewing machine. 4379
1851/--/-- The Crystal Palace is built in London to house the Great Exhibition. 4380
1851/--/-- The U.S. yacht America defeats 17 British yachts in the first America's Cup contest. 4381
1851/--/-- Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto is produced in Venice. 4382
1851/--/-- American author Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick. 4383
1851/--/-- Harriet Beecher Stowe begins publishing Uncle Tom's Cabin. 4384
1852/--/-- The Second Empire begins in France under Napoleon III. 4385
1852/--/-- Argentinean dictator Rosas is defeated by forces under Urquiza at Monte Caseros. 4386
1852/--/-- Britain gains control of the Irrawaddy delta after the second Anglo-Burma War. 4387
1852/--/-- The Grimms begin publication of their Deutsches Worterbuch (German Dictionary). 4388
1853/--/-- Franklin Pierce is inaugurated as the 14th U.S. president; King becomes vice-president. 4389
1853/--/-- Napoleon III marries the Empress Eugenie. 4390
1853/--/-- Chinese rebels capture Nanking and make it the capital of the Taiping kingdom. 4391
1853/--/-- General Santa Anna becomes dictator of Mexico for the last time. 4392
1853/--/-- A U.S. naval squadron under Matthew Perry enters Tokyo Bay to negotiate a treaty. 4393
1853/--/-- Russia occupies the Turkish principalities of Moldavia and Walachia. 4394
1853/--/-- Turkey issues an ultimatum to Russia; the Russians destroy the Turkish fleet at Sinope. 4395
1853/--/-- The U.S. adds land to New Mexico and Arizona with the Gadsden Purchase. 4396
1853/--/-- Georges Haussmann begins the reconstruction of Paris. 4397
1853/--/-- Richard Wagner begins his cycle of four operas The Ring of The Nibelung. 4398
1854/--/-- Britain and France declare war on Russia, beginning the Crimean War. 4399
1854/--/-- A commercial treaty is signed between the U.S. and Japan, ending Japanese isolation. 4400
1854/--/-- The British grant independence to the Orange Free State in South Africa. 4401
1854/--/-- An Anglo-French-Turkish expeditionary force lands at Sevastopol in the Crimea. 4402
1854/--/-- The Charge of the Light Brigade is made by the British during the Battle of Balaklava. 4403
1854/--/-- The Allied armies defeat the Russians at the Battle of Inkerman. 4404
1854/--/-- The Kansas-Nebraska Act reopens the controversy over the spread of slavery. 4405
1854/--/-- The Republican party is formed after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. 4406
1854/--/-- Pope Pius IX proclaims the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. 4407
1854/--/-- Pre-Raphaelite artist Holman Hunt paints The Scapegoat. 4408
1854/--/-- American writer and naturalist Henry David Thoreau publishes Walden. 4409
1855/--/-- Mexican dictator Santa Anna is overthrown. 4410
1855/--/-- The Allies occupy the Russian fortress at Sevastapol in the Crimea. 4411
1855/--/-- Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia dies; he is succeeded by his son Alexander II. 4412
1855/--/-- Lord Palmerston becomes prime minister of Great Britain for the first time. 4413
1855/--/-- Scottish explorer David Livingstone discovers the Victoria Falls in Africa. 4414
1855/--/-- Matthew Fontaine Maury publishes The Physical Geography of the Sea. 4415
1855/--/-- British photographer Roger Fenton documents the Crimean War. 4416
1855/--/-- Florence Nightingale reforms hygienic standards in Crimean hospitals. 4417
1855/--/-- The first formal ice hockey game is played in Kingston, Ontario. 4418
1855/--/-- Robert Browning publishes his poetry collection Men and Women. 4419
1855/--/-- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow publishes The Songs of Hiawatha. 4420
1855/--/-- Walt Whitman publishes his first book of poetry, the Leaves of Grass. 4421
1856/--/-- The Treaty of Paris ends the Crimean War. 4422
1856/--/-- A new Opium War begins between China, Britain and France. 4423
1856/--/-- English chemist William Perkin discovers synthetic dyes. 4424
1856/--/-- The first Neanderthaler (prehistoric human) skeleton is discovered in Germany. 4425
1856/--/-- Victor Hugo writes Les Miserables during his exile from France. 4426
1857/--/-- Buchanan is inaugurated as the 15th U.S. president; Breckinridge becomes vice-president. 4427
1857/--/-- Disputes between Mormons and non-Mormon settlers leads to the Utah War. 4428
1857/--/-- The Indian Mutiny begins when Indian troops rebel against the British in Meerut. 4429
1857/--/-- Mormons and Paiute Indians kill 120 settlers in the Mountain Meadows Massacre. 4430
1857/--/-- Elisha Graves Otis installs the first passenger elevator in a New York City store. 4431
1857/--/-- The Oxford English Dictionary is begun in England. 4432
1857/--/-- French novelist Gustave Flaubert publishes Madame Bovary. 4433
1857/--/-- French poet Baudelaire publishes Flowers of Evil and is arrested for immorality. 4434
1857/--/-- English author Thomas Hughes publishes Tom Brown's Schooldays. 4435
1858/--/-- Federal forces end the Utah War; Brigham Young is replaced as governor of Utah Territory. 4436
1858/--/-- The Indian Mutiny is suppressed by the British Army and loyal Indian troops. 4437
1858/--/-- The government of India is transferred from the East India Company to the British crown. 4438
1858/--/-- The Fenians (Irish Republican Brotherhood) are founded to overthrow British rule. 4439
1858/--/-- Britain and France impose the Tientsin Treaty on China. 4440
1858/--/-- Benito Juarez becomes the first Mexican president of Indian descent. 4441
1858/--/-- Minnesota is inaugurated as the 32nd state of the Union. 4442
1858/--/-- British explorer John Hanning Speke discovers Lake Victoria in Africa. 4443
1858/--/-- French photographer Nadar takes the first aerial photograph from a balloon. 4444
1858/--/-- British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace outlines his theories of evolution. 4445
1858/--/-- Cyrus W. Field lays the first transatlantic telegraph cable. 4446
1858/--/-- James Renwick begins the design of Saint Patrick's Cathedral in New York City. 4447
1858/--/-- Charles Frederick Worth establishes his Paris fashion house. 4448
1858/--/-- German-American artist Albert Bierstadt begins his landscapes of the American west. 4449
1858/--/-- Jacques Offenbach's operetta Orpheus in the Underworld premiers in Paris. 4450
1858/--/-- Bernadette Soubirous sees visions of the Vigin Mary in a grotto near Lourdes, France. 4451
1859/--/-- Napoleon III assists the Italian statesman Cavour in a war against Austria. 4452
1859/--/-- Oregon is inaugurated as the 33rd state of the Union. 4453
1859/--/-- Queensland becomes a separate colony of Australia. 4454
1859/--/-- Abolitionist John Brown leads an attack on Harpers Ferry; he is captured and executed. 4455
1859/--/-- French inventor Ferdinand Carre develops a refrigeration system. 4456
1859/--/-- Ferdinand de Lesseps begins building the Suez Canal in Egypt. 4457
1859/--/-- Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. 4458
1860/--/-- Italian patriot Garibaldi invades Sicily and Naples with his 1,000 Redshirts. 4459
1860/--/-- Sardinia-Piedmont seizes the Papal States in Italy. 4460
1860/--/-- China resists the Tientsin Treaty; Anglo-French forces occupy Peking. 4461
1860/--/-- The Maori Wars begin against the British in New Zealand. 4462
1860/--/-- Abraham Lincoln is elected as the first Republican president of the United States. 4463
1860/--/-- The Crittenden Compromise tries to prevent a split between slave and free states. 4464
1860/--/-- South Carolina becomes the first Southern state to secede from the Union. 4465
1860/--/-- The pony express is inaugurated to deliver mail from Missouri to California. 4466
1860/--/-- Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir patents the first internal-combustion engine. 4467
1860/--/-- Florence Nightingale establishes a school for training nurses. 4468
1860/--/-- George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans) publishes The Mill on the Floss. 4469
1860/--/-- English novelist Wilkie Collins writes The Woman in White. 4470
1861/--/-- Italy is unified under Victor Emmanuel II. 4471
1861/--/-- Nicholas II abolishes serfdom in Russia. 4472
1861/--/-- Lincoln is inaugurated as the 16th U.S. president; Hamlin becomes vice-president. 4473
1861/--/-- Kansas is inaugurated as the 34th state of the Union. 4474
1861/--/-- The Southern states meet to draft a constitution; Davis is selected as president. 4475
1861/--/-- The Confederate States of America declare their independence from the U.S. 4476
1861/--/-- The bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor begins the U.S. Civil War. 4477
1861/--/-- The Confederates defeat the Union army in the First Battle of Bull Run. 4478
1861/--/-- General George B. McClellan is made commander of the Union forces. 4479
1861/--/-- The Trent Affair begins when a Union ship intercepts a British steamer. 4480
1861/--/-- Explorers Burke and Wills die during their north-south crossing of Australia. 4481
1861/--/-- The United States introduce the first national income tax. 4482
1861/--/-- John Ericsson designs the Monitor, the first ship with a revolving gun-turret. 4483
1861/--/-- American locksmith Linus Yale Jr. patents the cylinder lock. 4484
1861/--/-- French artist Eugene Delacroix paints the Lion Hunt. 4485
1861/--/-- English designer William Morris starts the Arts and Crafts Movement. 4486
1862/--/-- William I appoints Otto von Bismarck as minister president of Prussia. 4487
1862/--/-- Napoleon III imposes the Austrian prince Maximilian as emperor of Mexico. 4488
1862/--/-- Bartolome Mitre unites Argentina and is elected president. 4489
1862/--/-- The ironclad warships Monitor and Merrimack clash at Hampton Roads, Va. 4490
1862/--/-- Union forces under McClellan begin the Peninsular Campaign to capture Richmond. 4491
1862/--/-- Union forces under Grant defeat the Confederates at the Battle of Shiloh. 4492
1862/--/-- A Union fleet under David G. Farragut captures New Orleans. 4493
1862/--/-- McClellan is defeated in the Seven Days Battle and retreats from the peninsular. 4494
1862/--/-- Lee defeats the Union army in the Second Battle of Bull Run. 4495
1862/--/-- Lee's Confederate invasion of Maryland is halted at the Battle of Antietam. 4496
1862/--/-- Union forces under Burnside are defeated at the Battle of Fredricksburg. 4497
1862/--/-- Explorer John McDouall Stuart makes the first south to north crossing of Australia. 4498
1862/--/-- French physicist Jean Foucault successfully measures the speed of light. 4499
1862/--/-- Richard J. Gatling invents the first practical machine gun. 4500
1862/--/-- Brady, O'Sullivan and Gardner document the Civil War in photographs. 4501
1862/--/-- The first recorded ski competition is held near Oslo in Norway. 4502
1862/--/-- French actress Sarah Bernhardt makes her debut at the Comedie Francaise. 4503
1862/--/-- French impressionist artist Edouard Manet paints Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe. 4504
1862/--/-- Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev publishes Fathers and Sons. 4505
1862/--/-- French writer Victor Hugo completes his social novel Les Miserables. 4506
1863/--/-- Cambodia (Kampuchea) becomes a French protectorate. 4507
1863/--/-- Ismail Pasha rules Egypt under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. 4508
1863/--/-- The French occupy Mexico City in support of Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico. 4509
1863/--/-- George I succeeds Otto as king of Greece. 4510
1863/--/-- Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation abolishes slavery in the Confederate states. 4511
1863/--/-- The Confederate guerrilla band Quantrill's Raiders pillage Lawrence, Kansas. 4512
1863/--/-- The Confederates defeat the Union army at Chancellorsville; Jackson is killed. 4513
1863/--/-- Grant defeats the Confederates in the Vicksburg Campaign. 4514
1863/--/-- The Confederates under Lee are defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg. 4515
1863/--/-- West Virginia is inaugurated as the 35th state of the Union. 4516
1863/--/-- London's Metropolitan Railway becomes the first underground subway. 4517
1863/--/-- English philosopher John Stuart Mill publishes Utilitarianism. 4518
1863/--/-- The London Football Association issues the first soccer rules. 4519
1863/--/-- French impressionist artist Camille Pissarro exhibits at the Salon des Refuses. 4520
1864/--/-- Denmark is defeated by Prussia; Schleswig-Holstein is ceded to Germany. 4521
1864/--/-- A Chinese army under Gordon recaptures Nanking and ends the Taiping Rebellion. 4522
1864/--/-- The Ionian Islands are ceded to Greece by Britain. 4523
1864/--/-- Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano Lopez begins the War of the Triple Alliance. 4524
1864/--/-- Ulysses S. Grant is made general in chief of all the Union armies. 4525
1864/--/-- The Union launches a drive on Richmond but falters in the Wilderness Campaign. 4526
1864/--/-- A Union army under Sherman invades Georgia, begining the Atlanta campaign. 4527
1864/--/-- The Confederate submarine Hunley sinks a Federal ship but is sunk in the process. 4528
1864/--/-- Sherman defeats the Confederates at Atlanta and begins his march to the sea. 4529
1864/--/-- The Colorado militia massacre Cheyenne Indians at Sand Creek. 4530
1864/--/-- The Geneva Convention sets standards of humane treatment in time of war. 4531
1864/--/-- Nevada is inaugurated as the 36th state of the Union. 4532
1865/--/-- The Petersburg Campaign is won by Union forces; Lee evacuates Richmond. 4533
1865/--/-- Confederate forces under Lee surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House. 4534
1865/--/-- Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C. 4535
1865/--/-- Andrew Johnson becomes the 17th President of the U.S. 4536
1865/--/-- Johnston surrenders the last Confederate army to Sherman, ending the U.S. Civil War. 4537
1865/--/-- The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery. 4538
1865/--/-- English author Lewis Carroll writes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. 4539
1865/--/-- Count Leo Tolstoi begins his monumental Russian novel War and Peace. 4540
1865/--/-- Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky publishes Crime and Punishment. 4541
1866/--/-- Prussia and Italy defeat Austria in the Seven Weeks' War. 4542
1866/--/-- The Ku Klux Klan is founded in the southern United States. 4543
1866/--/-- Mendel publishes his genetic research in Experiments With Plant Hybrids. 4544
1866/--/-- British engineer Robert Whitehead invents the first self-propelled torpedo. 4545
1866/--/-- Congress authorize (but do not mandate) the use of the metric system in the U.S. 4546
1867/--/-- French troops withdraw from Mexico; Emperor Maximilian is executed by Juarez. 4547
1867/--/-- Bismark forms the North German Confederation under Prussian leadership. 4548
1867/--/-- The Compromise (Ausgleich) of 1867 creates the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. 4549
1867/--/-- The Dominion of Canada is established by the British North America Act. 4550
1867/--/-- Sir John A. Macdonald becomes Canada's first prime minister. 4551
1867/--/-- Nebraska is inaugurated as the 37th state of the Union. 4552
1867/--/-- Diamond fields are discovered in South Africa. 4553
1867/--/-- Karl Marx publishes the first volume of Das Kapital. 4554
1867/--/-- English photographer Julia Margaret Cameron takes Sir John Herschel's portrait. 4555
1868/--/-- The Meiji dynasty is restored in Japan; the Tokugawa shogunate is abolished. 4556
1868/--/-- William Gladstone becomes Liberal prime minister of Britain for the first time. 4557
1868/--/-- A military coup led by General Juan Prim deposes Queen Isabella II of Spain. 4558
1868/--/-- The Ten Years' War begins in Cuba against Spanish rule. 4559
1868/--/-- U.S. President Andrew Johnson is impeached by Congress but acquitted by the Senate. 4560
1868/--/-- Chulalongkorn succeeds his father Mongkut as the king of Siam (Thailand). 4561
1868/--/-- Ndebele king Mzilikazi dies in Africa; he is succeeded (1870) by his son Lobengula. 4562
1868/--/-- British labor unions form the Trades Union Congress. 4563
1868/--/-- A skeleton of Cro-Magnon man is discovered in southern France. 4564
1868/--/-- Christopher Sholes patents the first practical typewriter. 4565
1868/--/-- Johannes Brahms' A German Requiem is performed for the first time. 4566
1868/--/-- Feminists Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton publish Revolution. 4567
1869/--/-- Grant is inaugurated as the 18th U.S. president; Colfax becomes vice-president. 4568
1869/--/-- The Suez Canal is opened in Egypt. 4569
1869/--/-- Louis Riel leads the Red River Rebellion in Canada. 4570
1869/--/-- The transcontinental railroad is completed at Promontory Point, Utah. 4571
1869/--/-- John Roebling designs the Brooklyn Bridge but dies after a construction accident. 4572
1869/--/-- Philadelphia garment workers organize the Knights of Labor, an early labor union. 4573
1869/--/-- Pope Pius IX calls the First Vatican Council to discuss the dogma of papal infallibility. 4574
1869/--/-- James Gordon Bennett Jr. commissions Stanley to search for Livingston in Africa. 4575
1869/--/-- The first manufacturing patent is issued for chewing gum. 4576
1869/--/-- The Cincinnati Red Stockings become the first professional baseball team. 4577
1869/--/-- Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky begins work on his opera Boris Gudunov. 4578
1869/--/-- Ludwig II (Mad Ludwig) begins building his fantasy castles in Bavaria. 4579
1869/--/-- French artist Eugene Louis Boudin paints On the Beach at Deauville. 4580
1869/--/-- English author Matthew Arnold publishes Culture and Anarchy. 4581
1870/--/-- The Franco-Prussian War begins over a diplomatic incident engineered by Bismark. 4582
1870/--/-- The Prussians defeat the French at Sedan; Napoleon III is taken prisoner. 4583
1870/--/-- The Third Republic is formed in France; a Government of National Defense is established. 4584
1870/--/-- French war minister Leon Gambetta escapes from besieged Paris in a balloon. 4585
1870/--/-- Paraguayan dictator Solano Lopez dies, ending the War of the Triple Alliance. 4586
1870/--/-- The city of Miami is founded in Florida. 4587
1870/--/-- Rome becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. 4588
1870/--/-- American industrialist John D. Rockefeller founds the Standard Oil Company. 4589
1870/--/-- German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavates the ancient city of Troy. 4590
1871/--/-- The German Empire is formally proclaimed at the Palace of Versailles. 4591
1871/--/-- The Franco-Prussian War ends; Alsace and Lorraine are ceded to Germany. 4592
1871/--/-- The French surrender to Prussia incites the Commune of Paris uprising. 4593
1871/--/-- The Paris Commune is suppressed by government troops after a 2-month siege. 4594
1871/--/-- Charles Taze Russell founds the Jehovah's Witnesses about this time. 4595
1871/--/-- Fire destroys one-third of the city of Chicago. 4596
1871/--/-- American explorer Henry Morton Stanley finds Dr. Livingston in central Africa. 4597
1871/--/-- P.T Barnum launches a traveling circus, museum and menagerie. 4598
1872/--/-- The death of Kamehameha V ends the Kamehameha dynasty of Hawaiian kings. 4599
1872/--/-- Indian leader Kintpuash leaves the Modoc reservation; the Modoc Wars begin. 4600
1872/--/-- The cities of Buda and Pest unite to form Budapest (the capital of Hungary from 1918). 4601
1872/--/-- The Challenger Expedition begins the first systematic oceanographic survey. 4602
1872/--/-- Photographer Eadweard Muybridge begins his series of motion studies. 4603
1872/--/-- American artist James McNeill Whistler paints the Portrait of the Artist's Mother. 4604
1872/--/-- Monet paints Impression: Sunrise; the term impressionism is derived from the title. 4605
1872/--/-- The first woman impressionist artist Berthe Morisot paints The Cradle. 4606
1872/--/-- English author George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans) publishes Middlemarch. 4607
1873/--/-- The Pacific Scandal in Canada causes the collapse of the Conservative government. 4608
1873/--/-- The Panic of 1873 leads to 5 years of economic depression in the U.S. 4609
1873/--/-- Englishman Maj. Walter Clopton Wingfield invents lawn tennis. 4610
1873/--/-- French novelist Jules Verne publishes Around the World in Eighty Days. 4611
1874/--/-- Benjamin Disraeli becomes the Conservative prime minister of Britain. 4612
1874/--/-- The Comanche, Kiowa and other Indian tribes attack Adobe Walls in Texas. 4613
1874/--/-- The Greenback party advocates currency reform in the U.S. 4614
1874/--/-- French impressionist artist Pierre Auguste Renoir paints La Loge (The Box). 4615
1874/--/-- The first exhibition of impressionist paintings is held in Paris. 4616
1874/--/-- English author Thomas Hardy publishes Far from the Madding Crowd. 4617
1875/--/-- The Bourbon monarchy is restored in Spain under Alfonso XII. 4618
1875/--/-- Britain buys Suez Canal shares from the bankrupt Egyptian leader Ismail Pasha. 4619
1875/--/-- Mary Baker Eddy, founder of Christian Science, publishes Science and Health. 4620
1875/--/-- Georges Bizet's opera Carmen is performed in Paris. 4621
1875/--/-- American author Mark Twain publishes Tom Sawyer. 4622
1876/--/-- Sioux Indians defeat General Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn. 4623
1876/--/-- General Porfirio Diaz seizes power as the dictator of Mexico. 4624
1876/--/-- Abd al-Hamid II assumes his rule as the last Ottoman sultan. 4625
1876/--/-- Queen Victoria assumes the title of Empress of India. 4626
1876/--/-- Japan forces Korea to open up to foreign trade, countering the influence of China. 4627
1876/--/-- Colorado is inaugurated as the 38th state of the Union. 4628
1876/--/-- Alexander Graham Bell patents his invention of the telephone. 4629
1876/--/-- German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavates the ancient city of Mycenae. 4630
1876/--/-- The U.S. Centennial Exposition of 1876 is held in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. 4631
1876/--/-- Johann Strauss Jr. composes his waltz The Beautiful Blue Danube. 4632
1876/--/-- The Bayreuth musical festival opens with a performance of Wagner's Ring cycle. 4633
1876/--/-- Impressionist artist Alfred Sisley paints Flood at the Port of Marly. 4634
1876/--/-- British philosopher Herbert Spencer begins publishing the Principles of Sociology. 4635
1877/--/-- Hayes is inaugurated as the 19th U.S. president; Wheeler becomes vice-president 4636
1877/--/-- The Japanese army suppresses a samurai revolt led by Saigo Takamori. 4637
1877/--/-- Britain annexes Transvaal in South Africa. 4638
1877/--/-- Turkish suppression of Balkan nationalists leads to a new Russo-Turkish War. 4639
1877/--/-- Chief Joseph leads the Nez Perce tribe against the U.S. Army. 4640
1877/--/-- Thomas Edison invents the phonograph. 4641
1877/--/-- Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli observes canali (channels) on Mars. 4642
1877/--/-- The All-England lawn tennis championship is played at Wimbledon for the first time. 4643
1877/--/-- Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake is performed by the Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow. 4644
1878/--/-- The Russo-Turkish War ends; The Treaty of San Stefano is imposed on Turkey. 4645
1878/--/-- The Congress of Berlin reverses Russian gains from the San Stefano Treaty. 4646
1878/--/-- Serbia, Montenegro and Romania are granted independence from Turkey. 4647
1878/--/-- Turkey's provinces of Bosnia and Hercegovina are placed under Austrian administration. 4648
1878/--/-- The second Anglo-Afghan War begins. 4649
1878/--/-- Ismail Pasha presents Cleopatra's Needles to Britain (1878) and the U.S. (1880). 4650
1878/--/-- The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company performs Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore. 4651
1879/--/-- Cetewayo's Zulus defeat the British at Isandhlwana, but are beaten at Ulundi. 4652
1879/--/-- Tawfiq Pasha succeeds his father Ismail Pasha as khedive (viceroy) of Egypt. 4653
1879/--/-- Belgian king Leopold II sponsors Henry Morton Stanley's expedition to the Congo. 4654
1879/--/-- Charles Stewart Parnell leads the Home Rule for Ireland party. 4655
1879/--/-- Territorial disputes lead to the War of the Pacific between Chile and Peru. 4656
1879/--/-- General Roca defeats the Patagonian Indians, opening the Pampas for settlement. 4657
1879/--/-- Thomas Edison develops the first workable incandescent lamp (light bulb). 4658
1879/--/-- Impressionist artist Edgar Degas paints Ballerina Posing for a Photograph. 4659
1879/--/-- Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen writes A Doll's House. 4660
1880/--/-- Boer (Afrikaner) uprisings begin against the British in Transvaal, South Africa. 4661
1880/--/-- Gladstone succeeds Disraeli as British prime minister. 4662
1880/--/-- France annexes the Pacific island of Tahiti. 4663
1880/--/-- Australian bushranger Ned Kelly is hanged for murder. 4664
1880/--/-- American impressionist artist Mary Cassatt exhibits A Woman in Black at the Opera. 4665
1880/--/-- German composer Jacques Offenbach writes the opera Tales of Hoffmann. 4666
1880/--/-- Russian composer Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky writes the 1812 Overture. 4667
1880/--/-- French novelist Emile Zola writes Nana, a portrait of a prostitute. 4668
1881/--/-- Garfield is inaugurated as the 20th U.S. president; Arthur becomes vice-president. 4669
1881/--/-- Japanese statesman Itagaki Taisuke founds the Jiyuto (Liberal party). 4670
1881/--/-- President Garfield is assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau. 4671
1881/--/-- Chester A. Arthur is inaugurated as the 21st U.S. president. 4672
1881/--/-- Alexander II is assassinated by narodniki revolutionaries in Russia. 4673
1881/--/-- The Sudanese under Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad overthrow Egyptian rule. 4674
1881/--/-- Ferdinand de Lesseps begins an abortive attempt to build the Panama Canal. 4675
1881/--/-- The first U.S. tennis championship is held in Newport, R.I. 4676
1881/--/-- Lillie Langtry, mistress of the Prince of Wales, makes her acting debut. 4677
1882/--/-- A Triple Alliance is established between Austria, Italy and Germany. 4678
1882/--/-- The British take control of Egypt, suppressing uprisings against Tawfiq Pasha. 4679
1882/--/-- The U.S. begins to restrict immigration with the Chinese Exclusion Acts. 4680
1882/--/-- Japanese statesman Okuma Shigenobu founds the Kaishinto, or Progressive, party. 4681
1882/--/-- Edison's New York plant begins supplying 59 customers with electricity. 4682
1882/--/-- Impressionist artist Edouard Manet completes the Bar at the Folies-Bergere. 4683
1883/--/-- Paul Kruger becomes president of the Boer republic of the Transvaal in South Africa. 4684
1883/--/-- The Fabian Society is founded in London to spread socialist ideas. 4685
1883/--/-- The Island volcano of Krakatoa explodes in Indonesia, causing 36,000 deaths. 4686
1883/--/-- The Brooklyn Bridge is completed in New York. 4687
1883/--/-- The first skyscraper (10 stories) is built in Chicago by William LeBaron Jenney. 4688
1883/--/-- Buffalo Bill Cody organizes his Wild West show. 4689
1883/--/-- Russian scientist Tsiolkovsky proves that a rocket could work in the vacuum of space. 4690
1883/--/-- German philosopher Frederich Wilhelm Nietzsche begins Thus Spake Zarathustra. 4691
1883/--/-- Cyrus H. K. Curtis publishes the Lady's Home Journal magazine. 4692
1884/--/-- Germany occupies South West Africa (Namibia). 4693
1884/--/-- German East Africa is formed from Rwanda, Mozambique,Tanzania and Burundi. 4694
1884/--/-- Belva Lockwood becomes the first woman nominated as a U.S. presidential candidate. 4695
1884/--/-- Lewis E. Waterman invents the first fountain pen with an ink reservoir. 4696
1884/--/-- American author Mark Twain publishes the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 4697
1885/--/-- Cleveland is inaugurated as the 22nd U.S. president; Hendricks becomes vice-president. 4698
1885/--/-- General Gordon is killed by Mahdist forces at the siege of Khartoum in Sudan. 4699
1885/--/-- The Indian National Congress movement is founded in Bombay. 4700
1885/--/-- The Congo Free State (Zaire) becomes the possession of King Leopold II of Belgium. 4701
1885/--/-- French chemist Louis Pasteur develops a vaccine for rabies. 4702
1885/--/-- Gottlieb Daimler develops the first motorcycle. 4703
1885/--/-- J. K. Stanley introduces his safety cycle, the basic model for the modern bicycle. 4704
1885/--/-- Boston Symphony Orchestra organizes its Promenade Concerts (the Boston Pops). 4705
1886/--/-- British prime minister Gladstone introduces an unsuccessful Home Rule bill for Ireland. 4706
1886/--/-- Britain makes Burma a province of India after winning the Anglo-Burma War. 4707
1886/--/-- The Anglo-German Agreement recognizes German control over Tanganyika (Tanzania). 4708
1886/--/-- Gold is discovered in Transvaal, South Africa. 4709
1886/--/-- Apache Indian chief Geronimo surrenders to General Nelson Miles. 4710
1886/--/-- Samuel Gompers organizes the American Federation of Labor. 4711
1886/--/-- Jose Balmaceda becomes president of Chile. 4712
1886/--/-- The Statue of Liberty is unveiled in New York Harbor. 4713
1886/--/-- French sculptor Auguste Rodin completes The Kiss. 4714
1887/--/-- France creates the Union of Indochina (most of modern day Vietnam and Kampuchea). 4715
1887/--/-- The Michelson-Morley experiment confirms the absence of ether. 4716
1887/--/-- Arthur Conan Doyle publishes the first Sherlock Holmes story. 4717
1888/--/-- William II succeeds Frederick III as emperor of Germany. 4718
1888/--/-- Britain unites its Caribbean colonies of Trinidad and Tobago. 4719
1888/--/-- American inventor George Eastman introduces the Kodak box camera. 4720
1888/--/-- A patent is issued to American inventor John H. Loud for the first ball-point pen. 4721
1888/--/-- Jack the Ripper murders seven women in London. 4722
1888/--/-- Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov writes Scheherazade. 4723
1888/--/-- Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh paints Still Life With Sunflowers. 4724
1888/--/-- The National Geographic Magazine is published for the first time. 4725
1889/--/-- Benjamin Harrison is inaugurated as the 23rd U.S. president. 4726
1889/--/-- Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria commits suicide at Mayerling. 4727
1889/--/-- German revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg is exiled in Switzerland. 4728
1889/--/-- Japan's first prime minister Ito Hirobumi introduces the Meiji Constitution. 4729
1889/--/-- North Dakota and South Dakota are inaugurated as the 39th and 40th states. 4730
1889/--/-- Pedro II emperor of Brazil is overthrown in a coup; Brazil is declared a republic. 4731
1889/--/-- Montana is inaugurated as the 41st state; Washington is inaugurated as the 42nd state. 4732
1889/--/-- Gustave Eiffel designs the Eiffel Tower for the Paris Exposition. 4733
1890/--/-- German chancellor Otto von Bismarck is dismissed by Emperor William II. 4734
1890/--/-- Zanzibar becomes a British protectorate. 4735
1890/--/-- Sioux Indians are massacred at the Battle of Wounded Knee. 4736
1890/--/-- Cecil Rhodes becomes prime minister of the Cape Colony in South Africa. 4737
1890/--/-- The British South Africa Company occupies Zimbabwe; conflicts begin with the Ndebele. 4738
1890/--/-- Idaho is inaugurated as the 43rd state; Wyoming is inaugurated as the 44th state. 4739
1890/--/-- The Forth Railway Bridge is opened, replacing the Brooklyn Bridge as the longest span. 4740
1890/--/-- American psychologist William James publishes The Principles of Psychology. 4741
1890/--/-- Claude Debussy begins composing Suite Bergamasque, including Clair de lune. 4742
1890/--/-- Photographer Jacob Riis documents New York's poor in How the Other Half Lives. 4743
1890/--/-- Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh commits suicide. 4744
1890/--/-- American naval officer Alfred Mahan publishes The Influence of Sea Power upon History. 4745
1890/--/-- Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore publishes Manasi (The Mind's Embodiment). 4746
1891/--/-- The American Express Company introduces the first traveler's checks. 4747
1891/--/-- Eugene Dubois discovers the first Homo erectus remains on Java in Indonesia. 4748
1891/--/-- James Naismith devises the game of basketball in Springfield, Mass. 4749
1891/--/-- French postimpressionist artist Paul Gauguin travels to Tahiti. 4750
1891/--/-- English novelist Thomas Hardy writes Tess of the D'Urbervilles. 4751
1891/--/-- Anglo-Irish author Oscar Wilde publishes his only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. 4752
1892/--/-- Writer and political revolutionary Jose Marti founds the Cuban Revolutionary party. 4753
1892/--/-- James J. Corbett wins the heavyweight boxing championship from John L. Sullivan. 4754
1892/--/-- The San Francisco Examiner begins printing the first newspaper comic strip. 4755
1892/--/-- Impressionist artist Paul Cezanne completes the Card Players. 4756
1892/--/-- French artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec paints At the Moulin Rouge. 4757
1893/--/-- Cleveland is inaugurated as the 24th U.S. president; Hendricks becomes vice-president. 4758
1893/--/-- The Ivory Coast becomes a French colony. 4759
1893/--/-- Gladstone's second Irish Home Rule Bill is vetoed by the House of Lords in Britain. 4760
1893/--/-- France adds Laos to the Union of Indochina. 4761
1893/--/-- Queen Liliuokalani is ousted in Hawaii; Sanford B. Dole, is elected president (1894). 4762
1893/--/-- Victor Horta's Tassel House in Brussels initiates the Art Nouveau architectural style. 4763
1893/--/-- American artist Louis Comfort Tiffany begins producing Art Nouveau glassware. 4764
1894/--/-- Rebellion in Korea begins the First Sino-Japanese War. 4765
1894/--/-- Britain establishes a protectorate over Buganda and conquers the rest of Uganda. 4766
1894/--/-- Thousands of Armenians are massacred in Turkey. 4767
1894/--/-- The arrest of army captain Albert Dreyfus creates a political crisis in France. 4768
1894/--/-- Percival Lowell builds an observatory to study the Martian canals. 4769
1894/--/-- English artist Aubrey Beardsley illustrates Oscar Wilde's Salome. 4770
1894/--/-- Czech decorative artist Alfons Mucha designs a poster of Sarah Bernhardt. 4771
1894/--/-- English author Rudyard Kipling publishes The Jungle Book. 4772
1895/--/-- The Jameson Raid on the Boer republic of Transvaal increases anti-British hostility. 4773
1895/--/-- Russian revolutionary Vladimir Ilich Lenin is exiled to Siberia. 4774
1895/--/-- The Cuban War of Independence begins against Spain; Jose Marti is killed in battle. 4775
1895/--/-- Japan defeats China; the Shimonoseki Treaty establishes Korean independence. 4776
1895/--/-- X rays are discovered by German physicist Wilhelm C. Roentgen. 4777
1895/--/-- The American Bowling Congress (ABC) is founded. 4778
1895/--/-- Louis and Auguste Lumiere show the first motion pictures to a Paris cafe audience. 4779
1895/--/-- Sir Henry Irving becomes the first British actor to be knighted. 4780
1895/--/-- Anglo-Irish playwright Oscar Wilde writes The Importance of Being Earnest. 4781
1895/--/-- The first list of best-selling books is published by The Bookman magazine. 4782
1896/--/-- King Menelik II defeats the Italians at Adwa, maintaining Ethiopian independence. 4783
1896/--/-- Utah is inaugurated as the 45th state of the Union. 4784
1896/--/-- A tsunami (tidal wave) kills 27,000 people in Japan. 4785
1896/--/-- The first modern Olympic Games are held at Athens in Greece; 13 countries compete. 4786
1896/--/-- Italian composer Giacomo Puccini writes the opera La Boheme. 4787
1896/--/-- John Philip Sousa composes The Stars and Stripes Forever. 4788
1897/--/-- McKinley is inaugurated as the 25th U.S. president; Hobart becomes vice-president. 4789
1897/--/-- Theodor Herzl organizes the World Zionist Congress at Basel in Switzerland. 4790
1897/--/-- British physician Havelock Ellis begins his Studies in the Psychology of Sex. 4791
1897/--/-- The first subway un the U.S. opens in Boston. 4792
1897/--/-- Austrian artist Gustav Klimt helps to found the Vienna Secession group. 4793
1897/--/-- French primitive artist Henri Rousseau paints The Sleeping Gypsy. 4794
1897/--/-- American comic strip The Katzenjammer Kids is begun by Rudolph Dirks. 4795
1897/--/-- French dramatist Edmond Rostand writes Cyrano de Bergerac. 4796
1897/--/-- Stanislavsky founds the Moscow Art Theater and begins the method acting technique. 4797
1897/--/-- Russian author Anton Chekhov writes the play Uncle Vanya. 4798
1897/--/-- English author Rudyard Kipling publishes Captains Courageous. 4799
1898/--/-- William Randolph Hearst's yellow journalism inflames anti-Spanish feelings. 4800
1898/--/-- The U.S. battleship Maine explodes in the Spanish port of Manila in the Philippines. 4801
1898/--/-- The Spanish-American War begins with a declaration of war by Congress. 4802
1898/--/-- Commodore Dewey destroys the Spanish fleet in Manila harbor. 4803
1898/--/-- U.S. troops land on Cuba; Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders are in action. 4804
1898/--/-- The U.S. army uses machine guns for the first time in the battle of Santiago. 4805
1898/--/-- The Spanish fleet is destroyed off Cuba; Spain sues for peace. 4806
1898/--/-- Britain obtains a 99-year lease for Hong Kong from the Chinese. 4807
1898/--/-- The British under Kitchener defeat the Mahdists at Omdurman in Sudan. 4808
1898/--/-- Spain cedes Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris. 4809
1898/--/-- The Fashoda Incident leads to a French withdrawal from the Sudan. 4810
1898/--/-- The Boxer Uprising begins in China; Empress Tz'u-hsi imprisons the emperor. 4811
1898/--/-- Anglo-Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw publishes Arms and the Man. 4812
1898/--/-- English author H. G. Wells publishes The War of the Worlds. 4813
1899/--/-- The South African War begins between the Boers (Afrikaners) and the British. 4814
1899/--/-- The British under Robert Baden-Powell are besieged by the Boers at Mafeking. 4815
1899/--/-- Journalist and future statesman Winston Churchill escapes from Boer captivity. 4816
1899/--/-- Designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh completes the Glasgow School of Art. 4817
1899/--/-- American composer Scott Joplin publishes his Maple Leaf Rag. 4818
1899/--/-- American artist Winslow Homer paints the Gulf Stream. 4819
1899/--/-- English composer Edward Elgar writes The Enigma Variations. 4820
1899/--/-- U.S. Secretary of State John M. Hay advocates an Open Door Policy for China. 4821
1900/--/-- Chinese nationalists besiege foreigners in Peking during the Boxer Uprising. 4822
1900/--/-- An international force lifts the Boxer siege of Peking. 4823
1900/--/-- The British defeat the Boer (Afrikaner) armies in South Africa and occupy Pretoria. 4824
1900/--/-- The Boers begin a guerrilla war against the British occupation forces. 4825
1900/--/-- Humbert I is assassinated; he is succeeded by Victor Emanuel III as king of Italy. 4826
1900/--/-- British politician Keir Hardie helps to found the Labour party. 4827
1900/--/-- Hawaii is made a U.S. Territory; Sanford Dole serves as the first governor. 4828
1900/--/-- Max Planck formulates the quantum theory in physics. 4829
1900/--/-- Sir Arthur Evans begins the excavation of the Minoan palace at Knossos, Crete. 4830
1900/--/-- Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invents the electrocardiograph. 4831
1900/--/-- The U.S. wins the first Davis Cup tennis contest. 4832
1900/--/-- James J. Jeffries beats Jim Corbett to retain the heavyweight boxing title. 4833
1900/--/-- American novelist Theodore Dreiser publishes his first novel Sister Carrie. 4834
1900/--/-- Italian author Gabriele D'Annunzio publishes The Flame of Life. 4835
1900/--/-- Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams. 4836
1900/--/-- Hector Guimard uses Art Nouveau designs for the entrances to the Paris Metro. 4837
1901/--/-- Russia occupies Manchuria in north-east China. 4838
1901/--/-- Britain incorporates Ashanti territory into the Gold Coast (Ghana). 4839
1901/--/-- The Commonwealth of Australia is founded. 4840
1901/--/-- Queen Victoria dies; she is succeeded by her son Edward VII. 4841
1901/--/-- President McKinley is assassinated by the anarchist Leon Czolgosz. 4842
1901/--/-- Theodore Roosevelt is inaugurated as the 26th U.S. president. 4843
1901/--/-- Victor L. Berger and Eugene V. Debs help found the American Socialist party. 4844
1901/--/-- Andrew Carnegie sells his company and devotes himself to philanthropy. 4845
1901/--/-- Temperance advocate Carry Nation uses a hatchet to attack a Kansas saloon. 4846
1901/--/-- King C. Gillette founds the American Safety Razor Company. 4847
1901/--/-- Guglielmo Marconi tests radio transmissions between England and Newfoundland. 4848
1901/--/-- American surgeon Walter Reed proves that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes. 4849
1901/--/-- A 39,000 year-old frozen mammoth is discovered in Russia. 4850
1901/--/-- An American League of baseball is formed in competition to the National League. 4851
1901/--/-- The first U.S. national bowling tournament is held. 4852
1901/--/-- Spanish painter Pablo Picasso's Blue Period begins. 4853
1901/--/-- Sergei Rachmaninoff writes his Second Piano Concerto. 4854
1901/--/-- Sir Edward Elgar composes the first of his five Pomp and Circumstance Marches. 4855
1901/--/-- English author Beatrix Potter publishes her children's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit. 4856
1901/--/-- A stele bearing the Code of Hammurabi is discovered in Susa, Iran. 4857
1902/--/-- The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the South African War. 4858
1902/--/-- Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. is appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. 4859
1902/--/-- Italian opera singer Enrico Caruso makes his first phonographic recording. 4860
1902/--/-- English author Joseph Conrad publishes Heart of Darkness. 4861
1902/--/-- Maksim Gorky's The Lower Depths is produced at the Moscow Art Theater. 4862
1902/--/-- The Photo-Secession group is founded in New York by photographer Alfred Stieglitz. 4863
1902/--/-- French filmmaker Georges Melies produces A Trip to the Moon. 4864
1902/--/-- Conan Doyle writes the Sherlock Holmes adventure The Hound of the Baskervilles. 4865
1902/--/-- American artist Robert Henri paints the New York street scene West 57th Street. 4866
1903/--/-- Vladimir Ilich Lenin organizes the Bolshevik revolutionary group. 4867
1903/--/-- Panama declares its independence from Columbia; the U.S. recognizes the new republic. 4868
1903/--/-- The U.S. acquires perpetual control over the Panama Canal Zone. 4869
1903/--/-- Colonel Francis Younghusband leads a British military expedition into Tibet. 4870
1903/--/-- Emmeline Pankhurst founds the Women's Social and Political Union in Britain. 4871
1903/--/-- Alexander, King of Serbia, is assassinated; he is succeeded by Peter I. 4872
1903/--/-- The Rolls-Royce automobile company is founded in Britain. 4873
1903/--/-- Orville Wright makes the first successful flight in a self-propelled airplane. 4874
1903/--/-- Marie and Pierre Curie win the Nobel Prize for Physics for their work on radioactivity. 4875
1903/--/-- The first World Series baseball game is played. 4876
1903/--/-- Bernard Shaw's play Man and Superman is produced in London. 4877
1903/--/-- American novelist Henry James publishes The Ambassadors. 4878
1903/--/-- Edwin S. Porter directs the pioneering Western film The Great Train Robbery. 4879
1903/--/-- American author Jack London publishes The Call of the Wild. 4880
1904/--/-- Territorial disputes in Manchuria begin the Russo-Japanese War. 4881
1904/--/-- Ivan Pavlov, discoverer of the conditioned reflex, is awarded the Nobel Prize. 4882
1904/--/-- Italian composer Giacomo Puccini's opera Madame Butterfly is produced. 4883
1904/--/-- The Abbey Theatre is founded in Dublin. 4884
1904/--/-- James Barrie's play Peter Pan is produced in London. 4885
1904/--/-- Russian author Anton Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard is produced. 4886
1904/--/-- The New York City subway is opened. 4887
1904/--/-- Max Weber publishes The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. 4888
1905/--/-- Psychologist Alfred Binet develops intelligence tests for school children. 4889
1905/--/-- The Russian fleet is destroyed by the Japanese at the Battle of Tsushima. 4890
1905/--/-- A general strike and revolution begin in Russia; Nicholas II grants a constitution. 4891
1905/--/-- The union of Norway and Sweden is dissolved; Haakon VII is elected king of Norway. 4892
1905/--/-- Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen founds the T'ung-meng hui (Alliance Society). 4893
1905/--/-- French territorial ambitions spark the first Moroccan crisis. 4894
1905/--/-- Roosevelt begins his second term as U.S. president; Fairbanks becomes vice-president. 4895
1905/--/-- The Sinn Fein Irish nationalist movement is founded by Arthur Griffith. 4896
1905/--/-- W.E.B. Du Bois forms the Niagara Movement to demand full civil rights for black Americans. 4897
1905/--/-- American labor leader Eugene V. Debs founds the Industrial Workers of the World. 4898
1905/--/-- Ambrose Fleming invents the thermionic valve, used to improve radio reception. 4899
1905/--/-- German physicist Albert Einstein proposes his Special Theory of Relativity. 4900
1905/--/-- The Cullinan diamond is found in South Africa; it weighs 3,106 carats. 4901
1905/--/-- American humorist and actor Will Rogers makes his New York City debut. 4902
1905/--/-- Ernst Ludwig Kirchner organizes the expressionist painters group Die Brucke. 4903
1905/--/-- Henri Matisse and Andre Derain form the Fauves (Wild Beasts) art movement. 4904
1905/--/-- German poet Rainer Maria Rilke publishes The Book of Hours. 4905
1906/--/-- Under the Platt Amendment U.S. troops return to Cuba to quell rebellion and restore order. 4906
1906/--/-- The Dreyfus affair ends with the pardoning of French army officer Alfred Dreyfus. 4907
1906/--/-- The Aga Khan III forms the All-India Moslim League. 4908
1906/--/-- H.M.S. Dreadnought, the first modern battleship, is launched. 4909
1906/--/-- The San Francisco earthquake kills 700. 4910
1906/--/-- Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen traverses the Northwest Passage. 4911
1906/--/-- British author John Galsworthy publishes the first novel of The Forsythe Saga. 4912
1906/--/-- Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle leads to the U.S. Pure Foods and Drugs Act. 4913
1907/--/-- A Triple Entente is formed between Britain, France and Russia. 4914
1907/--/-- Rasputin gains influence at the court of Russian emperor Nicholas II. 4915
1907/--/-- Oklahoma is inaugurated as the 46th state of the Union. 4916
1907/--/-- The Panic of 1907 begins with the collapse of the U.S. stock market. 4917
1907/--/-- Lee De Forest invents the triode, a key component for amplifying radio signals. 4918
1907/--/-- The first Ziegfeld Follies are staged in New York City. 4919
1907/--/-- Irish playwright J.M. Synge writes The Playboy of the Western World. 4920
1907/--/-- Anna Pavlova dances The Dying Swan, choreographed by Mikhail Fokine. 4921
1908/--/-- King Leopold II of the Belgians establishes the Independent State of Congo in Africa. 4922
1908/--/-- Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Hercegovina. 4923
1908/--/-- The Young Turk Revolution in Turkey leads to political reform. 4924
1908/--/-- Liberal leader Herbert Asquith becomes prime minister of Britain. 4925
1908/--/-- An earthquake at Messina in Italy kills 80,000. 4926
1908/--/-- The Tunguska fireball explodes in Siberia with the force of a modern H-bomb. 4927
1908/--/-- The Ford Motor Company produces the first Model T automobile. 4928
1908/--/-- Automaker William Durant founds the General Motors Company. 4929
1908/--/-- British soldier Robert Baden-Powell founds the Boy Scout movement. 4930
1908/--/-- Mary Baker Eddy establishes the Christian Science Monitor. 4931
1908/--/-- The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded. 4932
1908/--/-- Jack Johnson becomes the first black heavyweight boxing champion. 4933
1908/--/-- Filmmakers Charles Pathe and Leon Gaumont produce the first newsreel. 4934
1908/--/-- Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque cofound the cubism art movement. 4935
1908/--/-- The Ashcan school of painters exhibit in New York City. 4936
1908/--/-- Austrian artist Gustav Klimt paints The Kiss. 4937
1908/--/-- Kenneth Grahame publishes his children's story The Wind in the Willows. 4938
1909/--/-- Taft is inaugurated as the 27th U.S. president; Sherman becomes vice-president. 4939
1909/--/-- American explorer Robert E. Peary reaches the North Pole. 4940
1909/--/-- French aviator Louis Bleriot makes the first flight across the English Channel. 4941
1909/--/-- Russian impresario Serge Diaghilev presents the Ballet Russe in Paris. 4942
1909/--/-- American writer Gertrude Stein publishes Three Lives. 4943
1909/--/-- American architect Frank Lloyd Wright builds the Robie House in Chicago. 4944
1909/--/-- American artist George Bellows paints the prize fight scene Stag at Sharkey's. 4945
1909/--/-- American poet William Carlos Williams publishes Poems, his first book. 4946
1910/--/-- Japanese forces annex Korea. 4947
1910/--/-- The Union of South Africa is formed; Louis Botha becomes the first prime minister. 4948
1910/--/-- France groups four African territories together as French Equatorial Africa. 4949
1910/--/-- Madero, Villa and Zapata lead a revolution against Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz. 4950
1910/--/-- George V succeeds his father Edward VII as king of Great Britain and Ireland. 4951
1910/--/-- British politician Winston Churchill is appointed first lord of the Admiralty. 4952
1910/--/-- German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich synthesizes Salversan, a cure for syphilis. 4953
1910/--/-- The Art Deco architectural and decorative arts style begins to become popular. 4954
1910/--/-- French sculptor Auguste Rodin casts the bronze figure The Thinker. 4955
1910/--/-- Russian-born artist Wassily Kandinsky executes his first abstract painting. 4956
1910/--/-- French primitive artist Henri Rousseau paints The Dream. 4957
1910/--/-- Italian artists led by Umberto Boccioni found the futurism movement. 4958
1910/--/-- British author Arnold Bennett publishes Clayhanger. 4959
1911/--/-- The Ch'ing dynasty is deposed in China; a republic is formed under Sun Yat-sen. 4960
1911/--/-- Tibet declares its independence from China. 4961
1911/--/-- Italy's attempts to annex Cyrenaica and Tripolitania leads to the Italo-Turkish War. 4962
1911/--/-- Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz is overthrown; Francisco Madero becomes president. 4963
1911/--/-- Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen reaches the South Pole ahead of Robert Scott. 4964
1911/--/-- Sir Ernest Rutherford formulates his theory of atomic structure. 4965
1911/--/-- Hans Geiger invents an electrical device to count individual alpha particles. 4966
1911/--/-- Willis Carrier designs the first practical air conditioning system. 4967
1911/--/-- Elmer A. Sperry designs the first American gyrocompass. 4968
1911/--/-- American aviator Glen Curtiss flies the first successful seaplane. 4969
1911/--/-- The first film studio is established at Hollywood in California. 4970
1911/--/-- American songwriter Irving Berlin publishes Alexander's Ragtime Band. 4971
1911/--/-- Richard Strauss' opera Der Rosenkavalier is performed for the first time. 4972
1911/--/-- English author G.K. Chesterton publishes the first Father Brown story. 4973
1911/--/-- Russian artist Marc Chagall paints I and My Village. 4974
1911/--/-- American novelist Edith Wharton publishes Ethan Frome. 4975
1911/--/-- German-American anthropologist Franz Boas publishes The Mind of Primitive Man. 4976
1912/--/-- The Balkan League begins the first Balkan War against the Ottoman Empire. 4977
1912/--/-- Morocco is divided between France and Spain after the second Moroccan crisis. 4978
1912/--/-- New Mexico is inaugurated as the 47th state; Arizona is inaugurated as the 48th state. 4979
1912/--/-- Theodore Roosevelt campaigns for the U.S. presidency under the Bull Moose ticket. 4980
1912/--/-- British explorers under Scott reach the South Pole but die during their return. 4981
1912/--/-- The liner Titanic sinks after colliding with an iceberg on her maiden voyage. 4982
1912/--/-- German geophysicist Alfred Wegener formulates his continental drift hypothesis. 4983
1912/--/-- Piltdown man is discovered in Britain, beginning an elaborate scientific hoax. 4984
1912/--/-- Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler publishes The Neurotic Constitution. 4985
1912/--/-- American Indian Jim Thorpe wins the Olympic decathlon and pentathlon. 4986
1912/--/-- Russian dancer Vaslav Nijinsky choreographs and dances in The Afternoon of the Faun. 4987
1912/--/-- American writer Willa Cather publishes her first novel Alexander's Bridge. 4988
1912/--/-- French Dada artist Marcel Duchamp paints Nude Descending a Staircase. 4989
1912/--/-- American author Edgar Rice Burroughs publishes Tarzan of the Apes. 4990
1913/--/-- Wilson is inaugurated as the 28th U.S. president; Marshall becomes vice-president. 4991
1913/--/-- King George I of Greece is assassinated; he is succeeded by Constantine I 4992
1913/--/-- Russian revolutionary Joseph Stalin is exiled to Siberia by the tsarist government. 4993
1913/--/-- The island of Crete is united with Greece. 4994
1913/--/-- The second Balkan War begins with a Bulgarian attack on Serbia. 4995
1913/--/-- Victoriano Huerta leads a military coup in Mexico; president Francisco Madero is killed. 4996
1913/--/-- Medical missionary Albert Schweitzer builds a hospital at Lambarene in Africa. 4997
1913/--/-- Federal income tax is introduced in the U.S. 4998
1913/--/-- Bertrand Russell and A.E. Whitehead publish Principia Mathematica. 4999
1913/--/-- Danish physicist Niels Bohr publishes his atomic theory. 5000
1913/--/-- Socialists Sidney and Beatrice Webb found the political journal The New Statesman. 5001
1913/--/-- Samuel Goldwyn founds his first movie company with Jesse Lasky and Cecil B. De Mille. 5002
1913/--/-- Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Rite of Spring causes a scandal at the Paris premiere. 5003
1913/--/-- The constructivism art movement begins in Russia. 5004
1913/--/-- English novelist D.H. Lawrence publishes Sons and Lovers. 5005
1913/--/-- Marcel Proust writes the first volume of Remembrance of Things Past. 5006
1913/--/-- Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 5007
1913/--/-- American poet Robert Frost publishes A Boy's Will. 5008
1914/--/-- Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo, precipitating World War I. 5009
1914/--/-- France, Russia and Britain (the Allies) are at war with Germany and Austria-Hungary. 5010
1914/--/-- President Wilson declares U.S. neutrality in World War I. 5011
1914/--/-- German forces invade Belgium and France but are halted at the Marne. 5012
1914/--/-- Russian forces invade East Prussia but are defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg. 5013
1914/--/-- Austrian forces invade Serbia but are repulsed with heavy losses. 5014
1914/--/-- A German fleet defeats the British at Coronel but is decimated at the Falklands. 5015
1914/--/-- German submarines begin to exact a heavy toll on Allied shipping. 5016
1914/--/-- Turkey declares war on the Allies; Britain annexes Turkish Cyprus. 5017
1914/--/-- Japan joins the Allies and captures the German base of Tsingtao in China. 5018
1914/--/-- U.S. Marines land at Veracruz in Mexico; President Huerta resigns. 5019
1914/--/-- The Panama Canal is completed, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 5020
1914/--/-- Mack Sennett produces comedy films starring the Keystone Kops. 5021
1914/--/-- Charlie Chaplin develops his little tramp character in a series of slapstick films. 5022
1914/--/-- Parisian couturier Coco Chanel begins designing clothes. 5023
1914/--/-- A British expedition led by Ernest Shackleton is marooned in the Antarctic. 5024
1914/--/-- George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmallion is performed for the first time. 5025
1914/--/-- Black composer W.C. Handy writes the St. Louis Blues. 5026
1915/--/-- President Wilson recognizes the Mexican government of Venustiano Carranza. 5027
1915/--/-- Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa lead rebellions against Venustiano Carranza in Mexico. 5028
1915/--/-- U.S. Marines land in Haiti, beginning a 20-year period of military occupation. 5029
1915/--/-- German Zeppelin airships begin bombing attacks on Britain. 5030
1915/--/-- The Germans use poison gas for the first time at Ypres on the Western Front. 5031
1915/--/-- Anglo-French forces land at Gallipoli in an attempt to force Turkey out of the war. 5032
1915/--/-- The Anzacs (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) fight at Gallipoli. 5033
1915/--/-- Italy joins the Allies and invades Austrian territory. 5034
1915/--/-- A German submarine torpedoes the British liner Lusitania; 124 Americans are killed. 5035
1915/--/-- Serbia is overrun by the combined forces of Austria, Germany and Bulgaria. 5036
1915/--/-- Albert Einstein formulates his General Theory of Relativity. 5037
1915/--/-- D. W. Griffith's movie The Birth of a Nation is shown for the first time. 5038
1915/--/-- The Dada art and literary movement is formed. 5039
1915/--/-- English author Somerset Maugham publishes Of Human Bondage. 5040
1915/--/-- Austrian writer Franz Kafka publishes The Metamorphosis. 5041
1915/--/-- War poet Rupert Brooke's 1914 and Other Poems is published in the year he dies. 5042
1916/--/-- Allied forces withdraw from Gallipoli after strong Turkish opposition. 5043
1916/--/-- German assaults at Verdun are repulsed by the French with great loss of life. 5044
1916/--/-- British forces assault the German line at the Somme; tanks are used for the first time. 5045
1916/--/-- The Russian Brusilov Offensive meets with success on the Eastern Front. 5046
1916/--/-- The British and German fleets clash at the Battle of Jutland. 5047
1916/--/-- The Easter Rising in Dublin is suppressed within a week by the British. 5048
1916/--/-- U.S. troops under Pershing invade Mexico in retaliation for raids by Pancho Villa. 5049
1916/--/-- U.S. Marines land in Santo Domingo to quell unrest; the occupation lasts until 1924. 5050
1916/--/-- Lloyd George becomes prime minister of Britain's wartime coalition government. 5051
1916/--/-- Margaret Sanger is arrested for opening a birth-control clinic in Brooklyn. 5052
1916/--/-- Jeannette Rankin becomes the first female member of U.S. House of Representatives. 5053
1916/--/-- The Trans-Siberian railway is completed -- the longest continuous rail line in the world. 5054
1916/--/-- North Sea storms flood lowlands in the Netherlands, 10,000 lives are lost. 5055
1916/--/-- James Joyce publishes A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. 5056
1916/--/-- American poet Carl Sandburg publishes his first book Chicago Poems. 5057
1917/--/-- Germany announces the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. 5058
1917/--/-- The Russian Revolution begins; Emperor Nicholas II abdicates. 5059
1917/--/-- The Germans help Lenin return to Russia from exile in Switzerland. 5060
1917/--/-- The provisional Kerensky government is deposed; Bolsheviks seize power in Russia. 5061
1917/--/-- The Germans and the Bolshevik leaders sign an armistice at Brest-Litovsk. 5062
1917/--/-- The Zimmermann note proposing a secret Mexican alliance with Germany is revealed. 5063
1917/--/-- The United States declares war on Germany. 5064
1917/--/-- Adoption of the convoy system reduces Allied losses to German submarines. 5065
1917/--/-- The disastrous Nivelle Offensive leads to mutinies in the French Army. 5066
1917/--/-- British forces attack the Germans in the Third Battle of Ypres. 5067
1917/--/-- Italian forces are defeated by Austria at the Battle of Caporetto. 5068
1917/--/-- T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) leads the Arab revolt against the Turks. 5069
1917/--/-- British forces under Allenby capture Jerusalem and Bagdhad from the Turks. 5070
1917/--/-- The Balfour Declaration endorses a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. 5071
1917/--/-- The U.S. purchases the Virgin Islands from Denmark. 5072
1917/--/-- The Jones Act gives all Puerto Ricans the right to U.S. citizenship. 5073
1917/--/-- Astrophysicist Karl Schwarzschild develops the black hole theory. 5074
1917/--/-- Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung publishes The Psychology of the Unconscious. 5075
1917/--/-- Art critic and writer Guillaume Apollinaire coins the term surrealism. 5076
1917/--/-- Dutch artists Theo Van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian found the magazine de Stijl. 5077
1917/--/-- The earliest jazz recordings are made in New York City. 5078
1917/--/-- English composer Gustav Holst completes The Planets. 5079
1917/--/-- The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded for journalism, letters and music. 5080
1917/--/-- Anglo-American poet T.S. Eliot publishes The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. 5081
1917/--/-- English humorist P.G. Wodehouse creates Bertie Wooster and his butler Jeeves. 5082
1918/--/-- German air ace Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron) is shot down and killed. 5083
1918/--/-- The Germans renew their assault on the Western Front in the Ludendorff Offensive. 5084
1918/--/-- American forcesunder Pershing help to stem the German offensive. 5085
1918/--/-- Advances by French, British and American armies force a general German retreat. 5086
1918/--/-- Revolution breaks out in Germany; Emperor William II flees to the Netherlands. 5087
1918/--/-- The Weimar Republic negotiates an armistice for Germany, ending World War I. 5088
1918/--/-- Nicholas II, the last emperor of Russia, and his family are executed by the Bolsheviks. 5089
1918/--/-- Bolshevik leader Leon Trotsky organizes the Red Army. 5090
1918/--/-- Civil war breaks out between the Red and White Russian armies. 5091
1918/--/-- Austria, Poland and Czechoslovakia become republics in the aftermath of World War I. 5092
1918/--/-- An influenza pandemic begins (it kills 21-22 million in 2 years). 5093
1918/--/-- Women over 30 win the vote in Britain. 5094
1918/--/-- The world's largest telescope is installed at Mount Wilson Observatory. 5095
1918/--/-- American astronomer Harlow Shapley discovers the dimensions of the Milky Way. 5096
1918/--/-- An airmail service begins among New York, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. 5097
1918/--/-- French composer Erik Satie writes Socrate. 5098
1918/--/-- American author Booth Tarkington writes The Magnificent Ambersons. 5099
1918/--/-- Bloomsbury Group member Lytton Strachey publishes Eminent Victorians. 5100
1919/--/-- The Paris Peace Conference opens at Versailles. 5101
1919/--/-- The League of Nations is formed with Geneva in Switzerland as its headquarters. 5102
1919/--/-- British troops massacre demonstrators at Amritsar in India. 5103
1919/--/-- The Polish-Soviet War begins over territorial disputes. 5104
1919/--/-- Italian leader Benito Mussolini organizes his Fascist movement. 5105
1919/--/-- German communist Rosa Luxemburg is murdered after the Sparticus uprising. 5106
1919/--/-- Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata is killed. 5107
1919/--/-- Jan Smuts succeeds Louis Botha as prime minister of South Africa. 5108
1919/--/-- The German fleet is scuttled at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands. 5109
1919/--/-- Lady Astor becomes the first woman member of the British House of Commons. 5110
1919/--/-- Russian-American anarchist Emma Goldman is deported to the Soviet Union. 5111
1919/--/-- English aviators Alcock and Brown make the first nonstop transatlantic flight. 5112
1919/--/-- The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) is formed. 5113
1919/--/-- Boxer Jack Dempsey knocks out Jess Willard to become heavyweight champion. 5114
1919/--/-- The Chicago White Sox conspire to fix the baseball World Series. 5115
1919/--/-- French tennis star Suzanne Lenglen wins the Wimbledon tournament for the first time. 5116
1919/--/-- George Gershwin composes his first hit song Swanee. 5117
1919/--/-- The Bauhaus school of design is founded in Germany by Walter Gropius. 5118
1920/--/-- The Russian Civil War ends with victory for the Bolsheviks. 5119
1920/--/-- A Home Rule Bill establishes parliaments for northern and southern Ireland. 5120
1920/--/-- Mexican president Venustiano Carranza is deposed and killed by Alvaro Obregon. 5121
1920/--/-- Arturo Alessandri becomes president of Chile. 5122
1920/--/-- Adolf Hitler forms the National Socialist German Workers' (Nazi) party. 5123
1920/--/-- German East Africa is transferred to British control as Tanganyika (now Tanzania). 5124
1920/--/-- British East Africa becomes a crown colony as Kenya. 5125
1920/--/-- Admiral Miklos Horthy is appointed regent of Hungary. 5126
1920/--/-- Mahatma Gandhi begins a noncooperation campaign against British rule in India. 5127
1920/--/-- Chaim Weizmann is named president of the World Zionist Organization. 5128
1920/--/-- The U.S. Senate votes against joining the League of Nations. 5129
1920/--/-- The 18th Amendment institutes the prohibition of alcohol throughout the U.S. 5130
1920/--/-- The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gives women the right to vote. 5131
1920/--/-- American tennis star Bill Tilden wins the Wimbledon tournament for the first time. 5132
1920/--/-- French Art Deco glassmaker Rene Lalique opens a glass factory. 5133
1920/--/-- Russian artist Aleksandr Rodchenko designs the first mobile. 5134
1920/--/-- Dutch artist Piet Mondrian paints the Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue. 5135
1920/--/-- Mystery writer Agatha Christie publishes her first Hercule Poirot story. 5136
1920/--/-- American novelist Sinclair Lewis publishes Main Street. 5137
1921/--/-- Harding is inaugurated as the 29th U.S. president; Coolidge becomes vice-president. 5138
1921/--/-- The Reparations Commission fixes Germany's liability at 132 billion gold marks. 5139
1921/--/-- Japanese premier Hara Takashi is assassinated. 5140
1921/--/-- The Irish Free State becomes a self-governing dominion of Britain. 5141
1921/--/-- Berber tribes under Abd el-Krim attack garrisons in Spanish Morocco. 5142
1921/--/-- Alexander rules the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. 5143
1921/--/-- W. L. MacKenzie King is elected prime minister of Canada for the first time. 5144
1921/--/-- American anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are found guilty of murder. 5145
1921/--/-- The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is created by Royal Charter. 5146
1921/--/-- Latin lover Rudolph Valentino stars in the silent film The Sheik. 5147
1921/--/-- German surrealist artist Max Ernst paints L'Elephant celebes. 5148
1921/--/-- Mexican artist Diego Rivera begins painting murals depicting contemporary Mexican life. 5149
1921/--/-- French cubist artist Fernand Leger paints Three Women. 5150
1921/--/-- Luigi Pirandello's play Six Characters in Search of an Author is produced. 5151
1922/--/-- Egypt achieves independence from Britain and becomes a monarchy under Fuad I. 5152
1922/--/-- Mahatma Gandhi is imprisoned for civil disobedience in India. 5153
1922/--/-- The Fascists march on Rome; King Victor Emmanuel III names Mussolini prime minister. 5154
1922/--/-- Kemal Ataturk's attempts to restore Turkish territory leads to the Chanak Crisis. 5155
1922/--/-- Constantine I abdicates as king of Greece; is succeeded by George II. 5156
1922/--/-- Irish revolutionary statesman Michael Collins is assassinated. 5157
1922/--/-- William T. Cosgrave becomes the first prime minister of the Irish Free State. 5158
1922/--/-- Explorer Roy Chapman Andrews discovers the first fossil dinosaur eggs in the Gobi desert. 5159
1922/--/-- English Egyptologist Howard Carter excavates Tutankhamen's tomb. 5160
1922/--/-- English composer William Walton composes Facade. 5161
1922/--/-- Robert Flaherty produces the first major film documentary Nanook of the North. 5162
1922/--/-- Emily Post publishes Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics, and at Home. 5163
1922/--/-- Anglo-American poet T.S. Eliot writes The Waste Land. 5164
1922/--/-- DeWitt Wallace launches Reader's Digest magazine. 5165
1922/--/-- Irish poet and novelist James Joyce publishes Ulysses. 5166
1923/--/-- General Miguel Primo de Rivera rules as dictator of Spain. 5167
1923/--/-- Warren G. Harding dies; Calvin Coolidge is inaugurated as the 30th U.S. president. 5168
1923/--/-- French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr to enforce German war reparations. 5169
1923/--/-- The Treaty of Lausanne establishes the boundaries of modern Turkey. 5170
1923/--/-- Turkey is declared a republic; Ataturk Kemal becomes the first president. 5171
1923/--/-- Stanley Baldwin becomes Conservative prime minister of Britain for the first time. 5172
1923/--/-- Adolf Hitler's coup d'etat in Munich fails; he is captured and imprisoned. 5173
1923/--/-- Tokyo and Yokohama are destroyed by an earthquake; 100,000 are killed. 5174
1923/--/-- Aircraft designer Willy Messerschmitt opens a factory in Germany. 5175
1923/--/-- Physicist Hermann Oberth publishes The Rocket into Planetary Space. 5176
1923/--/-- Vladimir Zworykin patents the iconoscope, the first television transmission tube. 5177
1923/--/-- Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva invents the autogiro. 5178
1923/--/-- Child violinist Yehudi Menuhin makes his public debut at age 7. 5179
1923/--/-- "King" Oliver's Creole Jazz Band is the first black band to be recorded. 5180
1923/--/-- Filmmaker Cecil B. De Mille directs the biblical epic The Ten Commandments. 5181
1923/--/-- Jewish philosopher Martin Buber publishes Ich und Du (I and Thou). 5182
1923/--/-- Briton Hadden and Henry R. Luce found the weekly newsmagazine Time. 5183
1923/--/-- Irish poet William Butler Yeats wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 5184
1923/--/-- American poet E. E. Cummings writes the novel The Enormous Room. 5185
1924/--/-- Ramsay MacDonald forms the first Labour government in Britain. 5186
1924/--/-- Soviet leader Lenin dies; new leader Joseph Stalin begins a purge of his opponents. 5187
1924/--/-- The military declare a republic in Greece; King George II is exiled. 5188
1924/--/-- Arab leader Ibn Saud drives the Hashimites from Mecca. 5189
1924/--/-- Adolf Hitler publishes his Nazi political tract Mein Kampf (My Battle). 5190
1924/--/-- J. Edgar Hoover is appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation (renamed the FBI). 5191
1924/--/-- U.S. Congress investigates suspicious dealings in the Teapot Dome scandal. 5192
1924/--/-- French physicist Louis de Broglie proposes the wavelength nature of particles. 5193
1924/--/-- The Boston Bruins become the first professional ice hockey team. 5194
1924/--/-- German novelist Thomas Mann publishes The Magic Mountain. 5195
1924/--/-- English novelist E.M. Forster publishes A Passage To India. 5196
1925/--/-- Friedrich Ebert dies; Paul von Hindenburg becomes president of the German republic. 5197
1925/--/-- The Locarno Pact finalizes the treaties between the World War I protagonists. 5198
1925/--/-- Reza Shah Pahlavi rules as shah of Iran. 5199
1925/--/-- Ahmed Zogu proclaims Albania a monarchy and rules as King Zog. 5200
1925/--/-- John T. Scopes is tried in Tennessee for teaching the theory of evolution. 5201
1925/--/-- Automaker Walter P. Chrysler founds the Chrysler Corporation. 5202
1925/--/-- Astronomer Edwin Hubble composes a classification scheme for galaxies. 5203
1925/--/-- Clarence Birdseye begins marketing his quick-frozen food packages. 5204
1925/--/-- Russian filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein directs The Battleship Potemkin. 5205
1925/--/-- The all-black revue Runnin' Wild introduces the Charleston dance craze. 5206
1925/--/-- Black American dancer Josephine Baker stars in La Revue negre in Paris. 5207
1925/--/-- Swiss-born artist Paul Klee paints Fish Magic. 5208
1925/--/-- American writer John Dos Passos publishes Manhattan Transfer. 5209
1925/--/-- The New Yorker magazine is founded in New York City. 5210
1925/--/-- American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes The Great Gatsby. 5211
1926/--/-- The General Strike breaks out in Britain involving 3 million workers. 5212
1926/--/-- Germany is admitted to the League of Nations. 5213
1926/--/-- French troops in Morocco subdue a tribal rebellion led by Abd el-Krim. 5214
1926/--/-- U.S. Marines land in Nicaragua to suppress a revolution (they depart in 1933). 5215
1926/--/-- Eamon De Valera organizes the Fianna Fail party in the Republic of Ireland. 5216
1926/--/-- Antonio Oscar de Fragoso Carmona becomes president after a military coup in Portugal. 5217
1926/--/-- Hirohito becomes emperor of Japan. 5218
1926/--/-- Chiang Kai-shek organizes the Northern Expedition to unite China. 5219
1926/--/-- American physicist Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-propellant rocket. 5220
1926/--/-- Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett make the first airplane flight over the North Pole. 5221
1926/--/-- Nobile, Amundsen and Ellsworth pilot the airship Norge over the North Pole. 5222
1926/--/-- American golfer Bobby Jones wins the U.S. Open and the British Open tournaments. 5223
1926/--/-- The Harlem Globetrotters basketball team is organized in Chicago. 5224
1926/--/-- Russian composer Dmitry Shostakovich premiers his First Symphony. 5225
1926/--/-- American artist Georgia O'Keeffe paints her flower portrait Black Iris. 5226
1926/--/-- English author A.A. Milne writes the children's book Winnie-the-Pooh. 5227
1927/--/-- The Iron Guard fascist organization is founded in Romania. 5228
1927/--/-- Charles Lindbergh flies solo nonstop from New York to Paris in 33.5 hours. 5229
1927/--/-- Georges Lemaitre proposes an expanding model for the creation of the universe. 5230
1927/--/-- Duke Ellington's jazz band stars at Harlem's Cotton Club in New York City. 5231
1927/--/-- Baseball player Babe Ruth scores a record 60 home runs for the New York Yankees. 5232
1927/--/-- Helen Newington Wills wins the Wimbledon tennis championship. 5233
1927/--/-- English novelist Virginia Woolf writes To The Lighthouse. 5234
1927/--/-- Finnish architect Alvar Aalto designs the Turun Sanomat newspaper building. 5235
1927/--/-- Dancer Martha Graham opens her first dance studio in New York City. 5236
1927/--/-- American dancer Isadora Duncan is killed in a tragic car accident. 5237
1927/--/-- Blackface singer Al Jolson appears in the first sound motion picture The Jazz Singer. 5238
1927/--/-- German filmmaker Fritz Lang directs the futuristic film Metropolis. 5239
1927/--/-- Comedy team Laurel and Hardy appear in their first film Putting Pants on Philip. 5240
1927/--/-- American writer Thornton Wilder publishes The Bridge of San Luis Rey. 5241
1927/--/-- German-Swiss author Hermann Hesse publishes Steppenwolf. 5242
1928/--/-- The Kellog-Briand Pact outlawing war is signed by 15 nations. 5243
1928/--/-- British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin. 5244
1928/--/-- English physicist Paul Dirac formulates a mathematical description of elementary particles. 5245
1928/--/-- The first Five-Year Plan for economic reform begins in the Soviet Union. 5246
1928/--/-- Arturo Toscanini is made conductor of the New York Philharmonic. 5247
1928/--/-- Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse appears in Steamboat Willie, the first sound cartoon. 5248
1928/--/-- American anthropologist Margaret Mead publishes Coming of Age in Samoa. 5249
1928/--/-- Chiang Kai-shek captures Peking; the Kuomintang government is established. 5250
1928/--/-- The Chaco War breaks out between Bolivia and Paraguay over territorial disputes. 5251
1928/--/-- Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur's play The Front Page is produced. 5252
1928/--/-- American composer Virgil Thomson writes the opera Four Saints in Three Acts. 5253
1928/--/-- French composer Maurice Ravel composes the ballet Bolero. 5254
1928/--/-- Spanish poet Federico Garcia Lorca publishes Gypsy Ballads. 5255
1928/--/-- Luis Bunuel and Salvador Dali collaborate on the surrealist film Un Chien andalou. 5256
1928/--/-- Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill collaborate on the play The Threepenny Opera. 5257
1928/--/-- English novelist Evelyn Waugh publishes Decline and Fall. 5258
1928/--/-- Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly across the Atlantic. 5259
1928/--/-- American comedy team Amos 'n' Andy produce their first radio show. 5260
1929/--/-- Hoover is inaugurated as the 31st U.S. president; Curtis becomes vice-president. 5261
1929/--/-- Soviet leader Joseph Stalin exiles Leon Trotsky. 5262
1929/--/-- The Lateran Treaty creates the independent state of the Vatican City. 5263
1929/--/-- Heinrich Himmler is appointed head of the SS, Hitler's blackshirted elite guard. 5264
1929/--/-- Jews and Arabs clash at the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem. 5265
1929/--/-- Alexander institutes absolute rule as king of Yugoslavia. 5266
1929/--/-- The Workers Party of America is renamed the Communist Party of the United States. 5267
1929/--/-- The Wall Street crash leads to a world-wide economic depression. 5268
1929/--/-- American explorer Richard E. Byrd flies over the South Pole. 5269
1929/--/-- Seven Chicago gangsters are machine-gunned in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. 5270
1929/--/-- The Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) is founded in New York City. 5271
1929/--/-- The first Academy Awards are presented; Wings wins best-picture prize. 5272
1929/--/-- Erich Maria Remarque publishes his war novel All Quiet On the Western Front. 5273
1929/--/-- British poet Robert Graves publishes his war memoir Goodbye To All That. 5274
1929/--/-- American novelist William Faulkner publishes The Sound and the Fury. 5275
1929/--/-- Ernest Hemingway writes the war novel A Farewell To Arms. 5276
1929/--/-- French artist and writer Jean Cocteau publishes Les Enfants Terribles. 5277
1930/--/-- The city of Constantinople is re-named Istanbul. 5278
1930/--/-- Haile Selassie is declared emperor of Ethiopia. 5279
1930/--/-- Getulio Vargas is appointed president of Brazil after a military coup. 5280
1930/--/-- Carol II is proclaimed king of Romania. 5281
1930/--/-- American astronomer Clyde W. Tombaugh discovers the planet Pluto. 5282
1930/--/-- The British airship R101 crashes in France. 5283
1930/--/-- Vannevar Bush develops a differential analyzer, an early type of analog computer. 5284
1930/--/-- British engineer Frank Whittle patents a gas turbine engine for jet aircraft. 5285
1930/--/-- Artist Grant Wood paints American Gothic. 5286
1930/--/-- American artist Edward Hopper paints Early Sunday Morning. 5287
1930/--/-- Marlene Dietrich stars in Josef von Sternberg's film The Blue Angel. 5288
1930/--/-- Noel Coward's play Private Lives is produced in London. 5289
1930/--/-- American poet Hart Crane publishes The Bridge. 5290
1930/--/-- Dashiell Hammett publishes the detective novel The Maltese Falcon. 5291
1930/--/-- English-born American writer W. H. Auden publishes his Poems. 5292
1931/--/-- Japanese forces occupy Manchuria. 5293
1931/--/-- Spain is declared a republic; King Alfonso XIII abdicates. 5294
1931/--/-- Chicago gangster Al Capone is jailed for income tax evasion. 5295
1931/--/-- The Empire State Building becomes the tallest building in the world. 5296
1931/--/-- The Star-Spangled Banner becomes the U.S. national anthem. 5297
1931/--/-- Auguste Piccard makes the first manned balloon flight into the stratosphere. 5298
1931/--/-- Explorer George Hubert Wilkins makes a submarine voyage under the Arctic ice. 5299
1931/--/-- Radio astronomy begins when Karl Jansky detects radio waves from space. 5300
1931/--/-- Organic chemist W. H. Carothers invents nylon, the first successful synthetic fiber. 5301
1931/--/-- Ben Shahn begins a series of paintings inspired by the Sacco-Vanzetti case. 5302
1931/--/-- American journalist and writer Damon Runyon publishes Guys and Dolls. 5303
1931/--/-- American cartoonist Chester Gould creates the adventure comic strip Dick Tracy. 5304
1931/--/-- American writer Pearl Buck publishes The Good Earth. 5305
1932/--/-- Presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt pledges a New Deal. 5306
1932/--/-- Antonio de Oliveira Salazar assumes dictatorial powers as premier of Portugal. 5307
1932/--/-- Sir Oswald Mosley founds the British Union of Fascists. 5308
1932/--/-- Eamon de Valera is elected president of the Republic of Ireland. 5309
1932/--/-- Arab leader Ibn Saud founds the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 5310
1932/--/-- Revolution in Siam (Thailand) replaces the monarchy with a constitutional government. 5311
1932/--/-- Engelbert Dollfuss is elected chancellor of Austria. 5312
1932/--/-- The Bonus Army of war veterans is dispersed by troops in Washington, D.C. 5313
1932/--/-- Charles Lindbergh's infant son is kidnapped. 5314
1932/--/-- American physicist Carl D. Anderson discovers the positron. 5315
1932/--/-- English physicist James Chadwick discovers the neutron. 5316
1932/--/-- The first particle accelerator is built at the Cavendish Laboratory in England. 5317
1932/--/-- The Royal Shakespeare Theater opens at Stratford-on-Avon, England. 5318
1932/--/-- Radio City Music Hall opens in New York City's Rockefeller Center. 5319
1932/--/-- American sculptor Alexander Calder creates his first mobile. 5320
1932/--/-- American southern author Erskine Caldwell publishes Tobacco Road. 5321
1932/--/-- British author Aldous Huxley publishes Brave New World. 5322
1933/--/-- Roosevelt is inaugurated as the 32nd U.S. president; Garner becomes vice-president. 5323
1933/--/-- President Paul von Hindenburg names Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany. 5324
1933/--/-- Fulgencio Batista leads a military coup against Gerardo Machado y Morales in Cuba. 5325
1933/--/-- The Stavisky affair causes a financial scandal in France. 5326
1933/--/-- Joseph Goebbels is appointed as minister of propaganda for the Nazi party. 5327
1933/--/-- The Reichstag fire gives the Nazis a pretext for outlawing the German Communist party. 5328
1933/--/-- The Nazis erect the first concentration camps in Germany. 5329
1933/--/-- Norwegian fascist Vidkun Quisling founds the National Unity party. 5330
1933/--/-- Frances Perkins becomes the first woman cabinet member in U.S. history. 5331
1933/--/-- The 21st Amendment ends the prohibition era in the U.S. 5332
1933/--/-- The National Recovery Administration (NRA) is launched by President Roosevelt. 5333
1933/--/-- The Public Works Administration (PWA) is formed to fund public construction projects. 5334
1933/--/-- Fiorello La Guardia is elected mayor of New York City for the first time. 5335
1933/--/-- Edwin Armstrong invents frequency modulation (FM) to eliminate radio static. 5336
1933/--/-- A fossilized skull of the prehistoric Steinheim man is found in Germany. 5337
1933/--/-- Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey found their first swing band. 5338
1933/--/-- The Marx Brothers star in the classic comedy film Duck Soup. 5339
1933/--/-- Mae West stars in the films She Done Him Wrong and I'm No Angel. 5340
1933/--/-- Busby Berkeley choreographs the dances for the film Gold Diggers of 1933. 5341
1933/--/-- Actor Charles Laughton stars in the film The Private Life of Henry VIII. 5342
1933/--/-- Dancers Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers star in the film Flying Down to Rio. 5343
1933/--/-- French novelist and political activist Andre Malraux publishes Man's Fate. 5344
1934/--/-- Alexander, king of Yugoslavia, is assassinated; his son Peter II succeeds him. 5345
1934/--/-- Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss is murdered by Austrian Nazis. 5346
1934/--/-- SA leader Ernst Roehm is assassinated on the orders of Hitler. 5347
1934/--/-- Hitler becomes Fuhrer (leader) of Germany after Hindenburg's death. 5348
1934/--/-- Mao Tse-tung leads the Chinese Communists on the Long March. 5349
1934/--/-- Lazaro Cardenas is chosen by Plutarco Calles as president of Mexico. 5350
1934/--/-- The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is formed to protect U.S. investors. 5351
1934/--/-- The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is formed to regulate broadcasting. 5352
1934/--/-- John Dillinger, public enemy number one, is killed by the FBI. 5353
1934/--/-- Elijah Muhammad becomes leader of the Nation of Islam (the Black Muslims). 5354
1934/--/-- Drought leads to severe dust storms in the Dust Bowl region of the Great Plains. 5355
1934/--/-- Naturalist Charles W. Beebe makes a record dive of 3,028 ft in a bathyscaphe. 5356
1934/--/-- The British ocean liner Queen Mary is launched. 5357
1934/--/-- George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein found The School of American Ballet. 5358
1934/--/-- Surrealist artist Rene Magritte paints The Human Condition. 5359
1934/--/-- Cole Porter writes the score for the Broadway musical Anything Goes. 5360
1934/--/-- Lillian Hellman's play The Children's Hour is produced. 5361
1934/--/-- American cartoonist Al Capp begins the comic strip Li'l Abner. 5362
1934/--/-- Henry Miller publishes the Tropic of Cancer. (It is banned in the U.S. until 1961.) 5363
1935/--/-- The Nuremberg Racial Laws deprive German Jews of their citizenship. 5364
1935/--/-- Hitler announces German rearmament in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. 5365
1935/--/-- Eduard Benes succeeds Tomas Masaryk as president of Czechoslovakia. 5366
1935/--/-- Italy invades Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). 5367
1935/--/-- The monarchy is restored in Greece under George II. 5368
1935/--/-- The Moscow subway is opened. 5369
1935/--/-- Controversial Louisiana senator Huey P. Long is assassinated. 5370
1935/--/-- The Monopoly board game is patented in the U.S. 5371
1935/--/-- Scottish physicist Robert Watson-Watt patents the first practical radar system. 5372
1935/--/-- Arthur Dempster discovers U-235, the isotope of uranium used in atomic bombs. 5373
1935/--/-- Physicist Hideki Yukawa predicts the existence of the meson subatomic particle. 5374
1935/--/-- King of Swing Benny Goodman forms the Benny Goodman Trio. 5375
1935/--/-- George Gershwin composes the modern American opera Porgy and Bess. 5376
1935/--/-- Robert Sherwood's play The Petrified Forest is produced. 5377
1935/--/-- Filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock directs The 39 Steps. 5378
1935/--/-- Child film actress Shirley Temple stars in The Little Colonel. 5379
1935/--/-- Swedish film actress Greta Garbo stars in Anna Karenina. 5380
1935/--/-- Errol Flynn stars in the swashbuckling adventure film Captain Blood. 5381
1935/--/-- Leni Riefenstahl directs the Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will. 5382
1935/--/-- American writer Thomas Wolfe publishes Of Time and the River. 5383
1936/--/-- Edward VIII abdicates as king of Great Britain; he is succeeded by George VI. 5384
1936/--/-- Italy annexes Abyssinia (Ethiopia); Emperor Haile Selassie is exiled. 5385
1936/--/-- HItler and Mussolini announce the Rome-Berlin Axis (alliance). 5386
1936/--/-- Japan concludes the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany. 5387
1936/--/-- Ioannis Metaxas establishes a dictatorship in Greece. 5388
1936/--/-- The Spanish Civil War begins when General Franco leads a military revolt. 5389
1936/--/-- Italy and Germany send military forces and aid to support Franco in Spain. 5390
1936/--/-- The Soviet Union and the International Brigades support the Nationalists in Spain. 5391
1936/--/-- Stalin begins the Great Purge of Soviet Russia's political and military leadership. 5392
1936/--/-- The British Broadcasting Service (BBC) begins the first public television service. 5393
1936/--/-- Boulder Dam is completed in Arizona (it is renamed Hoover Dam in 1947). 5394
1936/--/-- Black athlete Jesse Owens wins 4 gold medals at the Berlin Olympic Games. 5395
1936/--/-- Olympic ice skater Sonja Henie turns professional. 5396
1936/--/-- John Maynard Keynes writes The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. 5397
1936/--/-- The works of the composer Dmitry Shostakovich are denounced in Russia. 5398
1936/--/-- Margaret Mitchell publishes her only novel Gone With the Wind. 5399
1936/--/-- Henry R. Luce begins publishing Life magazine. 5400
1937/--/-- The Japanese invasion of China begins the Second Sino-Japanese War. 5401
1937/--/-- Nationalist and Communist forces unite to combat the Japanese in China. 5402
1937/--/-- German aircraft supporting Franco's forces destroy the town of Guernica in Spain. 5403
1937/--/-- Farouk succeeds Fuad I as king of Egypt. 5404
1937/--/-- Anastasio Somoza Garcia becomes president of Nicaragua. 5405
1937/--/-- Neville Chamberlain succeeds Stanley Baldwin as prime minister of Britain. 5406
1937/--/-- The Duke of Windsor (former King Edward VIII) marries the divorcee Mrs. Simpson. 5407
1937/--/-- The Golden Gate Bridge is opened in San Francisco. 5408
1937/--/-- Aviatrix Amelia Earhart is lost during a flight across the Pacific. 5409
1937/--/-- The German airship Hindenburg is destroyed by fire at Lakehurst, N.J. 5410
1937/--/-- Joe Louis the Brown Bomber wins the heavyweight boxing championship. 5411
1937/--/-- Frank Lloyd Wright begins building the Taliesin West complex in Arizona. 5412
1937/--/-- Ballet dancer Margot Fonteyn debuts in Giselle at Sadler's Wells, London. 5413
1937/--/-- Swing bandleader Artie Shaw records Begin the Beguine. 5414
1937/--/-- French filmmaker Jean Renoir directs Grand Illusion. 5415
1937/--/-- American author John Steinbeck publishes Of Mice and Men. 5416
1937/--/-- English writer and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien publishes the fantasy novel The Hobbit. 5417
1937/--/-- Danish author Isak Dinesen publishes her autobiography Out of Africa. 5418
1938/--/-- Hitler invades Austria; a union (Anschluss) of Austria and Germany is proclaimed. 5419
1938/--/-- Jewish property is attacked in Germany in the Kristallnacht (night of broken glass). 5420
1938/--/-- Jewish psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud flees to England to escape Nazi persecution. 5421
1938/--/-- Chamberlain and Daladier appease Hitler at the Munich Conference. 5422
1938/--/-- British prime minister Neville Chamberlain declares "peace for our time." 5423
1938/--/-- Germany occupies the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia. 5424
1938/--/-- General Franco isolates the Republican forces in Spain and attacks Catalonia. 5425
1938/--/-- The U.S. and Britain send aid to the Chinese in their war against Japan. 5426
1938/--/-- Ismet Inonu succeeds Kemal Atuturk as president of Turkey. 5427
1938/--/-- The House Committee on Un-American Activities investigates U.S. subversives. 5428
1938/--/-- Chester Carlson invents xerography, the first electrostatic dry-copying process. 5429
1938/--/-- Hungarian Lajos Biro invents the first practical ball-point pen. 5430
1938/--/-- German chemist Otto Hahn discovers the principles of nuclear fission. 5431
1938/--/-- A coelacanth, a fish thought extinct for 65 million years, is caught off the cost of Africa. 5432
1938/--/-- Don Budge becomes the first player to win the Grand Slam (4 tennis championships). 5433
1938/--/-- American composer Aaron Copland writes the ballet score for Billy the Kid. 5434
1938/--/-- Orson Welles' radio broadcast of War of the Worlds causes panic in the U.S. 5435
1938/--/-- American singer Ella Fitzgerald records A-tisket, A-tasket. 5436
1938/--/-- Swing musician Glenn Miller organizes his band. 5437
1938/--/-- Walt Disney's feature-length cartoon Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is shown. 5438
1938/--/-- Thornton Wilder wins the Pulitzer Prize for his play Our Town. 5439
1939/--/-- General Franco's forces capture Madrid, ending the Spanish Civil War. 5440
1939/--/-- Italian forces occupy Albania; King Zog is forced into exile. 5441
1939/--/-- Germany and Italy form the Pact of Steel military alliance. 5442
1939/--/-- Foreign ministers Ribbentrop and Molotov sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact of nonaggression. 5443
1939/--/-- Germany invades Poland, beginning World War II. 5444
1939/--/-- Britain and France declare war on Germany but are unable to aid Poland. 5445
1939/--/-- Soviet troops invade Poland; Germany and the USSR partition the country. 5446
1939/--/-- The Russo-Finnish War begins with the Soviet invasion of Finland. 5447
1939/--/-- President Roosevelt declares U.S. neutrality in World War II. 5448
1939/--/-- Robert Gordon Menzies succeeds Joseph Lyons as prime minister of Australia. 5449
1939/--/-- President Roosevelt (prompted by Einstein) orders a U.S. effort to build an atomic bomb. 5450
1939/--/-- The He 176, the first jet airplane, takes to the air in Germany. 5451
1939/--/-- Igor Sikorsky develops America's first successful helicopter. 5452
1939/--/-- Swiss chemist Paul Muller discovers the chemical insecticide DDT. 5453
1939/--/-- The first nylon stockings are marketed. 5454
1939/--/-- Physical chemist Linus Pauling publishes The Nature of the Chemical Bond. 5455
1939/--/-- An Anglo-Saxon burial ship is excavated at Sutton Hoo in England. 5456
1939/--/-- Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh star in the film Gone With the Wind. 5457
1939/--/-- Child film actress Judy Garland stars in the musical The Wizard of Oz. 5458
1939/--/-- American novelist John Steinbeck publishes The Grapes of Wrath. 5459
1939/--/-- English author Christopher Isherwood publishes Goodbye to Berlin. 5460
1939/--/-- American author Nathanael West publishes The Day of the Locust. 5461
1940/--/-- Germany invades Denmark and Norway; Allied forces aid Norway but are defeated. 5462
1940/--/-- The German army begins a blitzkrieg attack on Holland, Belgium, and France. 5463
1940/--/-- Winston Churchill becomes British prime minister after Chamberlain resigns. 5464
1940/--/-- The British expeditionary force is evacuated from Dunkerque in France. 5465
1940/--/-- Italy declares war on the Allies and invades southern France. 5466
1940/--/-- German forces reach Paris; Vichy France under Marshal Petain signs an armistice. 5467
1940/--/-- General Charles de Gaulle rallies Free French resistance in London. 5468
1940/--/-- British air victory in the Battle of Britain prevents the German invasion of England. 5469
1940/--/-- The Soviet Union annexes the Baltic States of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. 5470
1940/--/-- Italian forces invade Egypt but are repulsed; the British invade Libya. 5471
1940/--/-- Japan joins the Axis alliance and occupies northern French Indochina (Vietnam). 5472
1940/--/-- King Carol II of Romania abdicates; Romania and Hungary join the Axis forces. 5473
1940/--/-- Exiled revolutionary Leon Trotsky is assassinated in Mexico on Stalin's orders. 5474
1940/--/-- Prehistoric cave paintings are discovered at Lascaux in France. 5475
1940/--/-- The Tacoma Narrows bridge collapses because of oscillations caused by the wind. 5476
1940/--/-- Bing Crosby, Bob Hope and Dorothy Lamour star in the film Road to Singapore. 5477
1940/--/-- Cary Grant and Katharine Hepburn star in the film The Philadelphia Story. 5478
1940/--/-- Ernest Hemingway publishes For Whom the Bell Tolls. 5479
1940/--/-- American novelist Carson McCullers publishes The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. 5480
1940/--/-- Raymond Chandler publishes the detective novel Farewell, My Lovely. 5481
1941/--/-- President Roosevelt talks of Four Freedoms in his State of the Union speech. 5482
1941/--/-- The Lend-Lease Act allows the transfer of U.S. war materials to Britain and China. 5483
1941/--/-- The German Africa Corps under Erwin Rommel begins an offensive in North Africa. 5484
1941/--/-- Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece; British forces are evacuated to Crete. 5485
1941/--/-- A British task force sinks the German pocket battleship Bismarck. 5486
1941/--/-- German paratroopers land on Crete and capture the island from the British. 5487
1941/--/-- The German Blitz, the nighttime bombing of London, is at its height. 5488
1941/--/-- German U-boats inflict heavy losses on British shipping in the Battle of the Atlantic. 5489
1941/--/-- Nazi leader Rudolf Hess flies to England on a quixotic peace mission. 5490
1941/--/-- U.S. troops occupy Iceland to forestall its occupation by Germany. 5491
1941/--/-- The Japanese occupy Indochina and move into Cambodia (Kampuchea) and Thailand. 5492
1941/--/-- The U.S. freezes Japanese assets in retaliation for Japan's territorial aggression. 5493
1941/--/-- Germany invades the Soviet Union. 5494
1941/--/-- Churchill and Roosevelt's Atlantic Charter meeting establishes war and peace aims. 5495
1941/--/-- The German advance on Moscow is halted by the winter weather. 5496
1941/--/-- The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor; America enters World War II. 5497
1941/--/-- Japanese forces capture Hong Kong and invade Malaya and the Philippines. 5498
1941/--/-- Ho Chi Minh organizes the Viet Minh to combat the Japanese in Indochina. 5499
1941/--/-- Karsh's photographic portrait of Churchill becomes a symbol of British resistance. 5500
1941/--/-- Gutzon Borglum completes the sculptured heads of four presidents at Mount Rushmore. 5501
1941/--/-- Baseball player Joe DiMaggio sets a new record for hitting in 56 consecutive games. 5502
1941/--/-- German playwright Bertholt Brecht writes Mother Courage and Her Children. 5503
1941/--/-- Swedish film actress Greta Garbo retires. 5504
1941/--/-- Orson Welles directs the film Citizen Kane. 5505
1942/--/-- Hitler proposes the Final Solution of the Jewish Question; the Holocaust begins. 5506
1942/--/-- The Japanese conquer Malaya, Singapore, Indonesia and Burma. 5507
1942/--/-- American and Filipino forces retreat to the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines. 5508
1942/--/-- General MacArthur is ordered to the leave the Philippines; he vows I shall return. 5509
1942/--/-- American B-25 bombers make the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo. 5510
1942/--/-- American forces in the Philippines surrender; the Bataan death march begins. 5511
1942/--/-- The U.S. government transfers 110,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps. 5512
1942/--/-- The Soviet southern offensive is halted; the Germans advance on the Caucasus. 5513
1942/--/-- The RAF makes the first 1,000 bomber raid on the German city of Cologne. 5514
1942/--/-- Rommel's Africa Corps capture Tobruk and drive the British back to Egypt. 5515
1942/--/-- A U.S. fleet defeats the Japanese at the Battle of Midway. 5516
1942/--/-- U.S. Marines invade Guadalcanal, beginning the campaign of re-conquest. 5517
1942/--/-- Gandhi is arrested after the Quit India movement demands a British withdrawal. 5518
1942/--/-- The German advance on Egypt is halted at the Battle of El-Alamein. 5519
1942/--/-- The British Eighth Army under Montgomery begins a new drive into Libya. 5520
1942/--/-- U.S. forces under General Eisenhower invade Morocco and Algeria. 5521
1942/--/-- German forces occupy Vichy France; the French fleet is scuttled in Toulon harbor. 5522
1942/--/-- The German advance in the Caucasus is halted at Stalingrad (now Volgograd). 5523
1942/--/-- A Russian counterattack isolates the Sixth Army at Stalingrad; Hitler orders no retreat. 5524
1942/--/-- Manhattan Project scientists under Fermi produce the first controlled chain reaction. 5525
1942/--/-- V-2 (Vengeance Weapon 2) rockets are tested at Peenemunde in Germany. 5526
1942/--/-- French writer Albert Camus publishes The Stranger. 5527
1942/--/-- Italian filmmaker Luchino Visconti directs his first film Ossessione. 5528
1942/--/-- American crooner Bing Crosby records the hit song White Christmas. 5529
1942/--/-- Actor James Cagney wins an Academy Award for the film Yankee Doodle Dandie. 5530
1942/--/-- American humorist James Thurber publishes The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. 5531
1942/--/-- Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman star in the classic film Casablanca. 5532
1943/--/-- The German Sixth Army surrenders at Stalingrad; 100,000 are taken prisoner. 5533
1943/--/-- Churchill and Roosevelt meet at Casablanca to plan their war strategy. 5534
1943/--/-- The British and American armies link up in Africa; 250,000 Axis prisoners are taken. 5535
1943/--/-- The Russians defeat the Germans at Kursk in the largest tank battle in history. 5536
1943/--/-- The Allied armies invade Sicily. 5537
1943/--/-- Mussolini is deposed; Marshal Badoglio assumes power in Italy. 5538
1943/--/-- American aircraft join the RAF in round the clock bombing of Germany. 5539
1943/--/-- The Germans suppress a revolt by Polish Jews; the Warsaw ghetto is destroyed. 5540
1943/--/-- The Allies invade the southern tip of Italy. 5541
1943/--/-- Marshal Badoglio signs an armistice with the Allies; Italy declares war on Germany. 5542
1943/--/-- German paratroopers rescue Mussolini. 5543
1943/--/-- The Russian offensive reaches the Dnepr River; Kiev and Smolensk are recaptured. 5544
1943/--/-- Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin meet at the Tehran Conference. 5545
1943/--/-- Robert Oppenheimer establishes the Los Alamos laboratory to build the atomic bomb. 5546
1943/--/-- Marine explorer Jacques-Yves Cousteau invents the Aqualung (scuba). 5547
1943/--/-- Singer Paul Robeson stars in the title role of the Broadway production of Othello. 5548
1943/--/-- Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein's musical Oklahoma! is produced. 5549
1943/--/-- American writer Ayn Rand publishes The Fountainhead. 5550
1943/--/-- French existentialist writer Jean Paul Sartre publishes Being and Nothingness. 5551
1943/--/-- American author Carson McCullers publishes The Ballad of the Sad Cafe. 5552
1943/--/-- French writer and feminist Simone de Beauvoir publishes She Came to Stay. 5553
1944/--/-- The Soviet's relieve the city of Leningrad after a German siege lasting 890 days. 5554
1944/--/-- Allied forces in Italy land behind the German Gustav Line at Anzio. 5555
1944/--/-- American forces under General Mark Clark occupy Rome. 5556
1944/--/-- Soviet forces cross the Romanian border and reconquer the Crimea. 5557
1944/--/-- British forces begin the reconquest of Burma from the Japanese. 5558
1944/--/-- U.S. Marines invade Guam and Saipan in the Marianas. 5559
1944/--/-- U.S. forces under Admiral Nimitz defeat a Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. 5560
1944/--/-- American aircraft from the Marianas begin the strategic bombing of Japan. 5561
1944/--/-- Allied D-Day invasion forces land at Normandy in northern France. 5562
1944/--/-- V-1 (and later the V-2) weapons of vengeance are launched against London. 5563
1944/--/-- German officers attempt to assassinate Hitler. 5564
1944/--/-- Allied forces break out from the Normandy enclave and liberate Paris. 5565
1944/--/-- An Allied invasion force lands in southern France. 5566
1944/--/-- Romania and Bulgaria sign an armistice with the Allies and declare war on Germany. 5567
1944/--/-- Soviet forces reach the suburbs of Warsaw in Poland. 5568
1944/--/-- Polish resistance fighters are defeated by the Germans in the Warsaw Uprising. 5569
1944/--/-- The U.S. First Army occupies Aachen -- the first German city to fall to the Allies. 5570
1944/--/-- A British airborne landing at Arnhem in the Netherlands is repulsed by the Germans. 5571
1944/--/-- The German army launches the Battle of the Bulge, its last counteroffensive. 5572
1944/--/-- Communist resistance fighters under Josip Broz-Tito liberate Yugoslavia. 5573
1944/--/-- British forces occupy Athens and intervene in a communist inspired civil war. 5574
1944/--/-- Roosevelt is reelected for an unprecedented fourth term; Truman becomes vice-president. 5575
1944/--/-- The World Bank is established to assist European postwar recovery. 5576
1944/--/-- The G.I. Bill of Rights is established to provide assistance to war veterans. 5577
1944/--/-- Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson dies from an accidental drug overdose. 5578
1944/--/-- Oswald Avery determines that DNA is the hereditary material of the cell. 5579
1944/--/-- Aaron Copland composes the ballet Appalachian Spring. 5580
1944/--/-- Tennessee Williams' play The Glass Menagerie is produced. 5581
1944/--/-- Child film actors Mickey Rooney and Elizabeth Taylor star in National Velvet. 5582
1944/--/-- French novelist Colette writes Gigi. 5583
1944/--/-- English writer Somerset Maugham publishes The Razor's Edge. 5584
1945/--/-- Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin meet at the Yalta Conference. 5585
1945/--/-- Allied forces cross the Rhine and begin the final assault on Germany. 5586
1945/--/-- German jet aircraft are unable to prevent mass Allied air attacks. 5587
1945/--/-- Advancing Allied armies discover Nazi extermination camps. 5588
1945/--/-- Mussolini is killed by Italian partisans. 5589
1945/--/-- Marshal Zhukov's Soviet troops launch the final attack on Berlin. 5590
1945/--/-- Hitler commits suicide in his Berlin bunker; Germany surrenders to the Allies. 5591
1945/--/-- Roosevelt dies; Harry S. Truman is inaugurated as the 33rd U.S. president. 5592
1945/--/-- Churchill, Truman and Stalin hold the last wartime conference at Potsdam. 5593
1945/--/-- The United Nations is formed; Trygve Halvdan Lie becomes secretary-general (1946). 5594
1945/--/-- U.S. forces under MacArthur liberate the Philippines. 5595
1945/--/-- U.S. Marines invade the Japanese islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. 5596
1945/--/-- Suicide attacks by Japanese kamikaze pilots are unable to stem the U.S. advances. 5597
1945/--/-- The U.S. drops atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 5598
1945/--/-- The Soviet Union declares war on Japan. 5599
1945/--/-- Japan signs an armistice with the Allies, ending World War II. 5600
1945/--/-- Germany and Austria are divided between the Allies into 4 zones of occupation. 5601
1945/--/-- General MacArthur heads the U.S. occupation forces in Japan. 5602
1945/--/-- Korea is divided between U.S. and Soviet occupation forces along the 38th parallel. 5603
1945/--/-- Ho Chi Minh proclaims the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 5604
1945/--/-- Churchill is defeated in the British elections by Labour leader Clement Attlee. 5605
1945/--/-- Nationalists and Communist forces resume their civil war in China. 5606
1945/--/-- The trial of Nazi war criminals begins at Nuremberg in Germany. 5607
1945/--/-- Tito becomes head of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 5608
1945/--/-- Romulo Betancourt becomes president of Venezuela for the first time. 5609
1945/--/-- Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan and Yemen form the Arab League. 5610
1945/--/-- Indonesian nationalists led by Sukarno proclaim the nation independent. 5611
1945/--/-- German rocket engineer Wernher Von Braun continues his research in the U.S. 5612
1945/--/-- Charlie "Bird" Parker and Dizzy Gillespie make the first bebop recordings. 5613
1945/--/-- German playwright Bertholt Brecht writes The Caucasian Chalk Circle. 5614
1945/--/-- British actor Laurence Olivier wins critical acclaim for his portrayal of Richard III. 5615
1945/--/-- Singer Frank Sinatra stars in the film musical Anchors Aweigh. 5616
1945/--/-- British author George Orwell publishes the satirical fable Animal Farm. 5617
1945/--/-- French dramatist Jean Giraudoux writes the play The Madwoman of Chaillot. 5618
1946/--/-- EAM-ELAS communist forces begin a civil war in Greece. 5619
1946/--/-- The Viet Minh begin a guerrilla war against the French in Indochina (Vietnam). 5620
1946/--/-- Communists abolish the monarchy in Bulgaria; Georgi Dimitrov becomes premier. 5621
1946/--/-- General De Gaulle resigns as president of France; the Fourth Republic is formed. 5622
1946/--/-- Winston Churchill describes the Iron Curtain created in Europe by the Soviets. 5623
1946/--/-- The Philippines are granted independence with Manuel Roxas y Acuna as president. 5624
1946/--/-- Elections in Italy abolish the monarchy in favor of a republic. 5625
1946/--/-- MacArthur promotes Japanese democracy with the emperor as constitutional monarch. 5626
1946/--/-- Juan Peron is elected president of Argentina. 5627
1946/--/-- Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini becomes the first U.S. citizen to be canonized. 5628
1946/--/-- ENIAC, the first successful electronic digital computer, becomes operational. 5629
1946/--/-- Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier designs Unite d'Habitation in Marseilles. 5630
1946/--/-- Terence Rattigan's play The Winslow Boy is produced. 5631
1946/--/-- Dr. Spock publishes The Commonsense Book of Baby and Child Care. 5632
1946/--/-- Greek author Nikos Kazantzakis publishes Zorba the Greek. 5633
1946/--/-- American author Robert Penn Warren publishes All the King's Men. 5634
1947/--/-- The United Nations elect to partition Palestine into Arab and Jewish states. 5635
1947/--/-- India becomes independent and is divided into the nations of India and Pakistan. 5636
1947/--/-- Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first prime minister of India. 5637
1947/--/-- Gheorghiu-Dej heads the Romanian Communist party; King Michael abdicates. 5638
1947/--/-- The U.S. Marshall Plan for economic recovery in Europe is established. 5639
1947/--/-- The story of a Jewish victim of the Nazis, The Diary of Anne Frank, is published. 5640
1947/--/-- French literary figure Andre Gide wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 5641
1947/--/-- English composer Benjamin Britten writes the opera Peter Grimes. 5642
1947/--/-- French fashion designer Christian Dior opens his own couture house. 5643
1947/--/-- Tennessee Williams' play A Streetcar Named Desire is produced. 5644
1947/--/-- Conductor Sir Thomas Beecham forms the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London. 5645
1947/--/-- Edwin Land demonstrates the single-step Polaroid Land Camera. 5646
1947/--/-- Dennis Gabor invents holography, a means of producing a three-dimensional image. 5647
1947/--/-- American pilot Kenneth Arnold makes the first alleged sighting of flying saucers. 5648
1947/--/-- Chuck Yeager breaks the sound barrier for the first time in an X-1 rocket plane. 5649
1947/--/-- British atomic bomb scientist Klaus Fuchs is arrested for giving information to the USSR. 5650
1947/--/-- Baseball player Jackie Robinson becomes the first black to play in the major leagues. 5651
1947/--/-- Artist Jackson Pollock produces Full Fathom Five using drip paint techniques. 5652
1947/--/-- Artist Mark Rothko begins experimenting with Color-field painting. 5653
1947/--/-- The Dead Sea Scrolls, a collection of ancient Hebrew documents, are discovered. 5654
1947/--/-- Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl sails on the balsa raft Kon Tiki from Peru to Polynesia. 5655
1947/--/-- The first India-Pakistan War begins when Pakistani tribesmen invade Kashmir. 5656
1948/--/-- Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu fanatic. 5657
1948/--/-- Britain grants independence to Burma. 5658
1948/--/-- Palestinian Jews proclaim the independent state of Israel. 5659
1948/--/-- Arab armies invade Israel in the first Arab-Israeli War. 5660
1948/--/-- The Soviets blockade West Berlin; Britain and the U.S. begin the Berlin Airlift. 5661
1948/--/-- The Communist party assumes power in Hungary under Matyas Rakosi. 5662
1948/--/-- Stalin expels Yugoslavia from the Communist bloc. 5663
1948/--/-- The Malayan Communist party begins an insurrection against British rule. 5664
1948/--/-- The Republic of Korea (S. Korea) is inaugurated, Syngman Rhee becomes president. 5665
1948/--/-- Communist leader Kim Il Sung establishes the People's Republic of Korea (N. Korea). 5666
1948/--/-- The apartheid policy of racial segregation is made official in South Africa. 5667
1948/--/-- The transistor is invented at Bell Laboratories in the U.S. 5668
1948/--/-- The U.S. Air Force begins the Project Blue Book study of the UFO phenomenon. 5669
1948/--/-- Alfred Kinsey publishes his report on Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. 5670
1948/--/-- Dutch track star Fanny Blankers-Koen wins four gold medals in the Olympic Games. 5671
1948/--/-- American opera singer Beverly Sills debuts in Bizet's Carmen. 5672
1948/--/-- George Balanchine's Ballet Society is renamed the New York City Ballet. 5673
1948/--/-- Alec Guinness stars as Fagin in the film of Dicken's Oliver Twist. 5674
1948/--/-- Italian filmmaker Vittorio De Sica directs The Bicycle Thieves. 5675
1948/--/-- American writer Norman Mailer publishes the war novel The Naked and the Dead. 5676
1949/--/-- Communists under Mao defeat the Nationalists and form the People's Republic of China. 5677
1949/--/-- Nationalist Chinese forces under Chiang Kai-shek flee to the island of Taiwan. 5678
1949/--/-- The Republic of Germany (West Germany) is established by the Western powers. 5679
1949/--/-- Konrad Adenauer becomes the first chancellor of West Germany. 5680
1949/--/-- The Soviets establish the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). 5681
1949/--/-- The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is formed to deter Soviet aggression. 5682
1949/--/-- The Hashimite Kingdom of Transjordan is renamed as Jordan. 5683
1949/--/-- The first India-Pakistan War ends with the partition of Kashmir. 5684
1949/--/-- Arthur Miller's play Death of a Salesman is produced. 5685
1949/--/-- Civil war ends in Greece with the defeat of the Communist forces. 5686
1949/--/-- The Netherlands grants independence to Indonesia (formerly the Dutch East Indies). 5687
1949/--/-- The Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb. 5688
1949/--/-- Miles Davis makes the first "cool" jazz records. 5689
1949/--/-- Abstract artist Robert Motherwell begins his series Elegy to the Spanish Republic. 5690
1949/--/-- Architect Philip Johnson designs the Glass House in New Caanan, Conn. 5691
1949/--/-- British abstract sculptor Henry Moore completes the bronze Family Group. 5692
1949/--/-- Rogers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical South Pacific is produced. 5693
1949/--/-- British author George Orwell publishes the futuristic novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. 5694
1950/--/-- Chinese forces invade Tibet, which is officially annexed in 1951. 5695
1950/--/-- Communist North Korean forces invade South Korea. 5696
1950/--/-- The UN sanctions military aid for South Korea; MacArthur is appointed commander. 5697
1950/--/-- UN forces land at Inchon and drive the North Koreans out of South Korea. 5698
1950/--/-- UN forces cross into North Korea but are repulsed by the Chinese army. 5699
1950/--/-- Adnan Menderes replaces Ismet Inonu as prime minister of Turkey. 5700
1950/--/-- President Truman orders the development of the hydrogen bomb. 5701
1950/--/-- Senator Joseph McCarthy begins his inquiry into un-American activities. 5702
1950/--/-- U.S. official Alger Hiss is convicted of perjury for denying that he knew a Soviet agent. 5703
1950/--/-- Japanese film director Akira Kurosawa achieves recognition with Rashomon. 5704
1950/--/-- Bette Davis stars in the film All About Eve. 5705
1950/--/-- George Burns and Gracie Allen star in The Burns and Allen Show television series. 5706
1950/--/-- Cartoonist Charles Schulz creates the Peanuts comic strip. 5707
1950/--/-- Isaac Asimov publishes the science-fiction classic I Robot. 5708
1951/--/-- The UN General Assembly brands Communist China an aggressor in the Korean War. 5709
1951/--/-- President Truman dismisses MacArthur as commander in Korea. 5710
1951/--/-- A frontline is stabilized at the 38th parallel in Korea; peace negotiations begin at Kaesong. 5711
1951/--/-- Australia, New Zealand, and the U.S. sign the mutual defense Anzus Treaty. 5712
1951/--/-- British Conservatives win a general election with Winston Churchill as leader. 5713
1951/--/-- Prime minister Muhammad Mosaddeq nationalizes Iran's oil resources. 5714
1951/--/-- Leopold III of Belgium is forced to abdicate because of his wartime conduct. 5715
1951/--/-- King Abdullah of Jordan is assassinated by a Palestinian nationalist. 5716
1951/--/-- British spies Burgess and Maclean escape to the Soviet Union. 5717
1951/--/-- The 22nd Amendment restricts U.S. presidents to a maximum of two terms. 5718
1951/--/-- Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are sentenced to death for espionage against the U.S. 5719
1951/--/-- The first successful videotape for recording television images is demonstrated. 5720
1951/--/-- UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer, is accepted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. 5721
1951/--/-- Ten million television receivers have been installed in U.S. homes. 5722
1951/--/-- Boxer Sugar Ray Robinson defeats Jake La Motta for the middleweight title. 5723
1951/--/-- Auto racer Juan Fangio wins the world driving championship for the first time. 5724
1951/--/-- Artist Stuart Davis uses words to function as abstract shapes in his painting Visa. 5725
1951/--/-- Igor Stravinsky's opera The Rake's Progress is premiered. 5726
1951/--/-- Comedian Lucille Ball stars in the television series I Love Lucy. 5727
1951/--/-- Rodgers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical The King and I is produced. 5728
1951/--/-- American writer James Jones publishes the war novel From Here to Eternity. 5729
1951/--/-- American poet Marianne Moore publishes her Collected Poems. 5730
1951/--/-- American novelist Kurt Vonnegut publishes Player Piano. 5731
1951/--/-- American writer J.D. Salinger publishes The Catcher in the Rye. 5732
1952/--/-- Hostilities continue in Korea with increased UN air strikes against the north. 5733
1952/--/-- Turkey joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 5734
1952/--/-- Queen Elizabeth II ascends to the British throne on the death of her father George VI. 5735
1952/--/-- Eva Peron, popularly known as Evita, dies in Argentina. 5736
1952/--/-- Communist POW riots in South Korea delay peace negotiations. 5737
1952/--/-- King Farouk of Egypt is overthrown in a revolution led by Gen. Muhammad Naguib. 5738
1952/--/-- The Mau Mau uprising begins in Kenya; Jomo Kenyatta is imprisoned. 5739
1952/--/-- A bloodless coup returns Fulgencio Batista to power in Cuba. 5740
1952/--/-- Kwame Nkrumah is elected prime minister of the Gold Coast (Ghana). 5741
1952/--/-- The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is formed with Luis Munoz Marin as governor. 5742
1952/--/-- Vice-presidential candidate Richard Nixon makes his Checkers speech. 5743
1952/--/-- Medical missionary Albert Schweitzer is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 5744
1952/--/-- British architect Michael Ventris deciphers the ancient Greek Linear B script. 5745
1952/--/-- The U.S. tests the first hydrogen bomb in the Pacific. 5746
1952/--/-- Chuck Yaeger sets a new air speed record of 1,650 mph in the X-1A research plane. 5747
1952/--/-- The British de Havilland Comet becomes the first jet airliner to enter service. 5748
1952/--/-- Czech runner Emil Zatopek wins 3 gold medals in the Helsinki Olympic Games. 5749
1952/--/-- The first automatic pinsetter is installed in a bowling alley in Brooklyn, N.Y. 5750
1952/--/-- Gordon Bunshaft designs the Lever House, an early International Style building. 5751
1952/--/-- American sculptor Isamu Noguchi designs two bridges for the Peace Park at Hiroshima. 5752
1952/--/-- Opera singer Maria Callas debuts at London's Covent Garden. 5753
1952/--/-- Samuel Beckett's play Waiting For Godot is produced in Paris. 5754
1952/--/-- Agatha Christie's record-breaking play The Mouse Trap opens in London. 5755
1952/--/-- Dancer Gene Kelly stars in the film Singin' in the Rain. 5756
1952/--/-- Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly star in the Western film High Noon. 5757
1952/--/-- American writer E.B. White publishes the children's book Charlotte's Web. 5758
1953/--/-- Eisenhower is inaugurated as the 34th U.S. president; Nixon becomes vice-president. 5759
1953/--/-- Hussein I succeeds his father as king of Jordan. 5760
1953/--/-- Laos, formerly a part of French Indochina, is granted independence. 5761
1953/--/-- Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin dies; Georgy M. Malenkov becomes the new premier. 5762
1953/--/-- Lavrenti Beria, head of the Soviet security service, is arrested and executed. 5763
1953/--/-- An armistice ends the Korean War; the country remains divided into North and South. 5764
1953/--/-- Israeli prime minister Ben-Gurion retires; he is succeeded by Moshe Sharett. 5765
1953/--/-- Fidel Castro leads an attack on an army barracks in Cuba; he is captured and imprisoned. 5766
1953/--/-- Communist statesman Imre Nagy becomes premier of Hungary. 5767
1953/--/-- Dag Hammarskjold succeeds Trygve Lie as secretary-general of the UN. 5768
1953/--/-- John Foster Dulles is selected as the U.S. secretary of state. 5769
1953/--/-- A Redstone rocket (based on the German V-2) is tested at Cape Canaveral. 5770
1953/--/-- James Watson and Francis Crick propose the double helix structure of DNA. 5771
1953/--/-- Murray Gell-Mann proposes the strangeness property of some subatomic particles. 5772
1953/--/-- The first heart-lung machine is developed by Dr. John Gibbon. 5773
1953/--/-- American physicist Charles H. Townes invents the maser. 5774
1953/--/-- Jacques Piccard's bathyscaphe the Trieste descends to a depth of 10,330 ft. 5775
1953/--/-- Physicist Donald Glaser invents the bubble chamber to detect subnuclear particles. 5776
1953/--/-- The fossil remains of Piltdown man are proved a hoax 41 years after their discovery. 5777
1953/--/-- Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay are the first to climb Mount Everest. 5778
1953/--/-- Golfer Ben Hogan wins the U.S. Open, Masters, and British Open tournaments. 5779
1953/--/-- American tennis player Maureen Connolly (Little Mo) wins the Grand Slam. 5780
1953/--/-- Marilyn Monroe stars in the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. 5781
1953/--/-- Arthur Miller writes The Crucible, a play about the Salem Witch Trials. 5782
1953/--/-- Black writer James Baldwin publishes his first novel Go Tell It on the Mountain. 5783
1953/--/-- Hugh Hefner publishes the first issue of Playboy magazine. 5784
1953/--/-- American writer Saul Bellow publishes The Adventures of Augie March. 5785
1954/--/-- Gamal Abdel Nasser ousts Gen. Muhammad Naguib as president of Egypt. 5786
1954/--/-- French forces are defeated at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in North Vietnam. 5787
1954/--/-- The Geneva Conference establishes the partition of Vietnam into North and South. 5788
1954/--/-- National Liberation Front (FLN) raids on French property spark the Algerian War. 5789
1954/--/-- Senator McCarthy is discredited for failing to prove claims of communist penetration. 5790
1954/--/-- A Supreme Court decision prohibits racial segregation in U.S. public schools. 5791
1954/--/-- The U.S. and Canada begin construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway. 5792
1954/--/-- The U.S. nuclear submarine the Nautilus is launched. 5793
1954/--/-- English runner Roger Bannister is first to run the mile in under 4 minutes. 5794
1954/--/-- British artist Francis Bacon begins his Portrait of Pope Innocent X series. 5795
1954/--/-- Dylan Thomas' radio play Under Milk Wood is performed posthumously. 5796
1954/--/-- Italian film-maker Federico Fellini directs La Strada. 5797
1954/--/-- Marlon Brando stars in Elia Kazan's film On the Waterfront. 5798
1954/--/-- British novelist William Golding publishes Lord of the Flies. 5799
1954/--/-- Kingsley Amis, one of England's angry young men, publishes Lucky Jim. 5800
1954/--/-- Ian Fleming publishes the first James Bond thriller Casino Royale. 5801
1954/--/-- American novelist Evan Hunter publishes The Blackboard Jungle. 5802
1955/--/-- Austria achieves independence; the four-power occupation is terminated. 5803
1955/--/-- The Federal Republic of Germany joins NATO. 5804
1955/--/-- The Warsaw Pact establishes a military alliance of European Communist nations. 5805
1955/--/-- Anthony Eden succeeds Winston Churchill as prime minister of Great Britain. 5806
1955/--/-- David Ben-Gurion returns as prime minister of Israel. 5807
1955/--/-- A military coup in Argentina deposes president Juan Peron. 5808
1955/--/-- Martin Luther King, Jr. leads a boycott against racial segregation on buses. 5809
1955/--/-- Jonas Salk's vaccine against polio comes into widespread use. 5810
1955/--/-- Theologian Pierre Teilhard de Chardin publishes The Phenomenon of Man. 5811
1955/--/-- American artist Larry Rivers paints Double Portrait of Birdie. 5812
1955/--/-- American artist Jasper Johns begins his paintings of American flags and targets. 5813
1955/--/-- Marian Anderson becomes the first black to perform at the Metropolitan Opera House. 5814
1955/--/-- American rock 'n' roll musician Bill Haley records Rock Around the Clock. 5815
1955/--/-- Film star James Dean is killed in a car crash. 5816
1955/--/-- Satyajit Ray directs Pather Panchali, the first film in a trilogy on Bengali family life. 5817
1955/--/-- British writer Graham Greene publishes The Quiet American. 5818
1955/--/-- British writer and scholar J.R.R. Tolkien completes The Lord of the Rings. 5819
1955/--/-- Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov publishes the novel Lolita. 5820
1956/--/-- Soviet first secretary Nikita Khrushchev denounces the crimes of the Stalin era. 5821
1956/--/-- Sudan gains independence from Anglo-Egyptian rule. 5822
1956/--/-- Archbishop Makarios III is deported from Cyprus by the British. 5823
1956/--/-- President Ngo Dinh Diem refuses to hold elections in South Vietnam. 5824
1956/--/-- President Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal before the British lease expires. 5825
1956/--/-- Britain, France and Israel agree on a secret joint action against Egypt. 5826
1956/--/-- Israeli forces under Moshe Dayan seize the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula. 5827
1956/--/-- Anglo-French forces invade Egypt but withdraw after protests from the U.S. 5828
1956/--/-- President Anastasio Somoza Garcia is assassinated in Nicaragua. 5829
1956/--/-- Fidel Castro and Che Guevara land in Cuba and begin a guerrilla war. 5830
1956/--/-- The Hungarian Uprising is suppressed by Soviet troops. 5831
1956/--/-- Tunisia and Morocco are granted independence by France. 5832
1956/--/-- The Italian ocean liner Andrea Doria sinks off the U.S. coast after a collision in fog. 5833
1956/--/-- Heavyweight boxing champion Rocky Marciano retires without being defeated. 5834
1956/--/-- British artist Richard Hamilton produces the first pop art work. 5835
1956/--/-- American television news show The Huntley-Brinkley Report begins. 5836
1956/--/-- Rock 'n roll singer Elvis Presley records his first hit Heartbreak Hotel. 5837
1956/--/-- Film actress Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier III of Monaco. 5838
1956/--/-- David Niven stars in the film Around the World in Eighty Days. 5839
1956/--/-- Eugene O'Neill's play Long Day's Journey Into Night is produced. 5840
1956/--/-- Brendan Behan's play The Quare Fellow opens in London. 5841
1956/--/-- John Osborne's first play Look Back In Anger is produced in London. 5842
1956/--/-- Lerner and Loewe's musical My Fair Lady opens in New York. 5843
1956/--/-- American beat poet Allen Ginsberg publishes Howl and Other Poems. 5844
1956/--/-- American writer Grace Metalious publishes Peyton Place. 5845
1957/--/-- The Viet Cong begin acts of rebellion in South Vietnam. 5846
1957/--/-- Soviet leaders Malenkov and Molotov fail in an attempt to oust Khrushchev from power. 5847
1957/--/-- John G. Diefenbaker succeeds Louis St. Laurent as prime minister of Canada. 5848
1957/--/-- British philosopher A.J. Ayer publishes The Problem of Knowledge. 5849
1957/--/-- British prime minister Anthony Eden resigns; is succeeded by Harold Macmillan. 5850
1957/--/-- The Israeli army withdraws from Egypt; the Gaza Strip is policed by UN forces. 5851
1957/--/-- Tunku Abdul Rahman becomes the first prime minister of independent Malaya (Malaysia). 5852
1957/--/-- Ghana gains independence; Kwame Nkrumah becomes the first prime minister. 5853
1957/--/-- Francois Duvalier (known as Papa Doc) is elected president of Haiti. 5854
1957/--/-- The USSR launches Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite. 5855
1957/--/-- Scientists from 67 nations work together during the International Geophysical Year. 5856
1957/--/-- Black tennis player Althea Gibson wins the U.S. Open and Wimbledon championships. 5857
1957/--/-- Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman directs The Seventh Seal. 5858
1957/--/-- Jerome Robbins is director-choreographer of the musical West Side Story. 5859
1957/--/-- Dr. Seuss publishes the children's book The Cat in the Hat. 5860
1957/--/-- Lawrence Durrell publishes Justine, the first of The Alexandria Quartet novels. 5861
1957/--/-- Beat generation writer Jack Kerouac publishes On The Road. 5862
1958/--/-- Nikita Khrushchev replaces Nikolai Bulganin as Soviet premier. 5863
1958/--/-- Egypt and Syria form the United Arab Republic. 5864
1958/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Lebanon; it is ended when U.S. Marines land at Beirut. 5865
1958/--/-- The French army and settlers in Algiers revolt over the Algerian War stalemate. 5866
1958/--/-- The Algerian crisis prompts the recall of Charles de Gaulle as president of France. 5867
1958/--/-- Gen. Muhammad Ayub Khan seizes control in Pakistan. 5868
1958/--/-- Prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd extends South Africa's apartheid laws. 5869
1958/--/-- The European Economic Community (EEC) is established. 5870
1958/--/-- American economist J.K. Galbraith publishes The Affluent Society. 5871
1958/--/-- Bertrand Russell founds the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) in Britain. 5872
1958/--/-- The U.S. launches the Explorer I and Vanguard I scientific satellites. 5873
1958/--/-- The nuclear submarine Nautilus reaches the North Pole under the Polar ice cap. 5874
1958/--/-- The first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is launched in the U.S. 5875
1958/--/-- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is founded. 5876
1958/--/-- Wilson Greatbatch invents an artificial pacemaker to control heartbeats. 5877
1958/--/-- American golfer Arnold Palmer wins the Masters tournament for the first time. 5878
1958/--/-- Soccer player Pele leads Brazil to victory in the World Cup. 5879
1958/--/-- Leonard Bernstein becomes the conductor of the New York Philharmonic orchestra. 5880
1958/--/-- Russian writer Boris Pasternak publishes the novel Doctor Zhivago. 5881
1958/--/-- American playwright Edward Albee writes The Zoo Story. 5882
1958/--/-- American writer Truman Capote publishes the novella Breakfast At Tiffany's. 5883
1959/--/-- Fidel Castro ousts Cuban leader Fulgencio Batista in a communist revolution. 5884
1959/--/-- The Dalai Lama flees to India after China crushes an uprising in Tibet. 5885
1959/--/-- Cyprus gains independence from Britain; Archbishop Makarios becomes president. 5886
1959/--/-- Lee Kuan Yew becomes prime minister of Singapore. 5887
1959/--/-- Alaska is inaugurated as the 49th state of the Union. 5888
1959/--/-- Hawaii is inaugurated as the 50th state of the Union. 5889
1959/--/-- The Boeing 707 jet airliner enters service. 5890
1959/--/-- The first flight is made by the X-15 rocket-powered research aircraft. 5891
1959/--/-- The Soviet Union sends a series of Luna space probes to the Moon. 5892
1959/--/-- Sir Christopher Cockerell tests the first air-cushion vehicle. 5893
1959/--/-- NASA selects the first seven U.S. astronauts. 5894
1959/--/-- Anthropologists Richard and Mary Leakey discover an Australopithecus skull in Africa. 5895
1959/--/-- The Guggenheim Museum, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, opens in New York City. 5896
1959/--/-- Artist Robert Rauschenberg creates the three-dimensional collage Monogram. 5897
1959/--/-- Rock 'n roll star Buddy Holly is killed in a plane crash. 5898
1959/--/-- Rod Serling hosts the Twilight Zone television series. 5899
1959/--/-- French filmmaker Alain Resnais directs Hiroshima Mon Amour. 5900
1959/--/-- French New Wave filmmaker Jean Luc Godard directs Breathless. 5901
1959/--/-- Jack Lemon, Tony Curtis and Marilyn Monroe star in the film Some Like it Hot. 5902
1959/--/-- Film actor Charlton Heston wins the Academy Award for his role in Ben-Hur. 5903
1959/--/-- French filmmaker Francois Truffaut directs The 400 Blows. 5904
1959/--/-- Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun is the first Broadway play by a black woman. 5905
1959/--/-- Rogers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical The Sound of Music is produced. 5906
1959/--/-- American writer Leon Uris publishes Exodus, a novel on the founding of Israel. 5907
1959/--/-- German writer Gunter Grass publishes his first novel The Tin Drum. 5908
1959/--/-- American writer William Burroughs publishes The Naked Lunch. 5909
1960/--/-- France grants independence to the Congo, Chad, Central African Republic, and Gabon. 5910
1960/--/-- Belgium grants independence to the Congo (Zaire); Patrice Lumumba becomes premier. 5911
1960/--/-- The Congo crisis begins with the secession of Katanga province under Moise Tshombe. 5912
1960/--/-- Britain grants independence to Nigeria; Abubakar Balewa continues as prime minister. 5913
1960/--/-- A military coup takes place in Turkey; prime minister Adnan Menderes is executed (1961). 5914
1960/--/-- Former Nazi official Adolf Eichmann is abducted to Israel. 5915
1960/--/-- 69 Africans are killed in the Sharpeville massacre in South Africa. 5916
1960/--/-- The South African government bans the African National Congress (ANC). 5917
1960/--/-- Congo (Zaire) premier Patrice Lumumba is ousted by Joseph Mobutu and murdered. 5918
1960/--/-- A student uprising forces the resignation of Syngman Rhee, president of South Korea. 5919
1960/--/-- Sirimavo Bandaranaike becomes the world's first woman prime minister in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). 5920
1960/--/-- Viet Cong groups unite into the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLFSV). 5921
1960/--/-- Walter Ulbricht becomes head of East Germany. 5922
1960/--/-- The Soviets shoot down a U-2 spy plane; U.S. pilot Francis Gary Powers is captured. 5923
1960/--/-- The presidential debates of John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon are televised. 5924
1960/--/-- South African civil rights leader Albert Luthuli wins the Nobel Peace Prize. 5925
1960/--/-- An earthquake kills 15,000 at Agadir in Morocco. 5926
1960/--/-- The planned city of Brasilia becomes the new capital of Brazil. 5927
1960/--/-- Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh descend to 35,800 ft in the bathyscaphe Trieste. 5928
1960/--/-- The first submerged firing is made of a Polaris submarine-launched missile. 5929
1960/--/-- American physicist Theodore H. Maiman demonstrates the first successful laser. 5930
1960/--/-- The first quasars, the most luminous known objects in the universe, are discovered. 5931
1960/--/-- The Echo 1 experimental communications satellite is launched. 5932
1960/--/-- NASA launches the first TIROS weather satellite. 5933
1960/--/-- American track star Wilma Rudolph wins 3 gold medals at the Rome Olympic Games. 5934
1960/--/-- The Motown record company is founded in Detroit by Berry Gordy. 5935
1960/--/-- Religious broadcaster Pat Robertson founds the Christian Broadcasting Network. 5936
1960/--/-- Harold Pinter's play The Caretaker is produced. 5937
1960/--/-- Filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock directs the suspense thriller Psycho. 5938
1960/--/-- Italian filmmaker Michelangelo Antonioni directs La Notte (The Night). 5939
1960/--/-- American author John Updike publishes the novel Rabbit Run. 5940
1961/--/-- Kennedy is inaugurated as the 35th U.S. president; Johnson becomes vice-president. 5941
1961/--/-- Agostinho Neto and Holden Roberto lead insurrections in Portuguese Angola. 5942
1961/--/-- Britain grants independence to Tanganyika (Tanzania) with Julius Nyerere as prime minister. 5943
1961/--/-- President Rafael Trujillo is assassinated in the Dominican Republic. 5944
1961/--/-- India annexes the Portugese territories of Goa, Daman, and Diu. 5945
1961/--/-- President Kennedy begins to increase the U.S. military presence in Vietnam. 5946
1961/--/-- UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjold is killed in a plane crash in the Congo (Zaire). 5947
1961/--/-- The Berlin Wall is constructed, separating East and West Berlin. 5948
1961/--/-- The Kurds begin a guerrilla war against Iraq to gain independence for Kurdistan. 5949
1961/--/-- American-aided Cuban exiles attempt the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion. 5950
1961/--/-- President Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps. 5951
1961/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin orbits the earth. 5952
1961/--/-- Astronaut Alan Shepard makes the first U.S. suborbital space flight. 5953
1961/--/-- President Kennedy sets a goal for landing a man on the Moon within the decade. 5954
1961/--/-- The drug thalidomide is found to cause malformations in new born babies. 5955
1961/--/-- Roger Maris breaks Babe Ruth's home-run baseball record with a season total of 61. 5956
1961/--/-- Soviet ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev defects to the West. 5957
1961/--/-- Italian opera singer Luciano Pavarotti debuts in Puccini's La Boheme. 5958
1961/--/-- Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman directs Max Von Sydow in Through a Glass Darkly. 5959
1961/--/-- French filmmaker Francois Truffaut directs Jeanne Moreau in Jules and Jim. 5960
1961/--/-- Italian filmmaker Vittorio De Sica directs Sophia Loren in Alberto Moravia's Two Women. 5961
1961/--/-- V.S. Naipaul writes about West Indian life in A House for Mr. Biswas. 5962
1961/--/-- Science fiction writer Robert Heinlein publishes Stranger in a Strange Land. 5963
1961/--/-- English writer Muriel Spark publishes The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. 5964
1961/--/-- British novelist Iris Murdoch publishes A Severed Head. 5965
1961/--/-- American writer Joseph Heller publishes the anti-war novel Catch-22. 5966
1962/--/-- Britain grants independence to Uganda; Milton Obote becomes prime minister. 5967
1962/--/-- Burmese diplomat U Thant becomes the first Asian secretary general of the UN. 5968
1962/--/-- The Cuban Missile Crisis begins; Soviet missiles are withdrawn from Cuba. 5969
1962/--/-- Algeria gains independence from France; Ahmed ben Bella becomes prime minister. 5970
1962/--/-- Georges Pompidou becomes premier of France's Fifth Republic. 5971
1962/--/-- Britain grants independence to Trinidad and Tobago with Eric Williams as chief minister. 5972
1962/--/-- The University of Mississippi is forced to admit black student James Meredith. 5973
1962/--/-- The U.S. Supreme Court rules that school prayers are a violation of the 1st Amendment. 5974
1962/--/-- Astronaut John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the Earth. 5975
1962/--/-- The U.S. launches Telstar, the first commercial communications satellite. 5976
1962/--/-- The Mariner 2 spacecraft passes within 21,598 miles of Venus. 5977
1962/--/-- Rachel Carson criticizes indiscriminate use of pesticides in her book Silent Spring. 5978
1962/--/-- American historian Barbara Tuchman publishes The Guns of August. 5979
1962/--/-- Sonny Liston defeats Floyd Patterson to become heavyweight boxing champion. 5980
1962/--/-- Basketball player Wilt Chamberlain scores a record 100 points in one game. 5981
1962/--/-- Fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent opens his Parisian fashion house. 5982
1962/--/-- American artist Jim Dine paints the pop art subject Black Saw. 5983
1962/--/-- Pop artist Andy Warhol begins making silk screen prints of mass-media images. 5984
1962/--/-- The British pop group The Beatles make their first recordings. 5985
1962/--/-- Folk-rock singer and composer Bob Dylan writes Blowin' in the Wind. 5986
1962/--/-- Television journalist Walter Cronkite is made anchorman of CBS Evening News. 5987
1962/--/-- British filmmaker David Lean directs Lawrence of Arabia. 5988
1962/--/-- Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor star in Cleopatra, the most expensive film to date. 5989
1962/--/-- Polish filmmaker Roman Polanski directs his first film Knife in the Water. 5990
1962/--/-- American film actress Marilyn Monroe dies from a drug overdose. 5991
1962/--/-- Edward Albee's play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf is produced on Broadway. 5992
1962/--/-- Actor Laurence Olivier becomes the first director of the National Theatre in London. 5993
1962/--/-- American writer Ken Kesey publishes One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. 5994
1962/--/-- British writer Anthony Burgess publishes the futuristic novel A Clockwork Orange. 5995
1962/--/-- Science fiction writer J.G. Ballard publishes The Drowned World. 5996
1962/--/-- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn publishes One Day In the Life of Ivan Denisovich. 5997
1962/--/-- American writer Katherine Anne Porter publishes the novel Ship of Fools. 5998
1963/--/-- A UN peace keeping force ends the secession attempt of Katanga province (Shaba). 5999
1963/--/-- President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam is assassinated. 6000
1963/--/-- Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah form the Federation of Malaysia. 6001
1963/--/-- Britain's entry to the European Economic Community is blocked by France. 6002
1963/--/-- A limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty is signed by Britain, the U.S., and the USSR. 6003
1963/--/-- Kenya gains independence from Britain; Jomo Kenyatta becomes prime minister. 6004
1963/--/-- Black nationalist Joshua Nkomo is imprisoned in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). 6005
1963/--/-- The Organization of African Unity (OAU) is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 6006
1963/--/-- President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas. 6007
1963/--/-- Lyndon B. Johnson is inaugurated as the 36th President of the U.S. 6008
1963/--/-- Ludwig Erhard succeeds Konrad Adenauer as chancellor of West Germany. 6009
1963/--/-- The Profumo sex scandal undermines the Conservative government in Britain. 6010
1963/--/-- Sir Alec Douglas-Home succeeds Harold Macmillan as British prime minister. 6011
1963/--/-- British spy Harold (Kim) Philby defects to the USSR. 6012
1963/--/-- Levi Eshkol succeeds David Ben-Gurion as prime minister of Israel. 6013
1963/--/-- John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is shot and killed by Jack Ruby. 6014
1963/--/-- Martin Luther King, Jr. makes his "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C. 6015
1963/--/-- The American X-15 research aircraft establishes an altitude record of 67 miles. 6016
1963/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space. 6017
1963/--/-- Arecibo Observatory begins observations with a 1,000-ft wide radio telescope. 6018
1963/--/-- Race-car driver Jim Clark wins seven Grand Prix events and the world title. 6019
1963/--/-- Jack Nicklaus becomes the youngest golfer to win the Masters Tournament. 6020
1963/--/-- Football running back Jim Brown sets a record for rushes of 1,863 yards. 6021
1963/--/-- Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein completes the comic strip painting Whaam. 6022
1963/--/-- Pop artist Claes Oldenburg creates the kapok-filled sculpture Soft Typewriter. 6023
1963/--/-- American pop vocal group the Beach Boys release the record Surfin' U.S.A. 6024
1963/--/-- The Rolling Stones rock band is formed in Britain. 6025
1963/--/-- The first James Bond film Dr. No is produced. 6026
1963/--/-- Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick directs the anti-war film Dr. Strangelove. 6027
1963/--/-- British filmmaker Joseph Losey directs The Servant. 6028
1963/--/-- Peter Sellers stars as Inspector Clouseau in the film The Pink Panther. 6029
1963/--/-- Czech dissident playwright Vaclav Havel writes The Garden Party. 6030
1963/--/-- American writer Mary McCarthy publishes The Group. 6031
1963/--/-- English writer John Le Carre publishes The Spy Who Came in from the Cold. 6032
1963/--/-- Sylvia Plath's novel The Bell Jar is published in the year of her death. 6033
1964/--/-- Britain grants independence to Zanzibar. 6034
1964/--/-- Fighting breaks out on Cyprus between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. 6035
1964/--/-- Tanganyika joins with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania. 6036
1964/--/-- ANC leader Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life imprisonment in South Africa. 6037
1964/--/-- FRELIMO begins a war of independence against the Portuguese in Mozambique. 6038
1964/--/-- North Vietnam allegedly attacks U.S. vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin. 6039
1964/--/-- The Tonkin Gulf Resolution escalates the use of U.S. personnel in Vietnam. 6040
1964/--/-- General Westmoreland is appointed to command the U.S. forces in South Vietnam. 6041
1964/--/-- Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru dies; he is succeeded by Lal Bahadur Shastri. 6042
1964/--/-- Britain grants independence to Malawi; H. Kamuzu Banda becomes prime minister. 6043
1964/--/-- Britain grants independence to Zambia; Kenneth D. Kaunda becomes president. 6044
1964/--/-- Ian Smith becomes prime minister of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). 6045
1964/--/-- The Labour party is elected to power in Britain; Harold Wilson becomes prime minister. 6046
1964/--/-- Gustavo Diaz Ordaz becomes president of Mexico. 6047
1964/--/-- Faisal succeeds his brother Saud as king of Saudi Arabia. 6048
1964/--/-- The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed to represent Palestinians. 6049
1964/--/-- Soviet leader NikitaKhrushchev is forced from office; Aleksei Kosygin becomes premier. 6050
1964/--/-- Johnson is reeelected as U.S. president; Humphrey becomes vice-president (1965). 6051
1964/--/-- The Warren Commission decides that Oswald was the sole assassin of John F. Kennedy. 6052
1964/--/-- The U.S. Surgeon General reports that cigarette smoking is a health hazard. 6053
1964/--/-- The U.S. Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination in employment. 6054
1964/--/-- The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge opens in New York. 6055
1964/--/-- An earthquake in Alaska causes extensive damage and 114 fatalities. 6056
1964/--/-- The American Ranger 7 spacecraft transmits photos of the surface of the Moon. 6057
1964/--/-- Physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig propose the quark theory. 6058
1964/--/-- Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discover the existence of background radiation. 6059
1964/--/-- The SR-71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft is flown for the first time. 6060
1964/--/-- The Soviet Voskhod 1 spacecraft is launched with a three-man crew. 6061
1964/--/-- Architect Eero Saarinen's St. Louis Arch memorial is completed. 6062
1964/--/-- Craig Breedlove sets a land speed record of 600 mph in a jet-powered vehicle. 6063
1964/--/-- Muhammad Ali defeats Sonny Liston for the heavyweight boxing championship. 6064
1964/--/-- Comedian Lenny Bruce is convicted for giving an obscene performance. 6065
1964/--/-- Beatlemania develops during the first U.S. tour of the Beatles pop group. 6066
1964/--/-- Black female group the Supremes record the hit song Where Did Our Love Go. 6067
1964/--/-- Julie Andrews and Dick Van Dyke star in the film Mary Poppins. 6068
1964/--/-- Clint Eastwood stars in Sergio Leone's "spaghetti western" A Fistful of Dollars. 6069
1964/--/-- Peter Weiss' play Marat/ Sade is produced by British director Peter Brook. 6070
1964/--/-- Illustrator Maurice Sendak wins a Caldecott Medal for Where the Wild Things Are. 6071
1965/--/-- Nicolae Ceausescu succeeds Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej as Romanian leader. 6072
1965/--/-- The Vietnam War escalates as the U.S. begins bombing North Vietnam. 6073
1965/--/-- North Vietnamese army units are in action in South Vietnam for the first time. 6074
1965/--/-- More than 180,000 U.S. troops are deployed in Vietnam by the end of the year. 6075
1965/--/-- Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) makes a unilateral declaration of independence from Britain. 6076
1965/--/-- An attempted communist coup leads to military rule in Indonesia under Suharto. 6077
1965/--/-- Singapore secedes from Malaysia; Lee Kuan Yew remains as prime minister. 6078
1965/--/-- Mobutu Sese Seko seizes control in the Congo (Zaire) for the second time. 6079
1965/--/-- The Second India-Pakistan War begins in Kashmir. 6080
1965/--/-- Houari Boumedienne deposes President Ahmed Ben Bella of Algeria. 6081
1965/--/-- Civil war breaks out in the Dominican Republic; U.S. troops restore order. 6082
1965/--/-- The Black Muslim leader Malcolm X is assassinated in New York City. 6083
1965/--/-- Race riots begin in the Watts section of Los Angeles. 6084
1965/--/-- Martin Luther King, Jr. leads a civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. 6085
1965/--/-- The U.S. government establishes Medicare and Medicaid health programs. 6086
1965/--/-- An electrical blackout in the northeastern U.S. affects 30 million people. 6087
1965/--/-- The Houston Astrodome, the first covered stadium, is completed in Texas. 6088
1965/--/-- Astronauts Virgil Grissom and John Young orbit the Earth in the first Gemini spacecraft. 6089
1965/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov makes the first space walk. 6090
1965/--/-- Astronaut Edward H. White becomes the first American to walk in space. 6091
1965/--/-- The Mariner 4 spacecraft passes within 6,118 miles of the planet Mars. 6092
1965/--/-- Gemini 6 and 7 spacecraft make the first rendezvous in space. 6093
1965/--/-- British fashion designer Mary Quant introduces the miniskirt. 6094
1965/--/-- American pop artist James Rosenquist paints F-111. 6095
1965/--/-- Actress and singer Barbara Streisand stars in the Broadway musical Funny Girl. 6096
1965/--/-- Neil Simon's play The Odd Couple opens on Broadway starring Walter Matthau. 6097
1965/--/-- American writer Norman Mailer publishes An American Dream. 6098
1965/--/-- Irish writer Edna O'Brien publishes August Is a Wicked Month. 6099
1966/--/-- President De Gaulle withdraws French forces from NATO. 6100
1966/--/-- The Soviets mediate to end the India-Pakistan War. 6101
1966/--/-- Nigerian prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is killed in a military coup. 6102
1966/--/-- Gen. Yakubu Gowon heads a military government after a countercoup in Nigeria. 6103
1966/--/-- President Kwame Nkrumah is ousted in a military coup in Ghana. 6104
1966/--/-- Mao Tse-tung begins China's Cultural Revolution. 6105
1966/--/-- South African prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd is assassinated. 6106
1966/--/-- Indian prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri dies; he is succeeded by Indira Gandhi. 6107
1966/--/-- John Jack Lynch becomes prime minister of Ireland. 6108
1966/--/-- The first major rally against the Vietnam War takes place in Washington, D.C. 6109
1966/--/-- John V. Lindsay becomes mayor of New York City. 6110
1966/--/-- The Soviet Luna 9 space probe makes the first landing on the Moon. 6111
1966/--/-- The American Surveyor 1 spacecraft achieves the first soft-landing on the Moon. 6112
1966/--/-- The British Hawker Harrier becomes the first VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing) aircraft. 6113
1966/--/-- Art treasures are ruined during severe floods in Florence, Italy. 6114
1966/--/-- Realist sculptor George Segal completes the direct-cast plaster group The Diner. 6115
1966/--/-- Tom Stoppard's play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is produced. 6116
1966/--/-- American writer Truman Capote publishes In Cold Blood. 6117
1966/--/-- American writer Bernard Malamud publishes The Fixer. 6118
1967/--/-- The Six-Day War between Israel and the Arab states ends with Israeli victory. 6119
1967/--/-- A civil war breaks out in Nigeria after the secession of the state of Biafra. 6120
1967/--/-- A military junta seizes control in Greece; King Constantine II is exiled. 6121
1967/--/-- Britain grants Aden independence as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. 6122
1967/--/-- The residents of Gibraltar vote to remain a British crown colony. 6123
1967/--/-- Nguyen Van Thieu becomes president of South Vietnam. 6124
1967/--/-- Gen. Anastasio Somoza Debayle is elected president of Nicaragua. 6125
1967/--/-- Latin American guerrilla leader Che Guevara is killed in Bolivia. 6126
1967/--/-- Thurgood Marshall becomes the first black member of the U.S. Supreme Court. 6127
1967/--/-- The X-15 research aircraft establishes a speed record of Mach 6.7 (4,520 mph). 6128
1967/--/-- Radio astronomers Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish discover the first pulsar. 6129
1967/--/-- A fire kills U.S. astronauts White, Grissom and Chaffee during a launch test. 6130
1967/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov is killed during the landing of Soyuz 1. 6131
1967/--/-- Dr. Christiaan Barnard performs the first successful human heart transplant. 6132
1967/--/-- Yachtsman Francis Chichester completes the first solo voyage around the world. 6133
1967/--/-- Tennis player Billie Jean King wins the U.S. Open championship for the first time. 6134
1967/--/-- Quarterback Joe Namath sets a one-season record by passing for 4,007 yards. 6135
1967/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) is formed. 6136
1967/--/-- R. Buckminster Fuller designs a geodesic dome for the U.S. Pavilion at Expo '67. 6137
1967/--/-- The hippie musical revue Hair is produced. 6138
1967/--/-- Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper star in the motorcycle film Easy Rider. 6139
1967/--/-- Warren Beaty and Faye Dunaway star in Arthur Penn's film Bonnie and Clyde. 6140
1967/--/-- Sidney Poitier and Rod Steiger star in the film In the Heat of the Night. 6141
1967/--/-- Dustin Hoffman stars in Mike Nichols' film The Graduate. 6142
1967/--/-- American writer Joyce Carol Oates publishes A Garden of Earthly Delights. 6143
1967/--/-- Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez publishes One Hundred Years of Solitude. 6144
1968/--/-- Warsaw Pact forces invade Czechoslovakia to counter increasing liberalization. 6145
1968/--/-- More than 500,000 U.S. troops are deployed in Vietnam. 6146
1968/--/-- The Viet Cong launch the Tet Offensive in Vietnam. 6147
1968/--/-- U.S. troops massacre Vietnamese civilians at My Lai. 6148
1968/--/-- The U.S. Navy intelligence gathering ship Pueblo is seized by North Korea. 6149
1968/--/-- The Catholic minority in Northern Ireland demonstrate for British rights. 6150
1968/--/-- Spain grants independence to Equatorial Guinea. 6151
1968/--/-- Omar Torrijos Herrera overthrows the government of Arnulfo Arias in Panama. 6152
1968/--/-- Student-worker revolts almost topple the goverment of Charles de Gaulle in France. 6153
1968/--/-- Pierre Trudeau succeeds Lester Pearson as prime minister of Canada. 6154
1968/--/-- Portuguese dictator Antonio de Oliveira Salazar is succeeded by Marcello Caetano. 6155
1968/--/-- President Johnson announces he will not seek a second term of office. 6156
1968/--/-- Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated. 6157
1968/--/-- Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated. 6158
1968/--/-- Anti-war demonstrators clash with police at the Democratic convention in Chicago. 6159
1968/--/-- The Federal Gun Control Act regulates the interstate commerce in firearms. 6160
1968/--/-- Jacqueline Kennedy marries the Greek shipping millionaire Aristotle Onassis. 6161
1968/--/-- The Saturn rocket lifts the Apollo 7 spacecraft into low Earth orbit. 6162
1968/--/-- The Apollo 8 spacecraft makes the first manned orbit of the Moon. 6163
1968/--/-- Oceanographic ship Glomar Challenger begins the Deep-Sea Drilling Project. 6164
1968/--/-- American skater Peggy Fleming wins the singles title at the winter Olympic Games. 6165
1968/--/-- French downhill skier Jean Claude Killy wins three Olympic gold medals. 6166
1968/--/-- American track star Bob Beamon beats the Olympic long jump record by almost 2 feet. 6167
1968/--/-- Dick Fosbury uses the Fosbury flop to win the Olympic gold medal for the high jump. 6168
1968/--/-- Arthur Ashe becomes the first black player to win a major men's tennis title. 6169
1968/--/-- Spanish operatic tenor Placido Domingo debuts at the Metropolitan Opera. 6170
1968/--/-- French filmmaker Henri Costa-Gavras directs Z. 6171
1968/--/-- Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick directs 2001: A Space Odyssey. 6172
1968/--/-- Polish filmmaker Roman Polanski directs Rosemary's Baby. 6173
1968/--/-- Filmmaker Mel Brooks directs, produces and appears in The Producers. 6174
1968/--/-- Carlos Castaneda publishes The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge. 6175
1968/--/-- American writer Tom Wolfe publishes The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. 6176
1969/--/-- Nixon is inaugurated as the 37th U.S. president; Agnew becomes vice-president. 6177
1969/--/-- Catholics and Protestants clash in Northern Ireland; British troops restore order. 6178
1969/--/-- IRA provisionals launch a terrorist campaign against British troops in Ireland. 6179
1969/--/-- Yasir Arafat becomes chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). 6180
1969/--/-- Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi seizes control in Libya; King Idris is deposed. 6181
1969/--/-- Liberal Czech leader Alexander Dubcek is replaced by Gustav Husak. 6182
1969/--/-- Gen. Gaafar al-Nimeiry seizes power in Sudan. 6183
1969/--/-- Willy Brandt succeeds Kurt Kiesinger as chancellor of West Germany. 6184
1969/--/-- General de Gaulle resigns; Georges Pompidou becomes president of France. 6185
1969/--/-- Golda Meir becomes prime minister of Israel after the death of Levi Eshkol. 6186
1969/--/-- The immigration of Salvadorans into Honduras leads to a brief border war. 6187
1969/--/-- President Ayub Khan is deposed by Gen. Muhammad Yahya Khan in Pakistan. 6188
1969/--/-- President Nixon begins to withdraw U.S. forces from Vietnam. 6189
1969/--/-- Charles Manson and his followers kill actress Sharon Tate and six of her friends. 6190
1969/--/-- Edward Kennedy's female companion dies in a car accident off the Chappaquiddick bridge. 6191
1969/--/-- American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin land on the Moon. 6192
1969/--/-- The Anglo-French supersonic transport Concorde makes its first flight. 6193
1969/--/-- Australian Rod Laver becomes the only tennis player to win the Grand Slam twice. 6194
1969/--/-- The Monty Python's Flying Circus television program premiers in Britain. 6195
1969/--/-- The Children's Television Workshop series Sesame Street is first shown. 6196
1969/--/-- A rock-music festival at Woodstock, N.Y, attracts a crowd of 500,000. 6197
1969/--/-- Paul Newman and Robert Redford star in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. 6198
1969/--/-- British filmmaker Ken Russell directs Glenda Jackson in Women in Love. 6199
1969/--/-- Dustin Hoffman and Jon Voight star in John Schlesinger's film Midnight Cowboy. 6200
1969/--/-- Nudity shocks audiences in Kenneth Tynan's Broadway revue Oh! Calcutta!. 6201
1969/--/-- British writer John Fowles publishes The French Lieutenant's Woman. 6202
1969/--/-- American writer Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. publishes Slaughterhouse-Five. 6203
1970/--/-- Former defense minister Hafez al-Assad seizes power in Syria. 6204
1970/--/-- The civil war ends between Nigeria and the breakaway state of Biafra. 6205
1970/--/-- Riots in Poland force Wladyslaw Gomulka to resign in favor of Edward Gierek. 6206
1970/--/-- Civil war begins in Jordan between government forces and Palestinian guerrillas. 6207
1970/--/-- Edward Heath becomes Conservative prime minister of Britain. 6208
1970/--/-- Britain grants independence to Fiji. 6209
1970/--/-- Bruno Kreisky succeeds Josef Klaus as chancellor of Austria. 6210
1970/--/-- Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser dies; he is succeeded by Anwar al-Sadat. 6211
1970/--/-- Marxist leader Salvadore Allende is elected president of Chile. 6212
1970/--/-- Sihanouk is deposed in Cambodia; Khmer Rouge seize the western provinces. 6213
1970/--/-- President Nixon orders an incursion into Cambodia to combat the Khmer Rouge. 6214
1970/--/-- Ohio national guardsmen kill four Kent State students during an anti-war protest. 6215
1970/--/-- The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is established in the U.S. 6216
1970/--/-- The Amtrak intercity rail passenger service is created by Act of Congress. 6217
1970/--/-- The Boeing 747 Jumbo jet airliner enters service. 6218
1970/--/-- The building of the Aswan High Dam is completed in Egypt. 6219
1970/--/-- The Soviet space probe Venera 7 transmits the first data from the surface of Venus. 6220
1970/--/-- The Apollo 13 crew return to earth after an explosion aboard their command module. 6221
1970/--/-- Norman Borlaug wins the Nobel Peace Prize for breeding miracle wheat strains. 6222
1970/--/-- Australian tennis player Margaret Smith Court wins the Grand Slam. 6223
1970/--/-- The Beatles pop group is disbanded. 6224
1970/--/-- Songwriting duo Simon and Garfunkel record Bridge Over Troubled Water. 6225
1970/--/-- Rock music guitarist Jimi Hendrix dies from a drug overdose. 6226
1970/--/-- Donald Sutherland stars in Robert Altman's anti-war film M*A*S*H. 6227
1970/--/-- French filmmaker Eric Rohmer directs Claire's Knee. 6228
1970/--/-- George C. Scott stars in the Academy Award winning film Patton. 6229
1970/--/-- Cartoonist Garry Trudeau begins satirizing public figures and politics in Doonesbury. 6230
1970/--/-- Writer and feminist Germaine Greer publishes The Female Eunuch. 6231
1970/--/-- American writer Maya Angelou publishes I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. 6232
1971/--/-- East Pakistan declares its independence from West Pakistan, beginning a civil war. 6233
1971/--/-- The support of India wins independence for East Pakistan (renamed as Bangladesh). 6234
1971/--/-- Col. Hugo Banzer Suarez seizes power in Bolivia in a military coup. 6235
1971/--/-- The Congo is renamed as the Republic of Zaire. 6236
1971/--/-- Jean Claude Duvalier succeeds his father as president of Haiti. 6237
1971/--/-- South Vietnamese troops and U.S. aircraft combat Communist forces in Laos. 6238
1971/--/-- Prime minister Brian Faulkner begins the internment of IRA suspects in Northern Ireland. 6239
1971/--/-- The Republic of China (Taiwan) loses its UN seat; Communist China is admitted. 6240
1971/--/-- Prime minister Milton Obote is ousted by Idi Amin Dada in Uganda. 6241
1971/--/-- Austrian Kurt Waldheim succeeds U Thant as UN secretary general. 6242
1971/--/-- Erich Honecker becomes the head of state for East Germany. 6243
1971/--/-- Lt. William Calley is found guilty of killing Vietnamese civilians at My Lai. 6244
1971/--/-- Daniel Ellsberg releases copies of the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times. 6245
1971/--/-- The Lunar Rover explores the Moon's surface during the Apollo 15 mission. 6246
1971/--/-- Soyuz 11 docks with Salyut 1; three cosmonauts die during the return to earth. 6247
1971/--/-- Joe Frazier defeats Muhammad Ali for the heavyweight boxing title. 6248
1971/--/-- Ice hockey player Phil Esposito scores a record 76 goals in 78 games. 6249
1971/--/-- Alistair Cooke begins hosting the PBS television series Masterpiece Theatre. 6250
1971/--/-- Andrew Lloyd Webber's rock-opera Jesus Christ Superstar opens on Broadway. 6251
1971/--/-- British actor Dirk Bogard stars in Luchino Visconti's film Death in Venice. 6252
1971/--/-- American film actor and director Clint Eastwood stars in Dirty Harry. 6253
1971/--/-- Chilean poet Pablo Neruda wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 6254
1972/--/-- The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese renew their offensive in South Vietnam. 6255
1972/--/-- American B-52 aircraft bomb Hanoi and Haiphong in North Vietnam. 6256
1972/--/-- The Labor party is elected in Australia with Gough Whitlam as prime minister. 6257
1972/--/-- The British government assumes direct rule of Northern Ireland. 6258
1972/--/-- Mujibur Rahman becomes prime minister of Bangladesh. 6259
1972/--/-- President Ferdinand Marcos imposes martial law in the Philippines. 6260
1972/--/-- Ceylon changes its name to Sri Lanka (meaning beautiful island). 6261
1972/--/-- Palestinian terrorists kill 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics. 6262
1972/--/-- President Nixon makes his historic trip to Peking to meet Mao Tse-tung. 6263
1972/--/-- The Watergate affair begins with the arrest of five burglars at Democratic party headquarters. 6264
1972/--/-- Alabama governor George Wallace is shot in an assassination attempt. 6265
1972/--/-- Richard Leakey discovers a hominid skull 2.6 million years old in northern Kenya. 6266
1972/--/-- American Bobby Fischer defeats Russian world chess champion Boris Spassky. 6267
1972/--/-- An earthquake kills 10,000 in the Nicaraguan capital of Managua. 6268
1972/--/-- DDT insecticide is banned in the U.S. 6269
1972/--/-- Apollo 17 makes the last manned Moon landing. 6270
1972/--/-- President Nixon authorizes the Space Shuttle program. 6271
1972/--/-- American swimmer Mark Spitz wins a record seven Olympic gold medals. 6272
1972/--/-- Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut wins three Olympic gold medals. 6273
1972/--/-- Filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola directs Marlon Brando in The Godfather. 6274
1972/--/-- Liza Minnelli stars in Bob Fosse's film Cabaret. 6275
1972/--/-- Marlon Brando stars in Bernardo Bertolucci's film Last Tango in Paris. 6276
1972/--/-- Japanese novelist Kawabata Yasunari commits suicide. 6277
1972/--/-- American feminist Gloria Steinem founds Ms. magazine. 6278
1972/--/-- German writer Heinrich Boll receives the Nobel Prize for Literature. 6279
1973/--/-- The Paris Peace Accords end the Vietnam War. 6280
1973/--/-- The U.S. begins a total military withdrawal from South Vietnam. 6281
1973/--/-- Egypt and Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur (a Jewish religious holiday). 6282
1973/--/-- The Arab-Israeli War ends after 18 days with a UN negotiated cease-fire. 6283
1973/--/-- A right-wing military coup in Chile overthrows Allende's Marxist government. 6284
1973/--/-- Juan D. Peron returns to power as president of Argentina. 6285
1973/--/-- Britain grants independence to the Bahama Islands. 6286
1973/--/-- Charles XVI Gustav succeeds Gustav VI Adolf as king of Sweden. 6287
1973/--/-- Great Britain, Denmark and Ireland become full-fledged members of the EEC. 6288
1973/--/-- OPEC begins an oil embargo against Europe, the U.S. and Japan. 6289
1973/--/-- Vice-President Spiro Agnew resigns after he is charged with accepting bribes. 6290
1973/--/-- Senator Sam Ervin, Jr. heads a committee to investigate the Watergate break-in. 6291
1973/--/-- Watergate prosecutor Archibald Cox is dismissed for demanding the Nixon tapes. 6292
1973/--/-- Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho share the Nobel Peace Prize. 6293
1973/--/-- The American Indian Movement occupy the site of Wounded Knee in a political protest. 6294
1973/--/-- Congress passes the Endangered Species Act. 6295
1973/--/-- Animal behavioralists Lorenz, Tinbergen and von Frisch share the Nobel Prize. 6296
1973/--/-- The Pioneer 10 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Jupiter. 6297
1973/--/-- The Skylab manned orbiting laboratory is launched. 6298
1973/--/-- The World Trade Center in New York City becomes the tallest building in the world. 6299
1973/--/-- Pop recording artist Billy Joel releases his first album Piano Man. 6300
1973/--/-- Film actor Al Pacino stars as an undercover policeman in Serpico. 6301
1973/--/-- Swedish actor Max Von Sydow stars in the supernatural film The Exorcist. 6302
1973/--/-- The Washington Post receives the Pulitzer Prize for reporting the Watergate scandal. 6303
1973/--/-- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn publishes the first volume of the Gulag Archipelago. 6304
1973/--/-- American novelist Thomas Pynchon publishes Gravity's Rainbow. 6305
1973/--/-- Novelist, poet, and feminist Erica Jong publishes Fear of Flying. 6306
1973/--/-- American playwright Thornton Wilder publishes the novel Theophilus North. 6307
1974/--/-- A military coup in Portugal leads to democratic reforms. 6308
1974/--/-- Portugal recognizes the independence of Guinea-Bissau. 6309
1974/--/-- General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte becomes president of Chile. 6310
1974/--/-- Archbishop Makarios is deposed, prompting a Turkish invasion of Cyprus. 6311
1974/--/-- The crisis on Cyprus causes the collapse of the military regime in Greece. 6312
1974/--/-- Konstantinos G. Karamanlis becomes prime minister of Greece. 6313
1974/--/-- Willy Brandt is forced to resign after an East German spy is discovered on his staff. 6314
1974/--/-- Helmut Schmidt becomes chancellor of West Germany. 6315
1974/--/-- President Giscard d'Estaing appoints Jacques Chirac prime minister of France. 6316
1974/--/-- Emperor Haile Selassie is deposed in a military coup in Ethiopia. 6317
1974/--/-- Yitzhak Rabin succeeds Golda Meir as prime minister of Israel. 6318
1974/--/-- Isabel Peron becomes president of Argentina after the death of her husband. 6319
1974/--/-- The House Judiciary Committee votes to impeach President Nixon. 6320
1974/--/-- President Nixon resigns; Gerald R. Ford is inaugurated as the 38th U.S. president. 6321
1974/--/-- Former astronaut John Glenn is elected to the U.S. Senate. 6322
1974/--/-- President Ford grants Richard Nixon a pardon for any crimes committed in office. 6323
1974/--/-- Patricia Hearst is abducted by members of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA). 6324
1974/--/-- The Mariner 10 spacecraft passes within 438 miles of the planet Mercury. 6325
1974/--/-- The Sears Tower in Chicago surpasses the World Trade Center as the tallest building. 6326
1974/--/-- An army of life-size pottery figures is discovered in a Ch'in dynasty tomb in China. 6327
1974/--/-- South African golfer Gary Player achieves the Grand Slam. 6328
1974/--/-- Baseball player Hank Aaron breaks Babe Ruth's record of 714 home-runs. 6329
1974/--/-- American tennis player Chris Evert wins a record 56 consecutive matches. 6330
1974/--/-- American tennis player Jimmy Connors wins the U.S. Open tournament for the first time. 6331
1974/--/-- Soviet ballet dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov defects to the West. 6332
1974/--/-- American writer Stephen King publishes the horror novel Carrie. 6333
1974/--/-- James Michener publishes Centennial, a historical novel of the American West. 6334
1975/--/-- North Vietnamese forces overrun Saigon, which is renamed as Ho Chi Minh City. 6335
1975/--/-- South Vietnam capitulates; a mass exodus of Boat People begins. 6336
1975/--/-- The Khmer Rouge win control of Cambodia and rename the country Kampuchea. 6337
1975/--/-- Prime Minister Pol Pot begins a reign of terror in Kampuchea. 6338
1975/--/-- U.S. Marines recapture the U.S. freighter Mayaguez from Kampuchean forces. 6339
1975/--/-- Communist Pathet Lao declare Laos the People's Democratic Republic. 6340
1975/--/-- Cyprus is partitioned into Greek and Turkish zones. 6341
1975/--/-- President Mujibur Rahman is killed in a military coup in Bangladesh. 6342
1975/--/-- Mozambique wins independence from Portugal; Samora Machel becomes the president. 6343
1975/--/-- President N'Garta Tombalbaye of Chad is killed in a coup d'etat. 6344
1975/--/-- Gen. Yakubu Gowon is deposed in a military coup in Nigeria. 6345
1975/--/-- Saudi King Faisal is assassinated; he is succeeded by his brother Khalid. 6346
1975/--/-- Civil war breaks out after the Portuguese withdraw from Angola. 6347
1975/--/-- Eritrean rebels begin their fight for independence in Ethiopia. 6348
1975/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Lebanon between Muslim and Christian forces. 6349
1975/--/-- The Republic of Comoros declares its independence from France. 6350
1975/--/-- Dutch Guiana gains its independence as the Republic of Suriname. 6351
1975/--/-- Papua New Guinea becomes independent from Australian administration. 6352
1975/--/-- The Helsinki accords pledge the signatory nations to respect human rights. 6353
1975/--/-- The Suez Canal reopens after being closed to shipping for eight years. 6354
1975/--/-- Juan Carlos I becomes king of Spain after the death of General Francisco Franco. 6355
1975/--/-- Taiwanese leader Chiang Kai-shek dies; he is succeeded by Chiang Ching-kuo. 6356
1975/--/-- U.S. astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts linkup during the Apollo-Soyuz mission. 6357
1975/--/-- Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov wins the Nobel Peace Prize. 6358
1975/--/-- Brazilian soccer star Pele ends his retirement to play for the New York Cosmos. 6359
1975/--/-- Football player O.J. Simpson scores a record 23 touchdowns in one season. 6360
1975/--/-- Czech tennis star Martina Navratilova defects to the U.S. 6361
1975/--/-- Bobby Fischer refuses to defend his chess title; Anatoly Karpov is made champion. 6362
1975/--/-- Robert MacNeil and Jim Lehrer begin the PBS MacNeil/Lehrer news analysis program. 6363
1975/--/-- Singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen releases the rock album Born to Run. 6364
1975/--/-- Steven Spielberg's film Jaws sets new box-office records. 6365
1975/--/-- Michael Bennett directs and choreographs the Broadway musical A Chorus Line. 6366
1975/--/-- American novelist Saul Bellow publishes Humboldt's Gift. 6367
1975/--/-- American writer E.L. Doctorow publishes Ragtime. 6368
1976/--/-- Black student protestors are massacred at Soweto in South Africa. 6369
1976/--/-- The pro-Soviet MPLA government seizes power in Angola aided by Cuban troops. 6370
1976/--/-- The U.S. celebrates its Bicentennial. 6371
1976/--/-- Separatist leader Rene Levesque becomes premier of Quebec. 6372
1976/--/-- Mario Soares is elected prime minister of Portugal for the first time. 6373
1976/--/-- James Callaghan succeeds Harold Wilson as prime minister of Britain. 6374
1976/--/-- Isabel Peron is deposed; Jorge Rafael Videla becomes president of Argentina. 6375
1976/--/-- Chinese leaders Chou En-lai and Mao Tse-tung die; Hua Kuo-feng assumes power. 6376
1976/--/-- The South African homeland of Transkei becomes independent. 6377
1976/--/-- Jose Lopez Portillo y Pacheco is elected president of Mexico. 6378
1976/--/-- Israeli commandos rescue hijacked airplane passengers at Entebbe, Uganda. 6379
1976/--/-- A severe earthquake in China kills over 600,000. 6380
1976/--/-- U.S. Viking spacecraft land on Mars. 6381
1976/--/-- The first outbreak of Legionnaires' disease occurs in Philadelphia. 6382
1976/--/-- Swedish tennis star Bjorn Borg wins the first of five Wimbledon championships. 6383
1976/--/-- Romanian gymnast Nadia Comaneci wins three gold medals at the Montreal Olympics. 6384
1976/--/-- Finnish runner Lasse Viren wins the Olympic 5,000- and 10,000-m races for the second time. 6385
1976/--/-- Artist Christo completes Running Fence, a curtain spanning 24 miles of countryside. 6386
1976/--/-- Jim Henson's Muppet Show debuts on television. 6387
1976/--/-- The Sex Pistols punk rock group is formed in England. 6388
1976/--/-- Actor Jack Nicholson wins the Academy Award for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. 6389
1976/--/-- Robert De Niro stars in Martin Scorcese's film Taxi Driver. 6390
1976/--/-- Sylvester Stallone's film Rocky wins the Academy Award as best picture. 6391
1976/--/-- Black American writer Alex Haley publishes Roots: The Saga of an American Family. 6392
1976/--/-- Suarez Gonzalez becomes prime minister of Spain after the first election in 41 years. 6393
1977/--/-- Carter is inaugurated as the 39th U.S. president; Mondale becomes vice-presicent. 6394
1977/--/-- Black politician Andrew Young is appointed as U.S. ambassador to the UN. 6395
1977/--/-- Edward (Ed) Koch becomes mayor of New York City for the first time. 6396
1977/--/-- Menachem Begin succeeds Yitzhak Rabin as prime minister of Israel. 6397
1977/--/-- General Zia ul-Haq deposes prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in Pakistan. 6398
1977/--/-- Morarji Randchhadji Desai succeeds Indira Gandhi as prime minister of India. 6399
1977/--/-- The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas becomes independent as Djibouti. 6400
1977/--/-- Jean Bedel Bokassa is crowned Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire. 6401
1977/--/-- The Fianna Fail party returns to power under John Lynch in the Republic of Ireland. 6402
1977/--/-- South Africa grants independence to the African homeland of Bophuthatswana. 6403
1977/--/-- The first Apple II personal computer is marketed in the U.S. 6404
1977/--/-- American golfer Tom Watson wins the Masters and British Open tournaments. 6405
1977/--/-- Seveteen-year old American jockey Steve Cauthen rides a record 487 winners. 6406
1977/--/-- American hurdler Edwin Moses begins a winning streak of 90 consecutive races. 6407
1977/--/-- Rock 'n roll performer Elvis Presley dies. 6408
1977/--/-- George Lucas directs the first Star Wars space fantasy film. 6409
1977/--/-- Comedian and filmmaker Woody Allen directs Diane Keaton in Annie Hall. 6410
1977/--/-- John Travolta stars in the disco film Saturday Night Fever. 6411
1977/--/-- American poet and novelist Wendell Berry, publishes The Unsettling of America. 6412
1978/--/-- President Carter oversees the Camp David peace accords between Egypt and Israel. 6413
1978/--/-- The United States and Panama renew the Panama Canal treaties. 6414
1978/--/-- Britain grants independence to Tuvalu, Dominica, and the Solomon Islands. 6415
1978/--/-- Afghanistan president Mohammad Daud Khan is killed in a Marxist coup. 6416
1978/--/-- Pieter Willem Botha becomes prime minister of South Africa. 6417
1978/--/-- Antonio Guzman becomes president of the Dominican Republic. 6418
1978/--/-- The murder of opposition leader Pedro Joaquin Chamorro sparks uprisings in Nicaragua. 6419
1978/--/-- Italian politician Aldo Moro is kidnapped and murdered by Red Brigade terrorists. 6420
1978/--/-- Pope John Paul II becomes the first non-Italian Pope in more than 500 years. 6421
1978/--/-- The first human test-tube baby is born in England. 6422
1978/--/-- The balloon Double Eagle II completes the first Atlantic crossing. 6423
1978/--/-- More than 900 members of a religious cult commit suicide at Jonestown, Guyana. 6424
1978/--/-- The Pompidou Center art museum (the Beaubourg) is opened in Paris. 6425
1978/--/-- American golfer Nancy Lopez wins a record five straight tournaments. 6426
1978/--/-- American auto racer Mario Andretti wins the Formula One Grand Prix championship. 6427
1978/--/-- Boxer Larry Holmes defeats Ken Norton for the heavyweight championship. 6428
1978/--/-- Michael Cimino directs the controversial Vietnam War film The Deer Hunter. 6429
1978/--/-- American writer John Irving publishes The World According to Garp. 6430
1978/--/-- Yiddish-language writer Isaac Bashevis Singer wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 6431
1979/--/-- Islamic fundamentalist Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returns to Iran. 6432
1979/--/-- The Shah of Iran flees the country; Iran is proclaimed an Islamic republic. 6433
1979/--/-- The Sandinistas seize control in Nicaragua. 6434
1979/--/-- Jose Eduardo dos Santos succeeds Agostinho Neto as president of Angola. 6435
1979/--/-- Jean Bedel Bokassa is deposed in the Central African Republic. 6436
1979/--/-- Gen. Saddam Hussein succeeds Gen. al-Bakr as president of Iraq. 6437
1979/--/-- Algerian president Houari Boumedienne dies; he is succeeded by Chadli Benjedid. 6438
1979/--/-- Ex-prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is executed in Pakistan. 6439
1979/--/-- Charles Haughey succeeds John Lynch as president of the Republic of Ireland. 6440
1979/--/-- Margaret Thatcher becomes Britain's first woman prime minister. 6441
1979/--/-- Tanzanians and Ugandan exiles invade Uganda; dictator Idi Amin Dada flees. 6442
1979/--/-- Shehu Shagari becomes president of Nigeria. 6443
1979/--/-- Abel Muzorewa becomes the first black prime minister of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe). 6444
1979/--/-- Vietnamese forces invade Kampuchea and overthrow the Pol Pot government. 6445
1979/--/-- South Korean president Park Chung Hee is assassinated. 6446
1979/--/-- Morocco annexes Western Sahara; the Polisario Front fight for independence. 6447
1979/--/-- Soviet troops occupy Afghanistan in support of Babrak Karmal's Marxist regime. 6448
1979/--/-- The Mujaheddin begin a guerrilla war against the Soviet forces in Afghanistan. 6449
1979/--/-- IRA terrorists assassinate Lord Mountbatten in Ireland. 6450
1979/--/-- Sixty-six U.S. embassy employees are taken hostage by Iranian students in Tehran. 6451
1979/--/-- An accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant causes a near-disaster. 6452
1979/--/-- Mother Teresa of Calcutta is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 6453
1979/--/-- Pioneer 11 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Saturn. 6454
1979/--/-- Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft rendezvous with the planet Jupiter. 6455
1979/--/-- The Gossamer Albatross flies across the English Channel under human-power. 6456
1979/--/-- The first case of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is reported. 6457
1979/--/-- Dutch soccer star Johan Cruyff plays for the L.A. Aztecs. 6458
1979/--/-- American tennis player Tracy Austin wins the U.S. Open championship at age 16. 6459
1979/--/-- American tennis player John McEnroe wins his first U.S. Open championship. 6460
1979/--/-- Quarterback Roger Staubach leads NFL passing, completing 267 out of 461 passes. 6461
1979/--/-- British runner Sebastian Coe sets world records at 800 m, 1,500 m, and the mile. 6462
1979/--/-- Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Evita opens on Broadway. 6463
1979/--/-- Francis Ford Coppola directs the Vietnam War film Apocalypse Now. 6464
1979/--/-- American novelist William Styron publishes Sophie's Choice. 6465
1980/--/-- Border disputes erupt into the Gulf war between Iran and Iraq. 6466
1980/--/-- Rhodesia is renamed Zimbabwe; Robert Mugabe becomes prime minister. 6467
1980/--/-- Milton Obote is reelected as president of Uganda. 6468
1980/--/-- The U.S. makes an unsuccessful attempt to rescue the Iranian hostages. 6469
1980/--/-- Ex-Nicaraguan president Anastasio Somoza Debayle is assassinated. 6470
1980/--/-- Gen. Kenan Evren leads a military coup in Turkey. 6471
1980/--/-- Liberian president William R. Tolbert is killed in a military coup led by Samuel Doe. 6472
1980/--/-- Chun Doo Hwan becomes president of South Korea. 6473
1980/--/-- Jose Napoleon Duarte becomes president of El Salvador; the guerilla war continues. 6474
1980/--/-- The FBI's ABSCAM investigation convicts seven members of the U.S. Congress. 6475
1980/--/-- Love Canal, a chemically contaminated area in N.Y., is declared a disaster area. 6476
1980/--/-- The Castro regime deports more than 120,000 Cubans to Florida. 6477
1980/--/-- Lech Walesa heads Solidarity, the first union movement in a communist country. 6478
1980/--/-- The New Hebrides become independent from Britain and France as Vanuatu. 6479
1980/--/-- The U.S. boycotts the Moscow Olympics to protest the invasion of Afghanistan. 6480
1980/--/-- The Voyager 1 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Saturn. 6481
1980/--/-- Ex-Beatle John Lennon is fatally shot outside his Manhattan apartment. 6482
1980/--/-- An earthquake in Algeria kills 20,000. 6483
1980/--/-- Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington state killing eight people. 6484
1980/--/-- Boxer Sugar Ray Leonard regains the world welterweight title from Roberto Duran. 6485
1980/--/-- The American television soap opera Dallas is first broadcast. 6486
1980/--/-- Ted Turner begins the Cable News Network, offering round-the-clock news. 6487
1980/--/-- Peter Shaffer's play Amadeus is produced. 6488
1980/--/-- Meryl Streep and Dustin Hoffman star in the film Kramer v. Kramer. 6489
1980/--/-- Robert Redford directs the Academy Award winning film Ordinary People. 6490
1980/--/-- British writer D.M. Thomas publishes The White Hotel. 6491
1981/--/-- Reagan is inaugurated as the 40th U.S. president; Bush becomes vice-president. 6492
1981/--/-- The U.S. hostages in Iran are released. 6493
1981/--/-- Britain grants independence to Belize. 6494
1981/--/-- Hu Yao-bang becomes head of the Chinese Communist party. 6495
1981/--/-- Ten IRA prisoners starve themselves to death as a political protest. 6496
1981/--/-- Andreas Panpandreou becomes prime minister of Greece. 6497
1981/--/-- Garret FitzGerald becomes prime minister of Ireland. 6498
1981/--/-- Gen. Jaruzelski declares martial law in Poland; Solidarity leaders are arrested. 6499
1981/--/-- Francois Mitterand succeeds Valery Giscard d'Estaing as president of France. 6500
1981/--/-- John Hinckley, Jr. shoots and seriously wounds President Reagan. 6501
1981/--/-- Pope John Paul II is shot and wounded by a Turkish gunman. 6502
1981/--/-- Anwar al-Sadat is killed; Hosni Mubarak becomes president of Egypt. 6503
1981/--/-- Jerry Rawlings leads a military coup in Ghana. 6504
1981/--/-- Argentinian president Roberto Viola is ousted from power by General Galtieri. 6505
1981/--/-- Sandra Day O'Connor is appointed the first woman U.S. Supreme Court justice. 6506
1981/--/-- Jeane Kirkpatrick becomes U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. 6507
1981/--/-- The Prince of Wales marries Lady Diana Spencer in Britain. 6508
1981/--/-- The first Space Shuttle is launched, crewed by John Young and Robert Crippen. 6509
1981/--/-- The first 24-hour music video channel MTV (Music Television) is launched in the U.S. 6510
1981/--/-- Henry Fonda, Katharine Hepburn and Jane Fonda star in the film On Golden Pond. 6511
1981/--/-- Burt Lancaster stars in Louis Malle's film Atlantic City. 6512
1981/--/-- Filmmaker Steven Spielberg directs Raiders of the Lost Ark. 6513
1981/--/-- Dan Rather replaces Walter Cronkite as anchorman for the CBS Evening News. 6514
1981/--/-- Indian-born author Salman Rushdie publishes Midnight's Children. 6515
1981/--/-- Black American novelist Toni Morrison publishes Tar Baby. 6516
1982/--/-- Argentina invades the Falkland Islands; Britain and Argentina are at war. 6517
1982/--/-- The Israeli army invades the Lebanon and drives the PLO guerrillas out of Beirut. 6518
1982/--/-- Amin Gemayel becomes the president of Lebanon after his brother Bashir is killed. 6519
1982/--/-- The UN maintains a peace between Christian and Muslim militia in Lebanon. 6520
1982/--/-- Gen. Hussain Muhammad Ershad seizes control of Bangladesh in a bloodless coup. 6521
1982/--/-- Felipe Gonzalez Marquez becomes prime minister of Spain. 6522
1982/--/-- British troops recapture the Falkland Islands from Argentina. 6523
1982/--/-- Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev dies; he is succeeded by Yuri Andropov. 6524
1982/--/-- Alvaro Alfredo Magana becomes president of El Salvador. 6525
1982/--/-- Princess Grace of Monaco dies in a car accident. 6526
1982/--/-- The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) fails to win ratification in the U.S. 6527
1982/--/-- Javier Perez de Cuellar succeeds Kurt Waldheim as secretary-general of the UN. 6528
1982/--/-- The Voyager 2 spacecraft transmits pictures to the U.S. of the planet Saturn. 6529
1982/--/-- Two satellites are deployed during the first operational Space Shuttle mission. 6530
1982/--/-- USA Today, the first daily newspaper aimed at readers throughout the U.S., is launched. 6531
1982/--/-- Pop-soul composer Quincy Jones wins 5 Grammy Awards. 6532
1982/--/-- Pop singer Michael Jackson records the all-time best-selling album Thriller. 6533
1982/--/-- Sylvester Stallone stars in the first Rambo film First Blood. 6534
1982/--/-- Filmmaker Steven Spielberg directs E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial. 6535
1982/--/-- Dustin Hoffman stars in Sydney Pollack's film Tootsie. 6536
1982/--/-- Richard Attenborough directs the Academy Award winning film Gandhi. 6537
1982/--/-- American writer Paul Theroux publishes The Mosquito Coast. 6538
1982/--/-- Black American writer Alice Walker publishes The Color Purple. 6539
1983/--/-- The Labor party returns to power in Australia; Robert Hawke becomes prime minister. 6540
1983/--/-- Opposition leader Benigno Aquino is assassinated in the Philippines. 6541
1983/--/-- Mario Soares becomes the socialist prime minister of Portugal. 6542
1983/--/-- Benedetto Bettino Craxi becomes the socialist prime minister of Italy. 6543
1983/--/-- Car bombs destroy the U.S. Embassy and U.S. Marine headquarters in Beirut. 6544
1983/--/-- The Soviets shoot down a South Korean airliner that violated its airspace. 6545
1983/--/-- Libyan forces invade Chad; French troops aid the Chad government. 6546
1983/--/-- U.S. forces invade Grenada to protect U.S. lives after a military coup on the island. 6547
1983/--/-- Yitzhak Shamir succeeds Menachem Begin as prime minister of Israel. 6548
1983/--/-- Nigerian president Shehu Shagari is deposed in a military coup led by Gen. Buhari. 6549
1983/--/-- Manuel Antonio Noriega becomes commander of Panama's Defense Forces. 6550
1983/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Sri Lanka between the Sinhalese and Tamil separatists. 6551
1983/--/-- Raul Alfonsin is elected as president of Argentina, ending military rule. 6552
1983/--/-- Ex-Nazi Klaus Barbie (the butcher of Lyon) is extradited from Bolivia to France. 6553
1983/--/-- Sally K. Ride becomes the first U.S. woman astronaut. 6554
1983/--/-- Guion Stewart Bluford, Jr. becomes the first black American astronaut. 6555
1983/--/-- President Reagan proposes a space-based Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). 6556
1983/--/-- An Infrared Astronomical Satellite is launched to probe deep into the Milky Way. 6557
1983/--/-- The compact disc is introduced for recorded music. 6558
1983/--/-- An EPA report projects the irreversible onset of the greenhouse effect. 6559
1983/--/-- American zoologist Dian Fossey publishes her book Gorillas in the Mist. 6560
1983/--/-- Australia II becomes the first non-American yacht to win the America's Cup. 6561
1983/--/-- American runner Joan Benoit sets a world record in the Boston Marathon. 6562
1983/--/-- Shirley MacLaine and Jack Nicholson star in the film Terms of Endearment. 6563
1983/--/-- American writer William Kennedy publishes Ironweed. 6564
1984/--/-- Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega Saavedra is elected president of Nicaragua. 6565
1984/--/-- Congress forbids official U.S. aid for the anti-Sandinista contras in Nicaragua. 6566
1984/--/-- Indian troops attack the Golden Temple at Amritsar to remove militant Sikhs. 6567
1984/--/-- Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by Sikh extremists. 6568
1984/--/-- Rajiv Gandhi becomes prime minister of India. 6569
1984/--/-- Britain grants independence to Brunei. 6570
1984/--/-- Shimon Peres succeeds Yitzhak Shamir as prime minister of Israel. 6571
1984/--/-- Soviet leader Yuri Andropov dies; he is succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko. 6572
1984/--/-- Geraldine Ferraro becomes the first woman vice-presidential candidate in the U.S. 6573
1984/--/-- Brian Mulroney succeeds John Turner as prime minister of Canada. 6574
1984/--/-- Britain and China sign a treaty for the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997. 6575
1984/--/-- British prime minister Margaret Thatcher escapes injury in an IRA bomb attack. 6576
1984/--/-- Rev. Desmond Tutu, opponent of apartheid, is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 6577
1984/--/-- A toxic gas leak kills 2,000 and affects an estimated 150,000 in Bhopal, India. 6578
1984/--/-- Space Shuttle astronauts test the manned maneuvering unit and move freely in space. 6579
1984/--/-- American track athlete Carl Lewis wins four gold medals at the Los Angeles Olympics. 6580
1984/--/-- Rock singer Bob Geldof organizes Band Aid to raise funds for African famine victims. 6581
1984/--/-- American pop singer Madonna releases her album Like a Virgin. 6582
1984/--/-- Comedian Eddie Murphy stars in the film Beverly Hills Cop. 6583
1984/--/-- Czech writer Milan Kundera publishes The Unbearable Lightness of Being. 6584
1985/--/-- President Reagan is inaugurated for his second term of office. 6585
1985/--/-- Soviet premier Konstantin Chernenko dies; he is succeeded by Mikhail Gorbachev. 6586
1985/--/-- Premier Gorbachev initiates glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). 6587
1985/--/-- Albanian premier Enver Hoxha dies; he is succeeded by Ramiz Alia. 6588
1985/--/-- Jose de Sarney becomes the first civilian president of Brazil in 21 years. 6589
1985/--/-- Palestinian terrorists hijack the Italian liner Achille Lauro. 6590
1985/--/-- Shiite Muslim terrorists hijack a TWA Boeing 727 jet to Beirut. 6591
1985/--/-- French agents sink the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in New Zealand. 6592
1985/--/-- President Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev hold their first summit meeting. 6593
1985/--/-- President Milton Obote is ousted in a military coup in Uganda. 6594
1985/--/-- Maj.-Gen. Mohammed Buhari is ousted in a bloodless coup in Nigeria. 6595
1985/--/-- Julius Nyerere is succeeded as president of Tanzania by Ali Hassan Mwinyi. 6596
1985/--/-- Sudanese prime minister Gaafar al-Nimeiry is ousted in a military coup. 6597
1985/--/-- Mexico City is heavily damaged by an earthquake. 6598
1985/--/-- Middleweight champion Marvin Hagler defends his title against Thomas "Hit Man" Hearns. 6599
1985/--/-- World chess champion Anatoly Karpov is defeated by 21-year-old Gary Kasparov. 6600
1985/--/-- Running back Walter Payton sets an all-time NFL record for rushes of 14,860 yards. 6601
1985/--/-- Baseball player Pete Rose beats Ty Cobb's 57-year-old record of 4,191 base hits. 6602
1985/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) suspends operations. 6603
1985/--/-- Boxer Michael Spinks defeats Larry Holmes for the heavyweight championship. 6604
1985/--/-- American rock singer Tina Turner wins three Grammy Awards. 6605
1985/--/-- American film actor Rock Hudson dies from AIDS. 6606
1985/--/-- Robert Redford and Meryl Streep star in the film Out of Africa. 6607
1985/--/-- Clint Eastwood directs and stars in the Western film Pale Rider. 6608
1985/--/-- American humorist and radio personality Garison Keillor publishes Lake Wobegon Days. 6609
1986/--/-- President Francois Mitterrand appoints Jacques Chirac prime minister of France. 6610
1986/--/-- Swedish prime minister Olof Palme is assassinated. 6611
1986/--/-- Corazon Aquino is elected president of the Philippines; Ferdinand Marcos is exiled. 6612
1986/--/-- Sayid Mohammad Najibullah replaces Marxist president Babrak Karmal in Afghanistan. 6613
1986/--/-- Civil war breaks out in Yemen (Aden). 6614
1986/--/-- President Jean Claude Duvalier of Haiti goes into exile. 6615
1986/--/-- U.S. aircraft attack military and terrorist related targets in Libya. 6616
1986/--/-- Select committees are established to investigate the Iran-Contra Affair. 6617
1986/--/-- Yitzak Shamir succeeds Shimon Peres as prime minister of Israel. 6618
1986/--/-- Benazir Bhutto, daughter of hanged premier Ali Bhutto, is jailed in Pakistan. 6619
1986/--/-- The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes after launch, killing the crew of seven. 6620
1986/--/-- A major nuclear-reactor disaster takes place at Chernobyl in the Soviet Union. 6621
1986/--/-- Voyager 2 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Uranus. 6622
1986/--/-- The European Space Agency's Giotto spacecraft passes within 335 miles of Halley's comet. 6623
1986/--/-- The Soviet Union launches the first Mir space station. 6624
1986/--/-- A hole in the ozone layer is detected over Antarctica. 6625
1986/--/-- The ultralight Voyager aircraft flies around the world nonstop in 9 days. 6626
1986/--/-- The Food and Drug Administration approve the commercial use of the drug interferon. 6627
1986/--/-- Boxer Mike Tyson wins his first world heavyweight title. 6628
1986/--/-- Golfer Jack Nicklaus at age 46 becomes the oldest man ever to win the U.S. Open. 6629
1986/--/-- Ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky raises the season point record to 215. 6630
1986/--/-- Czech tennis player Ivan Lendl wins the French Open and U.S. Open tournaments. 6631
1986/--/-- Cyclist Greg LeMond becomes the first American to win the Tour de France. 6632
1986/--/-- Comedian and filmmaker Woody Allen directs Hannah and Her Sisters. 6633
1986/--/-- Filmmaker Oliver Stone directs the Vietnam War film Platoon. 6634
1986/--/-- Singer-actress Bette Midler stars in Down and Out in Beverly Hills. 6635
1986/--/-- Nigerian poet and playwright Wole Soyinka wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 6636
1987/--/-- East German leader Erich Honecker makes his first visit to West Germany. 6637
1987/--/-- Bettino Craxi resigns; Giovanni Goria becomes prime minister of Italy. 6638
1987/--/-- Takeshita Noburu succeeds Nakasone Yasuhiro as the Japanese premier. 6639
1987/--/-- Libya suffers a military defeat in Chad. 6640
1987/--/-- The U.S. frigate Stark is hit by an Iraqi missile in the Persian Gulf. 6641
1987/--/-- West Bank Palestinians launch an intifadah (uprising) against the Israeli occupation. 6642
1987/--/-- More than 400 die in clashes between Iranian pilgrims and Saudi police at Mecca. 6643
1987/--/-- Colonel Oliver North testifies at the Iran-Contra Affair hearings. 6644
1987/--/-- Gary Hart ends his Presidential campaign after allegations of sexual impropriety. 6645
1987/--/-- A Wall Street stock market crisis spreads to Tokyo and London. 6646
1987/--/-- Basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar passes Wilt Chamberlain's points record. 6647
1987/--/-- Filmmaker Brian De Palma directs The Untouchables. 6648
1987/--/-- American author Tom Wolfe publishes the satirical novel The Bonfire of the Vanities. 6649
1987/--/-- Writer Gore Vidal publishes Empire, a novel of 19th-century U.S. politics. 6650
1988/--/-- Vietnam announces it will withdraw all its forces from Kampuchea. 6651
1988/--/-- Roh Tae Woo succeeds Chun Doo Hwan as president of South Korea. 6652
1988/--/-- The Geneva Accords set the timetable for Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. 6653
1988/--/-- Military leaders seize power in Burma (Myanmar). 6654
1988/--/-- Lee Teng-hui succeeds Chiang Ching-kuo as president of Taiwan. 6655
1988/--/-- South African leader Nelson Mandela is removed from prison for hospital treatment. 6656
1988/--/-- The U.S. indict Panamanian dictator Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega for drug offenses. 6657
1988/--/-- The U.S. cruiser Vincennes accidentally shoots downs an Iranian airliner. 6658
1988/--/-- A cease-fire is declared in the war between Iran and Iraq. 6659
1988/--/-- The Iraqis are accused of using chemical weapons against the Kurds. 6660
1988/--/-- Austrian president Kurt Waldheim is exonerated of involvement in war crimes. 6661
1988/--/-- Nationalist uprisings breakout in the Soviet republic of Armenia. 6662
1988/--/-- Pakistani leader Gen. Muhammed Zia ul-Haq is killed in a plane crash. 6663
1988/--/-- Benazir Bhutto is elected prime minister of Pakistan. 6664
1988/--/-- Carlos Salinas de Gortari is elected president of Mexico. 6665
1988/--/-- Hungarian leader Janos Kadar is removed from power; Karoly Grosz assumes his post. 6666
1988/--/-- Military leaders seize control in Haiti after elections are held. 6667
1988/--/-- Australia celebrates its Bicentennial. 6668
1988/--/-- Jesse Jackson fails in a second attempt to win the Democratic presidential nomination. 6669
1988/--/-- Armenia is hit by a severe earthquake, killing tens of thousands. 6670
1988/--/-- Television evangelist Jim Bakker is convicted of fraud and conspiracy. 6671
1988/--/-- Details of the U.S. Stealth bomber are released for the first time. 6672
1988/--/-- Discovery becomes the first Space Shuttle to be launched after the Challenger disaster. 6673
1988/--/-- Dennis Connor skippers a U.S. catamaran to beat New Zealand in the America's Cup. 6674
1988/--/-- German tennis player Steffi Graf becomes the 3rd woman to win the Grand Slam. 6675
1988/--/-- German tennis player Boris Becker leads West Germany to victory in the Davis Cup. 6676
1988/--/-- Sprinter Ben Johnson is stripped of his Olympic gold medal after a drug test. 6677
1988/--/-- Steven Spielberg produces the innovative animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. 6678
1988/--/-- Dustin Hoffman stars in the Academy Award winning film Rain Man. 6679
1988/--/-- Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez publishes Love in the Time of Cholera. 6680
1988/--/-- Egyptian writer Naguib Mahfouz wins the Nobel Prize for literature. 6681
1988/--/-- Indian-born writer Salman Rushdie publishes The Satanic Verses. 6682
1989/--/-- Bush is inaugurated as the 41st U.S. president; Quayle becomes vice-president. 6683
1989/--/-- Solidarity candidates win a majority in the first free elections in Poland since 1946. 6684
1989/--/-- Soviet forces complete their withdrawal from Afghanistan; the civil war continues. 6685
1989/--/-- The Burmese government changes the country's name to Myanmar. 6686
1989/--/-- Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi signs a peace treaty with Chad. 6687
1989/--/-- Bulgarian premier Todor Zhivkov resigns; he is succeeded by Petar Mladenov. 6688
1989/--/-- Allegations of financial impropriety force Japanese premier Noboru to resign. 6689
1989/--/-- Carlos Saul Menem succeeds Raul Alfonsin as president of Argentina. 6690
1989/--/-- Greek prime minister Andreas Papandreou is succeeded by Tzinnis Tzannetakis. 6691
1989/--/-- F. W. de Klerk succeeds P.W. Botha as president of South Africa. 6692
1989/--/-- Ayatollah Khomeini dies in Iran; Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani becomes president. 6693
1989/--/-- Gen. Alfredo Stroessner is ousted; Andres Rodriguez becomes president of Paraguay. 6694
1989/--/-- Hungary elects to become a multiparty democracy. 6695
1989/--/-- Hu Yao-pang's death in China sparks public rallies demanding social changes. 6696
1989/--/-- Hundreds of demonstrators are killed by troops in Peking's T'ien-an-Men Square. 6697
1989/--/-- Akihito succeeds his father Hirohito as emperor of Japan. 6698
1989/--/-- V.P. Singh succeeds Rajiv Gandhi as prime minister of India. 6699
1989/--/-- Romanian president Nicolae Ceausescu is deposed and killed. 6700
1989/--/-- U.S. forces invade Panama; General Noriega surrenders and is held on drug charges. 6701
1989/--/-- The communist government of Milos Jakes resigns in Czechoslovakia. 6702
1989/--/-- Demonstrations in East Germany lead to the demolition of the Berlin Wall. 6703
1989/--/-- Playwright Vaclav Havel becomes the president of Czechoslovakia. 6704
1989/--/-- Voyager 2 spacecraft tramsmits pictures to the U.S. of the planet Neptune. 6705
1989/--/-- San Francisco's Marina district is damaged by a severe earthquake. 6706
1989/--/-- Jack Nicholson and Michael Keaton star in the film Batman. 6707
1989/--/-- British author V.S. Pritchett publishes A Careless Widow and Other Stories. 6708
1989/--/-- American Anne Tyler wins the Pulitzer Prize for her novel Breathing Lessons. 6709
1989/--/-- The Satanic Verses is condemned by Muslims; Salman Rushdie goes into hiding. 6710
1990/--/-- East and West Germany are reunited; Helmut Kohl becomes chancellor of a united Germany. 6711
1990/--/-- Iraq invades Kuwait, beginning the Persian Gulf War. 6712
1990/--/-- The UN authorizes an economic blockade of Iraq. 6713
1990/--/-- U.S.-led coalition forces begin Operation Desert Shield to protect Saudi Arabia from Iraq. 6714
1990/--/-- Lech Walesa wins the first direct presidential elections in Poland's history 6715
1990/--/-- South African president F.W. De Klerk releases Nelson Mandela; the ban on the ANC ends. 6716
1990/--/-- Namibia becomes independent from South Africa with Sam Nujoma as president. 6717
1990/--/-- Syrian-backed forces defeat General Aoun's Christian militia in Lebanon. 6718
1990/--/-- President Samuel Doe is killed during a military rebellion in Liberia. 6719
1990/--/-- Slovenia and Croatia vote non-Communist governments into power in Yugoslavia. 6720
1990/--/-- Violeta Barrios de Chamorro succeeds Daniel Ortega as president of Nicaragua. 6721
1990/--/-- Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) unite as the Yemen Republic. 6722
1990/--/-- Student riots in Tirane lead to the formation of Albania's first opposition party since 1946. 6723
1990/--/-- President Patricio Aylwin succeeds Gen. Pinochet , ending 16 years of military rule in Chile. 6724
1990/--/-- Indian prime minister V.P. Singh resigns; he is succeeded by Chandra Shekhar. 6725
1990/--/-- Pakistani president Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismisses prime minister Benazir Bhutto. 6726
1990/--/-- Chad president Hissene Habre is deposed by rebel forces led by Idris Deby. 6727
1990/--/-- Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello succeeds Jose Sarney as president of Brazil. 6728
1990/--/-- British prime minister Margaret Thatcher resigns; she is succeeded by John Major. 6729
1990/--/-- Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia declare their independence from the Soviet Union. 6730
1990/--/-- Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze resigns from office. 6731
1990/--/-- Boris Yeltsin becomes president of the Russian Republic. 6732
1990/--/-- David Dinkins succeeds Ed Koch as mayor of New York City. 6733
1990/--/-- A mirror in the Hubble Space Telescope is found to be flawed shortly after deployment. 6734
1990/--/-- I.M. Pei's 70-story Bank of China headquarters is built in Hong Kong. 6735
1990/--/-- Basketball player Michael Jordan leads the NBA in scoring for the fourth consecutive year. 6736
1990/--/-- Basketball player Earvin "Magic" Johnson wins the MVP award for the third time. 6737
1990/--/-- Warren Beatty directs, produces and plays the lead role in the film Dick Tracy. 6738
1990/--/-- Actress Jessica Tandy wins the Academy Award for her role in Driving Miss Daisy. 6739
1990/--/-- American novelist Thomas Pynchon publishes Vineland. 6740
1990/--/-- John Updike publishes Rabbit at Rest, the fourth and last of his Rabbit novels. 6741
1783/--/-- Peace Treaty ends Revolutionary War 6742
1783/--/-- William Pitt II becomes English Prime Minister at 24 6743
1783/--/-- Britain cedes all lands west to Mississippi River 6744
1784/--/-- Ben Franklin invents bifocal eyeglasses 6745
1786/--/-- First ice cream made commercially in NYC 6746
1787/--/-- Constitutional Convention 6747
1788/--/-- "The Federalist" published 6748
1788/--/-- Constitution ratified 6749
1789/--/-- Bill of Rights adopted 6750
1789/--/-- French Revolution begins 6751
1789/--/-- Wm. Blake publishes "Songs of Innocence" 6752
1790/--/-- Seat of government moves from NYC to Philadelphia 6753
1791/--/-- Tom Paine "The Rights of Man" 6754
1792/--/-- First U.S. Trade Union of shoemakers 6755
1793/--/-- Eli Whitney invents cotton gin; revives dying slave economy of South 6756
1793/--/-- French King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette executed 6757
1793/--/-- Fugitive Slave Act 6758
1793/--/-- J.-L. David paints "The Dead Marat" 6759
1798/--/-- Alien and Sedition Act 6760
1798/--/-- Haydn composes "The Creation" 6761
1799/--/-- Napoleon becomes Consul 6762
1800/--/-- Library of Congress founded 6763
1800/--/-- Seat of government moves from Philadelphia to Washington, DC 6764
1800/--/-- Volta invents electric battery 6765
1803/--/-- Dalton devises table of elements 6766
1804/--/-- Lewis and Clark expedition encounters Native Americans 6767
1804/--/-- Lewis and Clarke Expedition 6768
1804/--/-- Napoleon becomes Emperor 6769
1806/--/-- Noah Webster publishes "Compendious" Dictionary of the English Language" 6770
1807/--/-- Sir Humphry Davy discovers the elements potassium and sodium 6771
1808/--/-- Beethoven composes "Fifth Symphony" 6772
1808/--/-- Congress prohibits importing of African slaves 6773
1808/--/-- Napoleon occupys Spain 6774
1810/--/-- Revolutions in Latin America lead to independent nations 6775
1810/--/-- Separatists movements in Latin America 6776
1811/--/-- Jane Austen "Sense and Sensibility" 6777
1811/--/-- First steamboat to sail down Mississippi reaches New Orleans 6778
1811/--/-- Native Americans defeated in Battle of Tippecanoe in Indiana Territory 6779
1812/--/-- Napoleon defeated in Russia 6780
1814/--/-- Andrew Jackson crushes Creek Resistance in South 6781
1814/--/-- Treaty of Ghent 6782
1815/--/-- French Monarchy re-established 6783
1817/--/-- Construction begins on Erie Canal in New York 6784
1817/--/-- First Seminole War 6785
1818/--/-- John Keats "Endymion" 6786
1818/--/-- Treaty with Britain sets 49th parallel 6787
1819/--/-- Treaty with Spain sets boundaries 6788
1820/--/-- Fed offers land at $1.25 an acre 6789
1820/--/-- Missouri Compromise 6790
1820/--/-- Percy Bysshe Shelly "Prometheus Unbound" 6791
1821/--/-- Mexican Independence 6792
1821/--/-- Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic rotation 6793
1821/--/-- Missouri Compromise 6794
1823/--/-- Monroe Doctrine 6795
1825/--/-- Thomas Cole establishes Hudson River school of landscape painting 6796
1827/--/-- Audubon publishes " Birds of America" 6797
1828/--/-- Greeks win War of Independence from Ottoman Empire 6798
1829/--/-- Delacroix paints "Death of Sardanapalus" 6799
1829/--/-- Jackson introduces spoils system 6800
1830/--/-- Indian Removal Act moves eastern Indians west of Mississippi 6801
1831/--/-- Victor Hugo "Hunchback of Notre Dame" 6802
1832/--/-- Samuel F.B. Morse designs improved electromagnetic telegraph 6803
1833/--/-- Santa Anna elected President of Mexico 6804
1834/--/-- Indian Territory founded 6805
1834/--/-- Slavery abolished in British Empire 6806
1835/--/-- Second Seminole War in Florida 6807
1836/--/-- Texas Revolution 6808
1837/--/-- Charles Dickens "Oliver Twist" 6809
1838/--/-- Cherokee "Trail of Tears" 6810
1838/--/-- Iowa Territory organized 6811
1839/--/-- Daguerre invents first form of photography 6812
1840/--/-- Edgar Allen Poe: "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque" 6813
1840/--/-- Upper and lower Canada united 6814
1842/--/-- 10-hour day for children under 12 in Massachusetts 6815
1844/--/-- Alexander Dumas "The Three Muskateers" 6816
1846/--/-- Mormon trek from Navoo to Salt Lake City 6817
1846/--/-- Oregon boundary with Canada established at 49th parallel 6818
1847/--/-- Mormons and the Indians 6819
1847/--/-- Sir James Simpson uses chloroform for childbirth 6820
1848/--/-- Gold discovered in California 6821
1848/--/-- February Revolution by French workers makes Louis Napoleon III President of 2nd Reublic 6822
1848/--/-- Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels publish "Communist Manifesto" 6823
1848/--/-- Mexican Cession 6824
1850/--/-- Nathanial Hawthorne "The Scarlet Letter" 6825
1850/--/-- Plains Indians cede land in exchange for reservations 6826
1850/--/-- Utah and New Mexico Territories 6827
1851/--/-- Singer patents sewing machine 6828
1851/--/-- Melville "Moby Dick" 6829
1853/--/-- Crimean War between Turkey, France & Britain against Russia 6830
1854/--/-- Nebraska and Kansas Territories 6831
1854/--/-- Republican Party formed for abolition of slavery 6832
1854/--/-- Smith & Wesson invent revolver 6833
1854/--/-- Upper half of Indian Territory becomes part of Kansas Territory 6834
1857/--/-- Kansas ratifies anti-slavery constitution 6835
1859/--/-- Charles Darwin "Origin of Species" 6836
1861/--/-- Western territories reorganized by Republican Congresses 6837
1861/--/-- CONFEDERACY 6838
1861/--/-- Unification of Italy 6839
1862/--/-- Foucault measures speed of light 6840
1864/--/-- Cheyenne and Arapaho families massacred at Sand Creek, Colorado 6841
1865/--/-- Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" 6842
1865/--/-- Lincoln assassinated 6843
1867/--/-- Alfred Nobel patents dynamite 6844
1869/--/-- 200 pitched battles between Indians and U.S. Calvary 6845
1869/--/-- Suez Canal opens 6846
1869/--/-- Union Pacific meets Central Pacific 6847
1871/--/-- Trade Unions legalized in Britain 6848
1874/--/-- First impressionist exhibit in Paris 6849
1875/--/-- Charles Stewart Parnell begins movement for Irish independence 6850
1876/--/-- Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone 6851
1876/--/-- National League founded (baseball) 6852
1876/--/-- Sioux and Cheyenne defeat Custer at Little Big Horn, Montanna 6853
1877/--/-- Nez Perce leave Idaho for Canada 6854
1878/--/-- Northern Cheyenne escape Indian Territory 6855
1879/--/-- Thomas Edison invents incandescent light 6856
1883/--/-- Civil Service established 6857
1883/--/-- Maxim invents machine gun 6858
1884/--/-- 15 European nations partition Africa for "spheres of influence" 6859
1885/--/-- Louis Pasteur administers successful rabies vaccination 6860
1886/--/-- Haymarket Square labor riot in Chicago kills eleven people 6861
1888/--/-- Eastman's Kodak camera begins amateur photography 6862
1890/--/-- AFL founded by S Gompers 6863
1890/--/-- Sherman Antitrust Act 6864
1892/--/-- Strike at Carnegie Steel results in ten deaths 6865
1893/--/-- France adds Laos to "protectorate" of Indochina 6866
1894/--/-- Dreyfus case splits France 6867
1895/--/-- Wilhelm Rontgen discovers x-rays 6868
1896/--/-- Supreme Court rules "separate but equal" legal 6869
1898/--/-- Cuba occupied by U.S. and released 6870
1899/--/-- Sigmund Freud "Interpretation of Dreams" 6871
1901/--/-- Pres. McKinley shot by anarchist 6872
1902/--/-- Roosevelt begins conservation of forests 6873
1903/--/-- Wright Bros. first airplane 6874
1904/--/-- Roosevelt asserts U.S. right to intervene in Latin America 6875
1904/--/-- Russia and Japan at war 6876
1905/--/-- Albert Einstein proposes Special Theory of Relativity 6877
1905/--/-- mini-revolution in Russia 6878
1908/--/-- GE patents electric toaster 6879
1909/--/-- NAACP in NYC 6880
1910/--/-- British Empire covers 1/5th of world land area 6881
1910/--/-- Fundamentalism begins with "Five Points" 6882
1911/--/-- Robert A Millikan measures electron's charge 6883
1916/--/-- Albert Einstein proposes General Theory of Relativity 6884
1916/--/-- T. Tzara DADA 6885
1917/--/-- Blacks migrate north and west 6886
1917/--/-- Russian revolutions: communist U.S.S.R. formed 6887
1917/--/-- Selective Service Act creates draft 6888
1918/--/-- Shapley determines sun is part of Milky Way galaxy 6889
1919/--/-- League of Nations 6890
1919/--/-- Versailles Peace Treaty 6891
1920/--/-- 18th Amendment prohibits alcohol 6892
1920/--/-- 19th Amendment gives women right to vote 6893
1923/--/-- Italy becomes first fascist state 6894
1924/--/-- Schrodinger proposes wave mechanics 6895
1927/--/-- Civil war in China 6896
1927/--/-- Lindbergh crosses Atlantic non-stop 6897
1928/--/-- Heisenberg's uncertainty principle 6898
1929/--/-- Stock Market crashes 6899
1930/--/-- Worldwide depression begins 6900
1931/--/-- Lawrence invents cyclotron 6901
1933/--/-- Roosevelt begins "New Deal" 6902
1934/--/-- Adolf Hitler becomes "Fueher" of Germany 6903
1934/--/-- Fermi creates plutonium 6904
1935/--/-- Social Security Act provides retirement insurance 6905
1936/--/-- Spanish Civil War 6906
1937/--/-- Dow Chemical develops plastics 6907
1940/--/-- Radar wins Battle of Britian 6908
1941/--/-- Benchley Park computers sabotage German Enigma 6909
1944/--/-- Normandy landings 6910
1945/--/-- Roberto Rosselini's neorealist "Open City" 6911
1945/--/-- U.S. A-bombs Japan 6912
1945/--/-- United Nations formed 6913
1947/--/-- British & French Empires fracture into new 3rd world nations 6914
1947/--/-- British India becomes Pakistan & India 6915
1947/--/-- Marshall Plan 6916
1947/--/-- Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, captured from Japan, administered by U.S. 6917
1947/--/-- U.S. contains spread of communism 6918
1948/--/-- Bell Labs invent transistor 6919
1948/--/-- Communism quashed in US 6920
1948/--/-- Israel created 6921
1948/--/-- NATO formed; Cold War begins 6922
1949/--/-- Abstract-Expressionism breaks out in NYC 6923
1949/--/-- Kurchatov develops first Soviet A-bomb 6924
1951/--/-- Teller tests H-bomb 6925
1953/--/-- Watson & Crick DNA=double helix 6926
1954/--/-- Television thrives; radio switches to music 6927
1954/--/-- U.S. "Nautilus" first nuclear submarine 6928
1955/--/-- AFL and CIO merge 6929
1955/--/-- Blacks boycott buses in Montgomery 6930
1955/--/-- Supreme Court orders school desegregation 6931
1957/--/-- Jack Kerouac "On the Road" 6932
1957/--/-- Soviets launch "Sputnik", first artificial satellite 6933
1959/--/-- Jean-Luc Godard's New Wave "Breathless" 6934
1960/--/-- Civil Rights movement 6935
1960/--/-- Maiman makes first laser 6936
1961/--/-- Kennedy launches "Apollo" project; man lands on the moon 6937
1961/--/-- Peace Corps 6938
1962/--/-- Cuban missile crisis 6939
1962/--/-- Pop Art 6940
1963/--/-- Kennedy assassinated 6941
1964/--/-- Gulf of Tonkin Incident 6942
1965/--/-- Bob Dylan "Like a Rolling Stone" 6943
1965/--/-- Demonstrations against Vietnam War 6944
1966/--/-- Hippie movement 6945
1967/--/-- Israeli 6-day war 6946
1967/--/-- The Beatles "Sgt. Pepper" 6947
1968/--/-- Kubrick "2001" 6948
1968/--/-- May Days mini-revolution 6949
1970/--/-- EPA established to enforce Clean Air Act 6950
1970/--/-- Sixties energy wins smaller battles: feminism, ecology... 6951
1970/--/-- U.S. invades Cambodia 6952
1971/--/-- Soviet "Salyut 1" space station 6953
1972/--/-- DDT is banned 6954
1973/--/-- Billy Friedkin "The Exorcist" 6955
1973/--/-- Endangered Species Act 6956
1973/--/-- Nixon resigns over Watergate 6957
1973/--/-- Solzhenitsyn "Gulag Archipelago" 6958
1973/--/-- War Powers Act 6959
1974/--/-- Reiner Werner Fassbinder "Ali-- Fear Eats the Soul" 6960
1975/--/-- South Vietnam surrenders to North Vietnam 6961
1976/--/-- Viking 1 & 2 land on Mars 6962
1977/--/-- George Lucas "Star Wars" 6963
1978/--/-- Jerry Falwell founds the Moral Majority 6964
1978/--/-- personal computer 6965
1978/--/-- Punk Rock 6966
1979/--/-- Revolution in Iran; Americans held hostage 6967
1979/--/-- Soviets lose war in Afganistan 6968
1980/--/-- "War on Drugs" jails 1/5 of young black men 6969
1980/--/-- CD, VCR, & cable become common 6970
1980/--/-- Hollywood remakes B-movies and comix 6971
1980/--/-- Solidarity in Poland 6972
1983/--/-- Reagan proposes "Star Wars" and increases military funding 6973
1984/--/-- Rap music 6974
1985/--/-- Gorbachev unravels Soviet system 6975
1987/--/-- Ozone "hole" found over Antartica 6976
1989/--/-- U.S.S.R dissolves into republics; Cold War over 6977
1989/--/-- World cable markets deregulated; Hollywood gains world film market 6978
1990/--/-- Book retail chains abound 6979
1990/--/-- South Africa accepts racial equality 6980
1991/--/-- Gulf War is first U.S. reduction of a regional power 6981
1991/--/-- Japan is world's largest automaker 6982
1992/--/-- NAFTA formed 6983
1992/--/-- Yugoslavia breaks up; Serbia contained 6984
1993/--/-- Internet expands with World Wide Web 6985
1993/--/-- Steven Spielberg "Schindler's List" 6986
1996/--/-- Welfare reform 6987
1997/--/-- NASA spacecraft lands on Mars 6988
1997/--/-- Robust economy creates longest prosperity in U.S. history 6989
1998/--/-- International Space Station begins construction 6990
1999/--/-- Budget goes into surplus 6991
2000/--/-- Animals cloned 6992
2000/--/-- China emerges as economic giant 6993
2000/--/-- Oceans warming and rising 6994
2000/--/-- US television increasingly morbid 6995
2001/--/-- 9/11 terror attack alerts America 6996
2001/--/-- Taliban removed 6997
2003/--/-- Iraq War 6998
2003/--/-- Mathew Barney finishes "The Cremaster Cycle" 6999
2005/--/-- US labor squeezed by global forces 7000
1775/--/-- American patriot Patrick Henry states "Give me liberty, or give me death." 7001
1782/--/-- The design for the Great Seal of the United States is adopted by the Continental Congress. 7002
1783/--/-- Britain recognizes the independence of the United States at the Treaty of Paris. 7003
1785/--/-- New York City becomes the temporary capital of the United States. 7004
1786/--/-- Daniel Shays leads a rebellion against the state government in Massachusetts. 7005
1791/--/-- Vermont becomes the 14th state of the Union. 7006
1792/--/-- Kentucky becomes the 15th state of the Union. 7007
1796/--/-- Tennessee becomes the 16th state of the Union. 7008
1798/--/-- The territory of Mississippi becomes part of the United States. 7009
1803/--/-- Ohio is inaugurated as the l7th state of the Union. 7010
1812/--/-- Louisiana is inaugurated as the 18th state of the Union. 7011
1816/--/-- Indiana is inaugurated as the 19th state of the Union. 7012
1817/--/-- Mississippi is inaugurated as the 20th state of the Union. 7013
1818/--/-- Illinois is inaugurated as the 21st state of the Union. 7014
1819/--/-- Alabama is inaugurated as the 22nd state of the Union. 7015
1820/--/-- Maine is inaugurated as the 23rd state of the Union. 7016
1821/--/-- Missouri is inaugurated as the 24th state of the Union. 7017
1836/--/-- Arkansas is inaugurated as the 25th state of the Union. 7018
1837/--/-- Michigan is inaugurated as the 26th state of the Union. 7019
1845/--/-- Florida is inaugurated as the 27th state of the Union. 7020
1845/--/-- The Republic of Texas becomes the 28th state of the Union. 7021
1846/--/-- Iowa is inaugurated as the 29th state of the Union. 7022
1848/--/-- Wisconsin is inaugurated as the 30th state of the Union. 7023
1850/--/-- California is inaugurated as the 31st state of the Union. 7024
1858/--/-- Minnesota is inaugurated as the 32nd state of the Union. 7025
1859/--/-- Oregon is inaugurated as the 33rd state of the Union. 7026
1861/--/-- Kansas is inaugurated as the 34th state of the Union. 7027
1861/--/-- The Confederate States of America declare their independence from the U.S. 7028
1863/--/-- West Virginia is inaugurated as the 35th state of the Union. 7029
1864/--/-- Nevada is inaugurated as the 36th state of the Union. 7030
1867/--/-- Nebraska is inaugurated as the 37th state of the Union. 7031
1876/--/-- Colorado is inaugurated as the 38th state of the Union. 7032
1889/--/-- North Dakota is inaugurated as the 39th state of the Union. 7033
1889/--/-- South Dakota is inaugurated as the 40th state of the Union. 7034
1889/--/-- Montana is inaugurated as the 41st state. 7035
1889/--/-- Washington is inaugurated as the 42nd state. 7036
1890/--/-- Idaho is inaugurated as the 43rd state. 7037
1890/--/-- Wyoming is inaugurated as the 44th state. 7038
1896/--/-- Utah is inaugurated as the 45th state of the Union. 7039
1907/--/-- Oklahoma is inaugurated as the 46th state of the Union. 7040
1912/--/-- New Mexico is inaugurated as the 47th state. 7041
1912/--/-- Arizona is inaugurated as the 48th state. 7042
1959/--/-- Alaska is inaugurated as the 49th state of the Union. 7043
1959/--/-- Hawaii is inaugurated as the 50th state of the Union. 7044
0250/--/-- The Classical period of the Maya begins in Mesoamerica. 7045
0450/--/-- The Basket Maker III period of the Anasazi culture begins in North America. 7046
0500/--/-- The colonial period of the Hohokam culture begins in North America about this time. 7047
0700/--/-- The Mississippian culture is founded in North America; the Cahokia Mounds are begun. 7048
0700/--/-- First Pueblo period begins in North America; above-ground adobe dwellings are built. 7049
0900/--/-- The Second Pueblo period begins in North America. 7050
1000/--/-- Leif Eriksson, son of Eric the Red, explores the coast of North America. 7051
1010/--/-- Viking explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni attempts to found a settlement in North America. 7052
1015/--/-- Vikings abandon the Vinland settlement on the coast of North America. 7053
1100/--/-- The Third Pueblo period begins in southwest North America. 7054
1362/--/-- According to the Kensington Rune Stone, the Vikings reach Minnesota in America. 7055
1400/--/-- The Hohokam culture dies out in the American southwest. 7056
1498/--/-- Columbus lands on the coast of South America during his third voyage. 7057
1503/--/-- The Spanish crown approves encomienda (enforced slavery) in the American colonies. 7058
1507/--/-- Cartographer Martin Waldseemuller uses the word America on a map for the first time. 7059
1509/--/-- The first sugar cane mill is established in the Americas. 7060
1514/--/-- Bartolome de Las Casas tries to improve the treatment of South American Indians. 7061
1519/--/-- Panama City is founded by the Spanish in Central America. 7062
1540/--/-- Coronado explores the American southwest in search of the fabled cities of Cibola. 7063
1554/--/-- Tomatoes from South America are cultivated in Europe. 7064
1573/--/-- The potato is brought back from the Americas and cultivated in Spain. 7065
1582/--/-- Geographer Richard Hakluyt publishes an account of the discovery of America. 7066
1584/--/-- Walter Raleigh and Richard Grenville organize English colonizing ventures to North America. 7067
1585/--/-- John Davis discovers Davis Strait between Greenland and North America. 7068
1605/--/-- The first French settlement in North America is founded at Port Royal in Nova Scotia. 7069
1614/--/-- Pocahontas, a North American Indian princess, marries English settler John Rolfe. 7070
1617/--/-- Tobacco is established as the major industry in North America. 7071
1639/--/-- The first North American printing press is established in Cambridge, Mass.. 7072
1643/--/-- Roger Williams publishes A Key into the Language of America. 7073
1648/--/-- Margaret Jones becomes the first person executed as a witch in North America. 7074
1661/--/-- The first Bible printed in North America is John Elliot's translation into Algonquian. 7075
1665/--/-- The first horse race track in North America is constructed on Long Island. 7076
1673/--/-- The first mail service in North America is established between New York and Boston. 7077
1674/--/-- Early American artist the Freake limner paints portraits of the Freake family. 7078
1685/--/-- The Huguenots begin a silk industry in London and settle in the American colonies. 7079
1685/--/-- Rice cultivation begins in North America. 7080
1690/--/-- Benjamin Harris publishes the first American newspaper in Boston. 7081
1702/--/-- Queen Anne's War begins in America; the British attack Saint Augustine in Florida. 7082
1702/--/-- The royal colony of New Jersey is founded in America. 7083
1704/--/-- John Campbell founds the Boston News-Letter, the first successful American newspaper. 7084
1718/--/-- Spain establishes the Viceroyalty of New Granada in South America. 7085
1728/--/-- James Gibbs' Book of Architecture influences Colonial American designs. 7086
1735/--/-- Antonio de Ulloa discovers the element platinum in South America. 7087
1738/--/-- George Whitefield precipitates the Great Awakening religious revival in America. 7088
1744/--/-- King George's War begins in North America between Britain and France. 7089
1750/--/-- American frontiersman Christopher Gist explores the Ohio River region. 7090
1758/--/-- Americans and British regulars under General Forbes capture Fort Duquesne. 7091
1760/--/-- The British under Amherst capture Montreal, ending French resistance in North America. 7092
1762/--/-- American Indian religious leader, the Delaware Prophet, is active in the Ohio Valley. 7093
1765/--/-- George Grenville's Stamp Act imposes a tax on all publications in the American colonies. 7094
1766/--/-- The Stamp Act is repealed after strong opposition from American colonists. 7095
1767/--/-- The Townshend Acts impose a tax on imports to North America. 7096
1769/--/-- American pioneer Daniel Boone explores a route through the Cumberland Gap. 7097
1772/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints The Death of Wolfe. 7098
1773/--/-- American colonists throw British tea into Boston Harbor during the Boston Tea Party. 7099
1774/--/-- Edmund Burke's speech On American Taxation defends the colony's rights. 7100
1775/--/-- American patriot Patrick Henry states "Give me liberty, or give me death." 7101
1775/--/-- British troops and colonial militia clash at Lexington, starting the American Revolution. 7102
1775/--/-- Americans under Montgomery occupy Montreal, but fail to capture Quebec. 7103
1776/--/-- American General Charles Lee is captured by the British. 7104
1777/--/-- General Burgoyne captures Ticonderoga and defeats the Americans in Pennsylvania. 7105
1777/--/-- Burgoyne capitulates to Horatio Gates' American forces at Saratoga. 7106
1777/--/-- The Continental Congress adopts the Stars and Stripes as the American flag. 7107
1778/--/-- France enters the American War of Independence in support of the colonies. 7108
1779/--/-- An American squadron led by John Paul Jones attacks British shipping. 7109
1779/--/-- American forces under Sullivan campaign against the Iroquois on the New York border. 7110
1780/--/-- English spy John Andre is caught and executed by the Americans. 7111
1780/--/-- Americans under Horatio Gates are defeated by Cornwallis at Camden, S.C. 7112
1781/--/-- American forces under Daniel Morgan defeat the British at the Battle of Cowpens. 7113
1781/--/-- The British under Cornwallis surrender to the Americans at Yorktown. 7114
1782/--/-- Peace talks open in Paris between Britain and America. 7115
1783/--/-- British forces abandon New York, their last stronghold in North America. 7116
1784/--/-- Grigory Shelekhov founds the first Russian colony in America at Kodiak Island, Alaska. 7117
1784/--/-- American inventor Oliver Evans develops the first automated flour mill. 7118
1787/--/-- American inventor John Fitch launches a steam-powered ferry boat on the Delaware. 7119
1791/--/-- Miami Indian chief Little Turtle defeats an American force under General Arthur St. Clair. 7120
1795/--/-- American artist Charles Wilson Peale paints the Staircase group. 7121
1798/--/-- America's first professional author Charles Brockden Brown publishes Wieland. 7122
1799/--/-- The Russian-American Company is founded to administer the Alaskan fur trade. 7123
1799/--/-- City Hotel, the first American structure designed as a hotel, opens in New York. 7124
1799/--/-- Humboldt and Bonpland begin their scientific expedition in South American. 7125
1802/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints Death on a Pale Horse. 7126
1804/--/-- American politician Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel. 7127
1804/--/-- Meriwether Lewis and William Clark begin exploring the American north-west. 7128
1805/--/-- American explorers Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean. 7129
1808/--/-- John Jacob Astor founds the American Fur Company. 7130
1810/--/-- American settlers rebel against the Spanish in West Florida. 7131
1815/--/-- The Americans defeat the British at New Orleans before news of peace arrives. 7132
1819/--/-- American artist Washington Allston paints Moonlit Landscape. 7133
1820/--/-- The first free American slaves to be resettled in Africa land in Liberia. 7134
1820/--/-- The first American missionaries are admitted to Hawaii. 7135
1821/--/-- American captain John Davis is the first to land on the continent of Antarctica. 7136
1822/--/-- American surgeon William Beaumont begins his study of the gastric process. 7137
1823/--/-- The Monroe Doctrine warns Europe not to interfere in the Americas. 7138
1825/--/-- The Central American Federation declares its independence from Mexico. 7139
1825/--/-- American painter Thomas Cole founds the Hudson River School about this time. 7140
1826/--/-- American engineer John Stevens builds the first U.S. steam locomotive. 7141
1827/--/-- American frontiersman Davy Crockett is elected to Congress. 7142
1827/--/-- Ornithologist John James Audubon begins the publication of his Birds of America. 7143
1828/--/-- Noah Webster publishes his American Dictionary of the English Language. 7144
1829/--/-- The first U.S. encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia Americana, is begun. 7145
1830/--/-- George Catlin begins his paintings of North American Indians about this time. 7146
1831/--/-- British naturalist Charles Darwin sails to South America aboard H.M.S. Beagle. 7147
1833/--/-- The American Anti-Slavery Society is inaugurated in Philadelphia. 7148
1834/--/-- American inventor Jacob Perkins patents the first practical ice-making machine. 7149
1835/--/-- American settlers begin the Texas Revolution against Mexican rule. 7150
1835/--/-- French politician Alexis de Tocqueville publishes Democracy in America. 7151
1836/--/-- American inventor Samuel Colt begins manufacturing the first revolver. 7152
1836/--/-- American educator William Holmes McGuffey begins editing his Readers. 7153
1836/--/-- American literary figure Ralph Waldo Emerson founds the Transcendental Club. 7154
1839/--/-- Jose Rafael Carrera captures Guatemala; the Central American Federation is dissolved. 7155
1839/--/-- American inventor Charles Goodyear develops the vulcanization of rubber. 7156
1840/--/-- Swiss-American naturalist Louis Agassiz postulates his theory of ice ages. 7157
1842/--/-- American explorer John C. Fremont begins surveying the Oregon Trail. 7158
1842/--/-- American showman P.T. Barnum discovers the 40-inch midget Tom Thumb. 7159
1843/--/-- Black American Sojourner Truth begins her reform mission. 7160
1845/--/-- American author Margaret Fuller publishes Women in the Nineteenth Century. 7161
1846/--/-- American dentist William Morton extracts a tooth using ether as an anesthetic. 7162
1847/--/-- American missionary Marcus Whitman is killed by Cayuse Indians in Oregon. 7163
1847/--/-- Maria Mitchell, the first woman astronomer in America, discovers a new comet. 7164
1847/--/-- American oceanographer Matthew Maury publishes his first Wind and Current Charts. 7165
1847/--/-- The American Medical Association is founded. 7166
1848/--/-- American engineer James Bogardus begins using cast-iron for building construction. 7167
1850/--/-- Photographer Mathew Brady publishes The Gallery of Illustrious Americans. 7168
1850/--/-- American popular songwriter Stephen Foster publishes Camptown Races. 7169
1850/--/-- American author Nathaniel Hawthorne writes The Scarlet Letter. 7170
1851/--/-- The U.S. yacht America defeats 17 British yachts in the first America's Cup contest. 7171
1851/--/-- American author Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick. 7172
1854/--/-- American writer and naturalist Henry David Thoreau publishes Walden. 7173
1858/--/-- German-American artist Albert Bierstadt begins his landscapes of the American west. 7174
1861/--/-- The Confederate States of America declare their independence from the U.S. 7175
1861/--/-- American locksmith Linus Yale Jr. patents the cylinder lock. 7176
1867/--/-- The Dominion of Canada is established by the British North America Act. 7177
1870/--/-- American industrialist John D. Rockefeller founds the Standard Oil Company. 7178
1871/--/-- American explorer Henry Morton Stanley finds Dr. Livingston in central Africa. 7179
1872/--/-- American artist James McNeill Whistler paints the Portrait of the Artist's Mother. 7180
1875/--/-- American author Mark Twain publishes Tom Sawyer. 7181
1880/--/-- American impressionist artist Mary Cassatt exhibits A Woman in Black at the Opera. 7182
1884/--/-- American author Mark Twain publishes the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 7183
1886/--/-- Samuel Gompers organizes the American Federation of Labor. 7184
1888/--/-- American inventor George Eastman introduces the Kodak box camera. 7185
1888/--/-- A patent is issued to American inventor John H. Loud for the first ball-point pen. 7186
1890/--/-- American psychologist William James publishes The Principles of Psychology. 7187
1890/--/-- American naval officer Alfred Mahan publishes The Influence of Sea Power upon History. 7188
1891/--/-- The American Express Company introduces the first traveler's checks. 7189
1893/--/-- American artist Louis Comfort Tiffany begins producing Art Nouveau glassware. 7190
1895/--/-- The American Bowling Congress (ABC) is founded. 7191
1897/--/-- American comic strip The Katzenjammer Kids is begun by Rudolph Dirks. 7192
1898/--/-- The Spanish-American War begins with a declaration of war by Congress. 7193
1899/--/-- American composer Scott Joplin publishes his Maple Leaf Rag. 7194
1899/--/-- American artist Winslow Homer paints the Gulf Stream. 7195
1900/--/-- American novelist Theodore Dreiser publishes his first novel Sister Carrie. 7196
1901/--/-- Victor L. Berger and Eugene V. Debs help found the American Socialist party. 7197
1901/--/-- King C. Gillette founds the American Safety Razor Company. 7198
1901/--/-- American surgeon Walter Reed proves that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes. 7199
1901/--/-- An American League of baseball is formed in competition to the National League. 7200
1902/--/-- American artist Robert Henri paints the New York street scene West 57th Street. 7201
1903/--/-- American novelist Henry James publishes The Ambassadors. 7202
1903/--/-- American author Jack London publishes The Call of the Wild. 7203
1905/--/-- W.E.B. Du Bois forms the Niagara Movement to demand full civil rights for black Americans. 7204
1905/--/-- American labor leader Eugene V. Debs founds the Industrial Workers of the World. 7205
1905/--/-- American humorist and actor Will Rogers makes his New York City debut. 7206
1909/--/-- American explorer Robert E. Peary reaches the North Pole. 7207
1909/--/-- American writer Gertrude Stein publishes Three Lives. 7208
1909/--/-- American architect Frank Lloyd Wright builds the Robie House in Chicago. 7209
1909/--/-- American artist George Bellows paints the prize fight scene Stag at Sharkey's. 7210
1909/--/-- American poet William Carlos Williams publishes Poems, his first book. 7211
1911/--/-- Elmer A. Sperry designs the first American gyrocompass. 7212
1911/--/-- American aviator Glen Curtiss flies the first successful seaplane. 7213
1911/--/-- American songwriter Irving Berlin publishes Alexander's Ragtime Band. 7214
1911/--/-- American novelist Edith Wharton publishes Ethan Frome. 7215
1911/--/-- German-American anthropologist Franz Boas publishes The Mind of Primitive Man. 7216
1912/--/-- American Indian Jim Thorpe wins the Olympic decathlon and pentathlon. 7217
1912/--/-- American writer Willa Cather publishes her first novel Alexander's Bridge. 7218
1912/--/-- American author Edgar Rice Burroughs publishes Tarzan of the Apes. 7219
1913/--/-- American poet Robert Frost publishes A Boy's Will. 7220
1915/--/-- A German submarine torpedoes the British liner Lusitania; 124 Americans are killed. 7221
1916/--/-- American poet Carl Sandburg publishes his first book Chicago Poems. 7222
1917/--/-- Anglo-American poet T.S. Eliot publishes The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. 7223
1918/--/-- American forcesunder Pershing help to stem the German offensive. 7224
1918/--/-- Advances by French, British and American armies force a general German retreat. 7225
1918/--/-- American astronomer Harlow Shapley discovers the dimensions of the Milky Way. 7226
1918/--/-- American author Booth Tarkington writes The Magnificent Ambersons. 7227
1919/--/-- Russian-American anarchist Emma Goldman is deported to the Soviet Union. 7228
1919/--/-- The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) is formed. 7229
1920/--/-- American tennis star Bill Tilden wins the Wimbledon tournament for the first time. 7230
1920/--/-- American novelist Sinclair Lewis publishes Main Street. 7231
1921/--/-- American anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are found guilty of murder. 7232
1922/--/-- Anglo-American poet T.S. Eliot writes The Waste Land. 7233
1923/--/-- American poet E. E. Cummings writes the novel The Enormous Room. 7234
1925/--/-- Black American dancer Josephine Baker stars in La Revue negre in Paris. 7235
1925/--/-- American writer John Dos Passos publishes Manhattan Transfer. 7236
1925/--/-- American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes The Great Gatsby. 7237
1926/--/-- American physicist Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-propellant rocket. 7238
1926/--/-- American golfer Bobby Jones wins the U.S. Open and the British Open tournaments. 7239
1926/--/-- American artist Georgia O'Keeffe paints her flower portrait Black Iris. 7240
1927/--/-- American dancer Isadora Duncan is killed in a tragic car accident. 7241
1927/--/-- American writer Thornton Wilder publishes The Bridge of San Luis Rey. 7242
1928/--/-- American anthropologist Margaret Mead publishes Coming of Age in Samoa. 7243
1928/--/-- American composer Virgil Thomson writes the opera Four Saints in Three Acts. 7244
1928/--/-- American comedy team Amos 'n' Andy produce their first radio show. 7245
1929/--/-- The Workers Party of America is renamed the Communist Party of the United States. 7246
1929/--/-- American explorer Richard E. Byrd flies over the South Pole. 7247
1929/--/-- American novelist William Faulkner publishes The Sound and the Fury. 7248
1930/--/-- American astronomer Clyde W. Tombaugh discovers the planet Pluto. 7249
1930/--/-- Artist Grant Wood paints American Gothic. 7250
1930/--/-- American artist Edward Hopper paints Early Sunday Morning. 7251
1930/--/-- American poet Hart Crane publishes The Bridge. 7252
1930/--/-- English-born American writer W. H. Auden publishes his Poems. 7253
1931/--/-- American journalist and writer Damon Runyon publishes Guys and Dolls. 7254
1931/--/-- American cartoonist Chester Gould creates the adventure comic strip Dick Tracy. 7255
1931/--/-- American writer Pearl Buck publishes The Good Earth. 7256
1932/--/-- American physicist Carl D. Anderson discovers the positron. 7257
1932/--/-- American sculptor Alexander Calder creates his first mobile. 7258
1932/--/-- American southern author Erskine Caldwell publishes Tobacco Road. 7259
1934/--/-- George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein found The School of American Ballet. 7260
1934/--/-- American cartoonist Al Capp begins the comic strip Li'l Abner. 7261
1935/--/-- George Gershwin composes the modern American opera Porgy and Bess. 7262
1935/--/-- American writer Thomas Wolfe publishes Of Time and the River. 7263
1937/--/-- American author John Steinbeck publishes Of Mice and Men. 7264
1938/--/-- The House Committee on Un-American Activities investigates U.S. subversives. 7265
1938/--/-- American composer Aaron Copland writes the ballet score for Billy the Kid. 7266
1938/--/-- American singer Ella Fitzgerald records A-tisket, A-tasket. 7267
1939/--/-- Igor Sikorsky develops America's first successful helicopter. 7268
1939/--/-- American novelist John Steinbeck publishes The Grapes of Wrath. 7269
1939/--/-- American author Nathanael West publishes The Day of the Locust. 7270
1940/--/-- American novelist Carson McCullers publishes The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. 7271
1941/--/-- The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor; America enters World War II. 7272
1942/--/-- American and Filipino forces retreat to the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines. 7273
1942/--/-- American B-25 bombers make the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo. 7274
1942/--/-- American forces in the Philippines surrender; the Bataan death march begins. 7275
1942/--/-- The U.S. government transfers 110,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps. 7276
1942/--/-- American crooner Bing Crosby records the hit song White Christmas. 7277
1942/--/-- American humorist James Thurber publishes The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. 7278
1943/--/-- The British and American armies link up in Africa; 250,000 Axis prisoners are taken. 7279
1943/--/-- American aircraft join the RAF in round the clock bombing of Germany. 7280
1943/--/-- American writer Ayn Rand publishes The Fountainhead. 7281
1943/--/-- American author Carson McCullers publishes The Ballad of the Sad Cafe. 7282
1944/--/-- American forces under General Mark Clark occupy Rome. 7283
1944/--/-- American aircraft from the Marianas begin the strategic bombing of Japan. 7284
1946/--/-- American author Robert Penn Warren publishes All the King's Men. 7285
1947/--/-- American pilot Kenneth Arnold makes the first alleged sighting of flying saucers. 7286
1948/--/-- American opera singer Beverly Sills debuts in Bizet's Carmen. 7287
1948/--/-- American writer Norman Mailer publishes the war novel The Naked and the Dead. 7288
1950/--/-- Senator Joseph McCarthy begins his inquiry into un-American activities. 7289
1951/--/-- American writer James Jones publishes the war novel From Here to Eternity. 7290
1951/--/-- American poet Marianne Moore publishes her Collected Poems. 7291
1951/--/-- American novelist Kurt Vonnegut publishes Player Piano. 7292
1951/--/-- American writer J.D. Salinger publishes The Catcher in the Rye. 7293
1952/--/-- American sculptor Isamu Noguchi designs two bridges for the Peace Park at Hiroshima. 7294
1952/--/-- American writer E.B. White publishes the children's book Charlotte's Web. 7295
1953/--/-- American physicist Charles H. Townes invents the maser. 7296
1953/--/-- American tennis player Maureen Connolly (Little Mo) wins the Grand Slam. 7297
1953/--/-- American writer Saul Bellow publishes The Adventures of Augie March. 7298
1954/--/-- American novelist Evan Hunter publishes The Blackboard Jungle. 7299
1955/--/-- American artist Larry Rivers paints Double Portrait of Birdie. 7300
1955/--/-- American artist Jasper Johns begins his paintings of American flags and targets. 7301
1955/--/-- American rock 'n' roll musician Bill Haley records Rock Around the Clock. 7302
1955/--/-- British writer Graham Greene publishes The Quiet American. 7303
1956/--/-- American television news show The Huntley-Brinkley Report begins. 7304
1956/--/-- American beat poet Allen Ginsberg publishes Howl and Other Poems. 7305
1956/--/-- American writer Grace Metalious publishes Peyton Place. 7306
1958/--/-- American economist J.K. Galbraith publishes The Affluent Society. 7307
1958/--/-- American golfer Arnold Palmer wins the Masters tournament for the first time. 7308
1958/--/-- American playwright Edward Albee writes The Zoo Story. 7309
1958/--/-- American writer Truman Capote publishes the novella Breakfast At Tiffany's. 7310
1959/--/-- American writer Leon Uris publishes Exodus, a novel on the founding of Israel. 7311
1959/--/-- American writer William Burroughs publishes The Naked Lunch. 7312
1960/--/-- American physicist Theodore H. Maiman demonstrates the first successful laser. 7313
1960/--/-- American track star Wilma Rudolph wins 3 gold medals at the Rome Olympic Games. 7314
1960/--/-- American author John Updike publishes the novel Rabbit Run. 7315
1961/--/-- American-aided Cuban exiles attempt the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion. 7316
1961/--/-- American writer Joseph Heller publishes the anti-war novel Catch-22. 7317
1962/--/-- Astronaut John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the Earth. 7318
1962/--/-- American historian Barbara Tuchman publishes The Guns of August. 7319
1962/--/-- American artist Jim Dine paints the pop art subject Black Saw. 7320
1962/--/-- American film actress Marilyn Monroe dies from a drug overdose. 7321
1962/--/-- American writer Ken Kesey publishes One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. 7322
1962/--/-- American writer Katherine Anne Porter publishes the novel Ship of Fools. 7323
1963/--/-- The American X-15 research aircraft establishes an altitude record of 67 miles. 7324
1963/--/-- American pop vocal group the Beach Boys release the record Surfin' U.S.A. 7325
1963/--/-- American writer Mary McCarthy publishes The Group. 7326
1964/--/-- The American Ranger 7 spacecraft transmits photos of the surface of the Moon. 7327
1965/--/-- Astronaut Edward H. White becomes the first American to walk in space. 7328
1965/--/-- American pop artist James Rosenquist paints F-111. 7329
1965/--/-- American writer Norman Mailer publishes An American Dream. 7330
1966/--/-- The American Surveyor 1 spacecraft achieves the first soft-landing on the Moon. 7331
1966/--/-- American writer Truman Capote publishes In Cold Blood. 7332
1966/--/-- American writer Bernard Malamud publishes The Fixer. 7333
1967/--/-- Latin American guerrilla leader Che Guevara is killed in Bolivia. 7334
1967/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) is formed. 7335
1967/--/-- American writer Joyce Carol Oates publishes A Garden of Earthly Delights. 7336
1968/--/-- American skater Peggy Fleming wins the singles title at the winter Olympic Games. 7337
1968/--/-- American track star Bob Beamon beats the Olympic long jump record by almost 2 feet. 7338
1968/--/-- American writer Tom Wolfe publishes The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. 7339
1969/--/-- American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin land on the Moon. 7340
1969/--/-- American writer Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. publishes Slaughterhouse-Five. 7341
1970/--/-- American writer Maya Angelou publishes I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. 7342
1971/--/-- American film actor and director Clint Eastwood stars in Dirty Harry. 7343
1972/--/-- American B-52 aircraft bomb Hanoi and Haiphong in North Vietnam. 7344
1972/--/-- American Bobby Fischer defeats Russian world chess champion Boris Spassky. 7345
1972/--/-- American swimmer Mark Spitz wins a record seven Olympic gold medals. 7346
1972/--/-- American feminist Gloria Steinem founds Ms. magazine. 7347
1973/--/-- The American Indian Movement occupy the site of Wounded Knee in a political protest. 7348
1973/--/-- American novelist Thomas Pynchon publishes Gravity's Rainbow. 7349
1973/--/-- American playwright Thornton Wilder publishes the novel Theophilus North. 7350
1974/--/-- American tennis player Chris Evert wins a record 56 consecutive matches. 7351
1974/--/-- American tennis player Jimmy Connors wins the U.S. Open tournament for the first time. 7352
1974/--/-- American writer Stephen King publishes the horror novel Carrie. 7353
1974/--/-- James Michener publishes Centennial, a historical novel of the American West. 7354
1975/--/-- American novelist Saul Bellow publishes Humboldt's Gift. 7355
1975/--/-- American writer E.L. Doctorow publishes Ragtime. 7356
1976/--/-- Black American writer Alex Haley publishes Roots: The Saga of an American Family. 7357
1977/--/-- American golfer Tom Watson wins the Masters and British Open tournaments. 7358
1977/--/-- Seveteen-year old American jockey Steve Cauthen rides a record 487 winners. 7359
1977/--/-- American hurdler Edwin Moses begins a winning streak of 90 consecutive races. 7360
1977/--/-- American poet and novelist Wendell Berry, publishes The Unsettling of America. 7361
1978/--/-- American golfer Nancy Lopez wins a record five straight tournaments. 7362
1978/--/-- American auto racer Mario Andretti wins the Formula One Grand Prix championship. 7363
1978/--/-- American writer John Irving publishes The World According to Garp. 7364
1979/--/-- American tennis player Tracy Austin wins the U.S. Open championship at age 16. 7365
1979/--/-- American tennis player John McEnroe wins his first U.S. Open championship. 7366
1979/--/-- American novelist William Styron publishes Sophie's Choice. 7367
1980/--/-- The American television soap opera Dallas is first broadcast. 7368
1981/--/-- Black American novelist Toni Morrison publishes Tar Baby. 7369
1982/--/-- American writer Paul Theroux publishes The Mosquito Coast. 7370
1982/--/-- Black American writer Alice Walker publishes The Color Purple. 7371
1983/--/-- Guion Stewart Bluford, Jr. becomes the first black American astronaut. 7372
1983/--/-- American zoologist Dian Fossey publishes her book Gorillas in the Mist. 7373
1983/--/-- Australia II becomes the first non-American yacht to win the America's Cup. 7374
1983/--/-- American runner Joan Benoit sets a world record in the Boston Marathon. 7375
1983/--/-- American writer William Kennedy publishes Ironweed. 7376
1984/--/-- American track athlete Carl Lewis wins four gold medals at the Los Angeles Olympics. 7377
1984/--/-- American pop singer Madonna releases her album Like a Virgin. 7378
1985/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) suspends operations. 7379
1985/--/-- American rock singer Tina Turner wins three Grammy Awards. 7380
1985/--/-- American film actor Rock Hudson dies from AIDS. 7381
1985/--/-- American humorist and radio personality Garison Keillor publishes Lake Wobegon Days. 7382
1986/--/-- Cyclist Greg LeMond becomes the first American to win the Tour de France. 7383
1987/--/-- American author Tom Wolfe publishes the satirical novel The Bonfire of the Vanities. 7384
1988/--/-- Dennis Connor skippers a U.S. catamaran to beat New Zealand in the America's Cup. 7385
1989/--/-- American Anne Tyler wins the Pulitzer Prize for her novel Breathing Lessons. 7386
1990/--/-- American novelist Thomas Pynchon publishes Vineland. 7387
1883/--/-- Russian scientist Tsiolkovsky proves that a rocket could work in the vacuum of space. 7388
1923/--/-- Physicist Hermann Oberth publishes The Rocket into Planetary Space. 7389
1931/--/-- Radio astronomy begins when Karl Jansky detects radio waves from space. 7390
1958/--/-- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is founded. 7391
1959/--/-- The Soviet Union sends a series of Luna space probes to the Moon. 7392
1961/--/-- Astronaut Alan Shepard makes the first U.S. suborbital space flight. 7393
1962/--/-- The Mariner 2 spacecraft passes within 21,598 miles of Venus. 7394
1963/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space. 7395
1964/--/-- The American Ranger 7 spacecraft transmits photos of the surface of the Moon. 7396
1964/--/-- The Soviet Voskhod 1 spacecraft is launched with a three-man crew. 7397
1965/--/-- Astronauts Virgil Grissom and John Young orbit the Earth in the first Gemini spacecraft. 7398
1965/--/-- Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov makes the first space walk. 7399
1965/--/-- Astronaut Edward H. White becomes the first American to walk in space. 7400
1965/--/-- The Mariner 4 spacecraft passes within 6,118 miles of the planet Mars. 7401
1965/--/-- Gemini 6 and 7 spacecraft make the first rendezvous in space. 7402
1966/--/-- The Soviet Luna 9 space probe makes the first landing on the Moon. 7403
1966/--/-- The American Surveyor 1 spacecraft achieves the first soft-landing on the Moon. 7404
1968/--/-- The Saturn rocket lifts the Apollo 7 spacecraft into low Earth orbit. 7405
1968/--/-- The Apollo 8 spacecraft makes the first manned orbit of the Moon. 7406
1968/--/-- Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick directs 2001: A Space Odyssey. 7407
1970/--/-- The Soviet space probe Venera 7 transmits the first data from the surface of Venus. 7408
1972/--/-- President Nixon authorizes the Space Shuttle program. 7409
1973/--/-- The Pioneer 10 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Jupiter. 7410
1974/--/-- The Mariner 10 spacecraft passes within 438 miles of the planet Mercury. 7411
1976/--/-- U.S. Viking spacecraft land on Mars. 7412
1977/--/-- George Lucas directs the first Star Wars space fantasy film. 7413
1979/--/-- Pioneer 11 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Saturn. 7414
1979/--/-- Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft rendezvous with the planet Jupiter. 7415
1980/--/-- The Voyager 1 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Saturn. 7416
1981/--/-- The first Space Shuttle is launched, crewed by John Young and Robert Crippen. 7417
1982/--/-- The Voyager 2 spacecraft transmits pictures to the U.S. of the planet Saturn. 7418
1982/--/-- Two satellites are deployed during the first operational Space Shuttle mission. 7419
1983/--/-- The Soviets shoot down a South Korean airliner that violated its airspace. 7420
1983/--/-- President Reagan proposes a space-based Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). 7421
1984/--/-- Space Shuttle astronauts test the manned maneuvering unit and move freely in space. 7422
1986/--/-- The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes after launch, killing the crew of seven. 7423
1986/--/-- Voyager 2 spacecraft makes a rendezvous with the planet Uranus. 7424
1986/--/-- The European Space Agency's Giotto spacecraft passes within 335 miles of Halley's comet. 7425
1986/--/-- The Soviet Union launches the first Mir space station. 7426
1988/--/-- Discovery becomes the first Space Shuttle to be launched after the Challenger disaster. 7427
1989/--/-- Voyager 2 spacecraft tramsmits pictures to the U.S. of the planet Neptune. 7428
1990/--/-- A mirror in the Hubble Space Telescope is found to be flawed shortly after deployment. 7429
0105/--/-- Paper is invented in China. 7430
0600/--/-- The game of chess is invented in India about this time. 7431
1025/--/-- Guido d'Arezzo invents the use of the staff in musical notation. 7432
1498/--/-- The toothbrush is invented by a Chinese dentist. 7433
1590/--/-- Viete, inventor of symbolic algebra, writes his Introduction to the Analytic Art. 7434
1608/--/-- The first telescope is invented by Dutch optician Hans Lippershey. 7435
1645/--/-- French philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal invents the first adding machine. 7436
1698/--/-- Thomas Savery invents a water pump -- the first practical application of steam power. 7437
1700/--/-- Johann Denner invents the clarinet about this time. 7438
1709/--/-- Italian musician Bartolommeo Cristofori invents the piano. 7439
1731/--/-- John Hadley invents the quadrant for navigating at sea. 7440
1733/--/-- John Kay invents the flying shuttle to increase the speed of weaving machines. 7441
1742/--/-- Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius invents the Celsius scale for temperature. 7442
1742/--/-- The cast iron Franklin stove is invented by Benjamin Franklin. 7443
1752/--/-- Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning conductor. 7444
1769/--/-- Richard Arkwright invents a spinning frame to mechanize cotton weaving. 7445
1784/--/-- American inventor Oliver Evans develops the first automated flour mill. 7446
1787/--/-- American inventor John Fitch launches a steam-powered ferry boat on the Delaware. 7447
1793/--/-- Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin. 7448
1794/--/-- French engineer Claude Chappe invents the semaphore signaling system. 7449
1800/--/-- Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invents the first electric battery. 7450
1817/--/-- French physician Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope. 7451
1818/--/-- English chemist Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp. 7452
1827/--/-- English inventor John Walker introduces the first friction matches. 7453
1831/--/-- Cyrus McCormick invents a mechanical reaper. 7454
1834/--/-- American inventor Jacob Perkins patents the first practical ice-making machine. 7455
1836/--/-- American inventor Samuel Colt begins manufacturing the first revolver. 7456
1837/--/-- Louis Daguerre invents the daguerreotype method for taking permanent photographs. 7457
1839/--/-- American inventor Charles Goodyear develops the vulcanization of rubber. 7458
1851/--/-- Isaac Merrit Singer invents the first practical sewing machine. 7459
1859/--/-- French inventor Ferdinand Carre develops a refrigeration system. 7460
1862/--/-- Richard J. Gatling invents the first practical machine gun. 7461
1866/--/-- British engineer Robert Whitehead invents the first self-propelled torpedo. 7462
1873/--/-- Englishman Maj. Walter Clopton Wingfield invents lawn tennis. 7463
1876/--/-- Alexander Graham Bell patents his invention of the telephone. 7464
1877/--/-- Thomas Edison invents the phonograph. 7465
1884/--/-- Lewis E. Waterman invents the first fountain pen with an ink reservoir. 7466
1888/--/-- American inventor George Eastman introduces the Kodak box camera. 7467
1888/--/-- A patent is issued to American inventor John H. Loud for the first ball-point pen. 7468
1900/--/-- Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invents the electrocardiograph. 7469
1905/--/-- Ambrose Fleming invents the thermionic valve, used to improve radio reception. 7470
1907/--/-- Lee De Forest invents the triode, a key component for amplifying radio signals. 7471
1911/--/-- Hans Geiger invents an electrical device to count individual alpha particles. 7472
1923/--/-- Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva invents the autogiro. 7473
1931/--/-- Organic chemist W. H. Carothers invents nylon, the first successful synthetic fiber. 7474
1933/--/-- Edwin Armstrong invents frequency modulation (FM) to eliminate radio static. 7475
1938/--/-- Chester Carlson invents xerography, the first electrostatic dry-copying process. 7476
1938/--/-- Hungarian Lajos Biro invents the first practical ball-point pen. 7477
1943/--/-- Marine explorer Jacques-Yves Cousteau invents the Aqualung (scuba). 7478
1947/--/-- Dennis Gabor invents holography, a means of producing a three-dimensional image. 7479
1948/--/-- The transistor is invented at Bell Laboratories in the U.S. 7480
1953/--/-- American physicist Charles H. Townes invents the maser. 7481
1953/--/-- Physicist Donald Glaser invents the bubble chamber to detect subnuclear particles. 7482
1958/--/-- Wilson Greatbatch invents an artificial pacemaker to control heartbeats. 7483
0645/--/-- T'ang dynasty artist Yen Li-Pen is active about this time. 7484
0661/--/-- Classical Arab music evolves under the Umayyad caliphs (leaders). 7485
0786/--/-- The golden age of Arab music begins under caliph Harun al-Rashid. 7486
0950/--/-- Al-Farabi, Arab philosopher and author of the Grand Book of Music, dies. 7487
1025/--/-- Guido d'Arezzo invents the use of the staff in musical notation. 7488
1290/--/-- Florentine artist Cimabue paints the Crucifix. 7489
1305/--/-- Florentine painter Giotto begins his frescoes in the Arena Chapel in Padua. 7490
1328/--/-- Sienese artist Simone Martini portrays the warlord Guidoriccio da Fogliano. 7491
1395/--/-- Claus Sluter begins the Well of Moses sculpture at Chartreuse in France. 7492
1403/--/-- Italian sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti begins the bronze doors for the Florence Baptistery. 7493
1425/--/-- Florentine sculptor Donatello begins his bronze statue of David around this time. 7494
1431/--/-- Luca della Robbia sculpts the Cantoria (Singing Gallery) for Florence Cathedral. 7495
1434/--/-- Flemish artist Jan van Eyck paints the wedding portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini. 7496
1435/--/-- Italian artist Leon Battista Alberti writes on the laws of perspective. 7497
1443/--/-- Flemish painter Rogier van der Weyden paints the Descent From the Cross. 7498
1452/--/-- Florentine painter Fra Filippo Lippi begins his frescoes for the Prato Cathedral. 7499
1455/--/-- Florentine artist Paolo Uccello begins painting The Battle of San Romano. 7500
1460/--/-- Italian artist Mantegna begins painting The Agony in the Garden. 7501
1480/--/-- Flemish artist Hans Memling is active about this time. 7502
1483/--/-- Artist Giovanni Bellini is appointed as painter to the Venetian Republic. 7503
1483/--/-- Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci sketches an early helicopter design. 7504
1485/--/-- Sandro Botticelli paints The Birth of Venus in Florence. 7505
1494/--/-- German artist Albrecht Durer travels from Nuremberg to Italy. 7506
1495/--/-- Leonardo da Vinci begins painting The Last Supper in Milan. 7507
1498/--/-- Michelangelo begins sculpting the Pieta for St. Peter's Church in Rome. 7508
1499/--/-- Venetian artist Giorgione paints Portrait of a Young Man. 7509
1500/--/-- Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch paints The Garden of Earthly Delights. 7510
1503/--/-- Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa. 7511
1504/--/-- Italian artist Raphael paints The Marriage of the Virgin. 7512
1508/--/-- Michelangelo begins painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. 7513
1511/--/-- German artist Matthias Grunewald begins painting the Isenheim Altarpiece. 7514
1512/--/-- Albrecht Durer is appointed court painter to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. 7515
1514/--/-- Italian artist Raphael becomes the chief architect of St. Peter's in Rome. 7516
1515/--/-- Italian artist Michelangelo sculpts his monumental statue of Moses. 7517
1517/--/-- Andrea del Sarto paints the Madonna of the Harpies. 7518
1522/--/-- Jean Clouet becomes the court painter to Francis I of France. 7519
1523/--/-- Venetian artist Titian paints Bacchus and Ariadne. 7520
1526/--/-- Correggio paints the Assumption of the Virgin in Parma Cathedral. 7521
1533/--/-- German artist Hans Holbein the Younger paints The Ambassadors. 7522
1538/--/-- Italian artist Benvenuto Cellini begins his Autobiography. 7523
1548/--/-- Venetian artist Tintoretto paints the Miracle of the Slave. 7524
1550/--/-- Vasari writes the Lives of Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. 7525
1553/--/-- Venetian artist Paolo Veronese paints the ceiling panels of the Doge's Palace. 7526
1562/--/-- Giuseppe Arcimboldo becomes court painter to Maximilian II. 7527
1568/--/-- Flemish painter Bruegel the Elder paints The Blind Leading the Blind. 7528
1570/--/-- Nicholas Hilliard paints a miniature portrait of Elizabeth I. 7529
1594/--/-- Jacopo Peri's Dafne, the first opera, is performed in Italy about this time. 7530
1597/--/-- Spanish artist El Greco paints The Agony in the Garden. 7531
1601/--/-- Italian artist Caravaggio paints the Conversion of St. Paul. 7532
1604/--/-- Flemish artist Carel van Mander publishes a handbook for painters Het Schilderboeck. 7533
1607/--/-- Claudio Monteverdi's first opera Orfeo is performed. 7534
1619/--/-- Spanish artist Diego Velazquez paints The Water Seller of Seville. 7535
1623/--/-- Diego Velazquez is made court painter to Philip IV of Spain. 7536
1624/--/-- Dutch artist Frans Hals paints the Laughing Cavalier. 7537
1625/--/-- Flemish baroque artist Peter Paul Rubens paints The Judgement of Paris. 7538
1630/--/-- Dutch landscape artist Salomon van Ruisdael paints River Landscape. 7539
1630/--/-- Spanish artist Francisco de Zubaran paints the Holy House of Nazareth. 7540
1632/--/-- Antony Van Dyck settles in London and becomes court painter to King Charles I. 7541
1632/--/-- Dutch artist Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn paints The Anatomy Lesson. 7542
1633/--/-- French artist Nicolas Poussin paints The Adoration of the Golden Calf. 7543
1637/--/-- The first opera house Teatro San Cassiano opens in Venice. 7544
1639/--/-- Spanish artist Jusepe de Ribera paints The Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew. 7545
1642/--/-- Dutch artist Rembrandt paints the Night Watch. 7546
1644/--/-- French landscape artist Claude Lorrain paints the Embarkation of Saint Ursula. 7547
1644/--/-- Italian artist Giovanni Bernini sculpts the Ecstasy of St. Teresa. 7548
1646/--/-- Flemish painter Teniers the Younger paints the Village Fete. 7549
1646/--/-- Spanish artist Bartolome Esteban Murillo paints Holy Family With a Bird. 7550
1649/--/-- French artist Georges de La Tour paints Saint Irene Mourning Saint Sebastian. 7551
1650/--/-- Dutch landscape artist Aelbert Cuyp paints the View of Dordrecht. 7552
1650/--/-- Oratorios become a popular form of musical performance in Italy. 7553
1656/--/-- Diego Velazquez paints The Maids of Honor at the court of Spain. 7554
1656/--/-- Italian artist and architect Giovanni Bernini designs the Piazza of St. Peter's, Rome. 7555
1658/--/-- Dutch genre artist Jan Vermeer paints The Milkmaid. 7556
1660/--/-- Dutch genre artist Gabriel Metsu paints The Sick Child. 7557
1661/--/-- Dutch-born artist Peter Lely is made court painter to Charles II. 7558
1663/--/-- Dutch genre artist Jan Steen paints the Woman Undressing. 7559
1665/--/-- Dutch genre artist Gerard Ter Borch paints the Flea Hunt. 7560
1672/--/-- Jean Baptiste Lully produces the first French operas. 7561
1674/--/-- Early American artist the Freake limner paints portraits of the Freake family. 7562
1689/--/-- British composer Henry Purcell writes the opera Dido and Aeneas. 7563
1701/--/-- French artist Hyacinthe Rigaud paints a portrait of Louis XIV. 7564
1709/--/-- Italian musician Bartolommeo Cristofori invents the piano. 7565
1717/--/-- French artist Antoine Watteau paints the Pilgrimage to Cythera. 7566
1721/--/-- Italian composer Alessandro Scarlatti writes his opera Griselda. 7567
1728/--/-- English poet and playwright John Gay writes The Beggar's Opera. 7568
1730/--/-- Canaletto paints the Basin of San Marco, one of his many views of Venice. 7569
1732/--/-- Covent Garden Opera House opens in London. 7570
1736/--/-- French artist Maurice Quentin de La Tour paints his Portrait of Voltaire. 7571
1748/--/-- English artist Thomas Gainsborough paints Robert Andrews and Mary, His Wife. 7572
1752/--/-- French artist Francois Boucher paints Mademoiselle O'Murphy. 7573
1752/--/-- Italian artist Tiepolo paints the Marriage of Frederick Barbarossa. 7574
1762/--/-- British animal painter George Stubbs completes the Horse Attacked by a Lion. 7575
1765/--/-- French artist Francois Boucher is appointed court painter to Louis XV. 7576
1766/--/-- French artist Jean Honore Fragonard paints The Swing. 7577
1767/--/-- German composer Christoph Willibald Gluck writes his opera Alceste. 7578
1770/--/-- English artist Thomas Gainsborough paints The Blue Boy. 7579
1772/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints The Death of Wolfe. 7580
1772/--/-- English artist Joshua Reynolds paints a Portrait of Samuel Johnson. 7581
1776/--/-- Charles Burney publishes the first volume of A General History of Music. 7582
1778/--/-- John Singleton Copley paints Watson and the Shark. 7583
1778/--/-- La Scala opera house opens in Milan, Italy. 7584
1780/--/-- Venetian artist Francesco Guardi paints the Gondola on the Lagoon. 7585
1784/--/-- French neoclassical artist Jacques Louis David paints The Oath of Horatii. 7586
1786/--/-- Francisco de Goya becomes court painter to Charles III of Spain. 7587
1787/--/-- Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes the opera Don Giovanni. 7588
1789/--/-- English poet and artist William Blake publishes Songs of Innocence. 7589
1789/--/-- French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon makes busts of Jefferson and Washington. 7590
1791/--/-- Mozart's opera The Magic Flute is performed for the first time. 7591
1795/--/-- American artist Charles Wilson Peale paints the Staircase group. 7592
1796/--/-- Gilbert Stuart paints a portrait of Washington (used later on the dollar bill). 7593
1802/--/-- American artist Benjamin West paints Death on a Pale Horse. 7594
1807/--/-- Beethoven completes his Fifth Symphony and begins the Sixth (Pastoral). 7595
1808/--/-- Francisco de Goya paints The Third of May, depicting the cruelty of war. 7596
1808/--/-- German artist Caspar David Friedrich exhibits The Cross in the Mountains. 7597
1808/--/-- Japanese artist Buncho paints True View of Mount Hiko. 7598
1809/--/-- German artists Overbeck and Pforr found the Nazarenes. 7599
1814/--/-- French artist Ingres paints The Grand Odalisque. 7600
1816/--/-- Gioacchino Rossini's opera The Barber of Seville is performed in Rome. 7601
1818/--/-- Composer Franz Schubert becomes the music teacher to Count Esterhazy's family. 7602
1819/--/-- American artist Washington Allston paints Moonlit Landscape. 7603
1821/--/-- English landscape artist John Constable paints The Hay Wain. 7604
1823/--/-- Japanese artist Hokusai begins a series of Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. 7605
1823/--/-- Ludwig van Beethoven completes his 9th Symphony. 7606
1825/--/-- American painter Thomas Cole founds the Hudson River School about this time. 7607
1827/--/-- French landscape artist Camille Corot paints the Bridge at Narni. 7608
1830/--/-- George Catlin begins his paintings of North American Indians about this time. 7609
1832/--/-- Japanese artist Hiroshige begins work on Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido. 7610
1838/--/-- British artist Joseph Mallord William Turner paints the Fighting Temeraire. 7611
1842/--/-- Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti writes his opera Don Pasquale. 7612
1843/--/-- English art critic John Ruskin begins publishing Modern Painters. 7613
1845/--/-- French artists Gavarni and Grandville begin designing the first elaborate posters. 7614
1846/--/-- Writer and artist Edward Lear publishes A Book of Nonsense. 7615
1848/--/-- French Barbizon artist Theodore Rousseau paints the Forest at Fontainebleau. 7616
1850/--/-- French realist artist Gustave Courbet paints The Stone Breakers. 7617
1851/--/-- Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto is produced in Venice. 7618
1853/--/-- Richard Wagner begins his cycle of four operas The Ring of The Nibelung. 7619
1854/--/-- Pre-Raphaelite artist Holman Hunt paints The Scapegoat. 7620
1858/--/-- German-American artist Albert Bierstadt begins his landscapes of the American west. 7621
1861/--/-- French artist Eugene Delacroix paints the Lion Hunt. 7622
1862/--/-- French impressionist artist Edouard Manet paints Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe. 7623
1863/--/-- French impressionist artist Camille Pissarro exhibits at the Salon des Refuses. 7624
1869/--/-- French artist Eugene Louis Boudin paints On the Beach at Deauville. 7625
1869/--/-- Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky begins work on his opera Boris Gudunov. 7626
1872/--/-- American artist James McNeill Whistler paints the Portrait of the Artist's Mother. 7627
1872/--/-- Monet paints Impression: Sunrise; the term impressionism is derived from the title. 7628
1872/--/-- The first woman impressionist artist Berthe Morisot paints The Cradle. 7629
1874/--/-- French impressionist artist Pierre Auguste Renoir paints La Loge (The Box). 7630
1874/--/-- The first exhibition of impressionist paintings is held in Paris. 7631
1875/--/-- Georges Bizet's opera Carmen is performed in Paris. 7632
1876/--/-- Impressionist artist Alfred Sisley paints Flood at the Port of Marly. 7633
1876/--/-- The Bayreuth musical festival opens with a performance of Wagner's Ring cycle. 7634
1878/--/-- The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company performs Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore. 7635
1879/--/-- Impressionist artist Edgar Degas paints Ballerina Posing for a Photograph. 7636
1880/--/-- American impressionist artist Mary Cassatt exhibits A Woman in Black at the Opera. 7637
1880/--/-- German composer Jacques Offenbach writes the opera Tales of Hoffmann. 7638
1882/--/-- Impressionist artist Edouard Manet completes the Bar at the Folies-Bergere. 7639
1885/--/-- Boston Symphony Orchestra organizes its Promenade Concerts (the Boston Pops). 7640
1886/--/-- French sculptor Auguste Rodin completes The Kiss. 7641
1888/--/-- Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh paints Still Life With Sunflowers. 7642
1890/--/-- Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh commits suicide. 7643
1891/--/-- French postimpressionist artist Paul Gauguin travels to Tahiti. 7644
1892/--/-- French artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec paints At the Moulin Rouge. 7645
1892/--/-- Impressionist artist Paul Cezanne completes the Card Players. 7646
1893/--/-- American artist Louis Comfort Tiffany begins producing Art Nouveau glassware. 7647
1894/--/-- Czech decorative artist Alfons Mucha designs a poster of Sarah Bernhardt. 7648
1894/--/-- English artist Aubrey Beardsley illustrates Oscar Wilde's Salome. 7649
1896/--/-- Italian composer Giacomo Puccini writes the opera La Boheme. 7650
1897/--/-- Austrian artist Gustav Klimt helps to found the Vienna Secession group. 7651
1897/--/-- French primitive artist Henri Rousseau paints The Sleeping Gypsy. 7652
1899/--/-- American artist Winslow Homer paints the Gulf Stream. 7653
1901/--/-- Spanish painter Pablo Picasso's Blue Period begins. 7654
1902/--/-- American artist Robert Henri paints the New York street scene West 57th Street. 7655
1902/--/-- Italian opera singer Enrico Caruso makes his first phonographic recording. 7656
1904/--/-- Italian composer Giacomo Puccini's opera Madame Butterfly is produced. 7657
1905/--/-- Ernst Ludwig Kirchner organizes the expressionist painters group Die Brucke. 7658
1908/--/-- Austrian artist Gustav Klimt paints The Kiss. 7659
1908/--/-- The Ashcan school of painters exhibit in New York City. 7660
1909/--/-- American artist George Bellows paints the prize fight scene Stag at Sharkey's. 7661
1910/--/-- French primitive artist Henri Rousseau paints The Dream. 7662
1910/--/-- French sculptor Auguste Rodin casts the bronze figure The Thinker. 7663
1910/--/-- Italian artists led by Umberto Boccioni found the futurism movement. 7664
1910/--/-- Russian-born artist Wassily Kandinsky executes his first abstract painting. 7665
1911/--/-- Richard Strauss' opera Der Rosenkavalier is performed for the first time. 7666
1911/--/-- Russian artist Marc Chagall paints I and My Village. 7667
1912/--/-- French Dada artist Marcel Duchamp paints Nude Descending a Staircase. 7668
1916/--/-- James Joyce publishes A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. 7669
1917/--/-- Dutch artists Theo Van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian found the magazine de Stijl. 7670
1917/--/-- The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded for journalism, letters and music. 7671
1920/--/-- Dutch artist Piet Mondrian paints the Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue. 7672
1920/--/-- Mahatma Gandhi begins a noncooperation campaign against British rule in India. 7673
1920/--/-- Russian artist Aleksandr Rodchenko designs the first mobile. 7674
1921/--/-- French cubist artist Fernand Leger paints Three Women. 7675
1921/--/-- German surrealist artist Max Ernst paints L'Elephant celebes. 7676
1921/--/-- Mexican artist Diego Rivera begins painting murals depicting contemporary Mexican life. 7677
1925/--/-- Swiss-born artist Paul Klee paints Fish Magic. 7678
1926/--/-- American artist Georgia O'Keeffe paints her flower portrait Black Iris. 7679
1926/--/-- Russian composer Dmitry Shostakovich premiers his First Symphony. 7680
1928/--/-- American composer Virgil Thomson writes the opera Four Saints in Three Acts. 7681
1928/--/-- Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill collaborate on the play The Threepenny Opera. 7682
1929/--/-- French artist and writer Jean Cocteau publishes Les Enfants Terribles. 7683
1930/--/-- American artist Edward Hopper paints Early Sunday Morning. 7684
1930/--/-- Artist Grant Wood paints American Gothic. 7685
1931/--/-- Ben Shahn begins a series of paintings inspired by the Sacco-Vanzetti case. 7686
1932/--/-- American sculptor Alexander Calder creates his first mobile. 7687
1932/--/-- Radio City Music Hall opens in New York City's Rockefeller Center. 7688
1934/--/-- Cole Porter writes the score for the Broadway musical Anything Goes. 7689
1934/--/-- Surrealist artist Rene Magritte paints The Human Condition. 7690
1935/--/-- George Gershwin composes the modern American opera Porgy and Bess. 7691
1938/--/-- Swing musician Glenn Miller organizes his band. 7692
1939/--/-- Child film actress Judy Garland stars in the musical The Wizard of Oz. 7693
1940/--/-- Prehistoric cave paintings are discovered at Lascaux in France. 7694
1941/--/-- Gutzon Borglum completes the sculptured heads of four presidents at Mount Rushmore. 7695
1943/--/-- Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein's musical Oklahoma! is produced. 7696
1945/--/-- Singer Frank Sinatra stars in the film musical Anchors Aweigh. 7697
1946/--/-- ENIAC, the first successful electronic digital computer, becomes operational. 7698
1947/--/-- Artist Jackson Pollock produces Full Fathom Five using drip paint techniques. 7699
1947/--/-- Artist Mark Rothko begins experimenting with Color-field painting. 7700
1947/--/-- English composer Benjamin Britten writes the opera Peter Grimes. 7701
1948/--/-- American opera singer Beverly Sills debuts in Bizet's Carmen. 7702
1949/--/-- Abstract artist Robert Motherwell begins his series Elegy to the Spanish Republic. 7703
1949/--/-- British abstract sculptor Henry Moore completes the bronze Family Group. 7704
1949/--/-- Rogers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical South Pacific is produced. 7705
1951/--/-- Artist Stuart Davis uses words to function as abstract shapes in his painting Visa. 7706
1951/--/-- Igor Stravinsky's opera The Rake's Progress is premiered. 7707
1951/--/-- Rodgers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical The King and I is produced. 7708
1952/--/-- American sculptor Isamu Noguchi designs two bridges for the Peace Park at Hiroshima. 7709
1952/--/-- Opera singer Maria Callas debuts at London's Covent Garden. 7710
1954/--/-- British artist Francis Bacon begins his Portrait of Pope Innocent X series. 7711
1955/--/-- American artist Jasper Johns begins his paintings of American flags and targets. 7712
1955/--/-- American artist Larry Rivers paints Double Portrait of Birdie. 7713
1955/--/-- American rock 'n' roll musician Bill Haley records Rock Around the Clock. 7714
1955/--/-- Marian Anderson becomes the first black to perform at the Metropolitan Opera House. 7715
1956/--/-- British artist Richard Hamilton produces the first pop art work. 7716
1956/--/-- Lerner and Loewe's musical My Fair Lady opens in New York. 7717
1957/--/-- Jerome Robbins is director-choreographer of the musical West Side Story. 7718
1959/--/-- Artist Robert Rauschenberg creates the three-dimensional collage Monogram. 7719
1959/--/-- Rogers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical The Sound of Music is produced. 7720
1961/--/-- Italian opera singer Luciano Pavarotti debuts in Puccini's La Boheme. 7721
1962/--/-- American artist Jim Dine paints the pop art subject Black Saw. 7722
1962/--/-- Pop artist Andy Warhol begins making silk screen prints of mass-media images. 7723
1963/--/-- Pop artist Claes Oldenburg creates the kapok-filled sculpture Soft Typewriter. 7724
1963/--/-- Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein completes the comic strip painting Whaam. 7725
1965/--/-- Actress and singer Barbara Streisand stars in the Broadway musical Funny Girl. 7726
1965/--/-- American pop artist James Rosenquist paints F-111. 7727
1966/--/-- Realist sculptor George Segal completes the direct-cast plaster group The Diner. 7728
1967/--/-- The hippie musical revue Hair is produced. 7729
1968/--/-- Spanish operatic tenor Placido Domingo debuts at the Metropolitan Opera. 7730
1969/--/-- A rock-music festival at Woodstock, N.Y, attracts a crowd of 500,000. 7731
1970/--/-- Rock music guitarist Jimi Hendrix dies from a drug overdose. 7732
1971/--/-- Andrew Lloyd Webber's rock-opera Jesus Christ Superstar opens on Broadway. 7733
1973/--/-- Pop recording artist Billy Joel releases his first album Piano Man. 7734
1975/--/-- Michael Bennett directs and choreographs the Broadway musical A Chorus Line. 7735
1976/--/-- Artist Christo completes Running Fence, a curtain spanning 24 miles of countryside. 7736
1979/--/-- Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Evita opens on Broadway. 7737
1980/--/-- The American television soap opera Dallas is first broadcast. 7738
1981/--/-- The first 24-hour music video channel MTV (Music Television) is launched in the U.S. 7739
1982/--/-- Two satellites are deployed during the first operational Space Shuttle mission. 7740
1983/--/-- The compact disc is introduced for recorded music. 7741
1985/--/-- The North American Soccer League (NASL) suspends operations. 7742
1990/--/-- U.S.-led coalition forces begin Operation Desert Shield to protect Saudi Arabia from Iraq. 7743
.......... Chinese emperor Wang Mang founds the Hsin dynasty, ending the Former Han dynasty. 7744
.......... Chinese emperor Wang Mang dies. 7745
.......... The Later Han dynasty is established in China. 7746
.......... Buddhism is introduced into China. 7747
0100/--/-- The earliest Chinese dictionary the Shuo Wen is compiled about this time. 7748
0105/--/-- Paper is invented in China. 7749
0130/--/-- The Taoist religion is accepted in China. 7750
0190/--/-- The abacus is used for numerical calculation in China. 7751
0200/--/-- Buddhism is established as a vital force in China. 7752
0220/--/-- The Han dynasty ends in China. 7753
0265/--/-- The reign of the first Chin dynasty begins in China. 7754
0270/--/-- The first compass is used in China about this time. 7755
0313/--/-- The Koguryo Kingdom expels the Chinese from Korea. 7756
0316/--/-- The Huns (Hsuiung-nu) invade northern China. 7757
0500/--/-- Modern forms of harness for draft animals appear in China about this time. 7758
0535/--/-- A 12-story pagoda is built in China. 7759
0552/--/-- Persian monks smuggle Chinese silkworms into Constantinople (Istanbul). 7760
0581/--/-- Wen Ti founds the Sui dynasty and reunites China. 7761
0618/--/-- The T'ang dynasty in China establishes an imperial bureaucracy. 7762
0620/--/-- Lyric poetry of the T'ang dynasty promotes the use of the Chinese language. 7763
0646/--/-- The Taika Reform remodels Japanese imperial authority on Chinese lines. 7764
0658/--/-- Chinese power in Central Asia reaches its maximum extent. 7765
0730/--/-- Printing begins in China. 7766
0748/--/-- The first printed newspaper appears in China. 7767
0751/--/-- An Arab paper mill is established in Samarkand using Chinese paper-makers. 7768
0780/--/-- Lu Yu's The Classic of Tea, the first handbook on tea, is published in China. 7769
0812/--/-- The Chinese government issues paper bank drafts as money. 7770
0868/--/-- The earliest known woodcut illustration is made in China. 7771
0906/--/-- The last T'ang emperor is deposed; civil war begins in China. 7772
0939/--/-- The Annamese drive the Chinese out of Vietnam. 7773
0947/--/-- The Liao dynasty is established in China with its capital at Peking. 7774
0960/--/-- The Sung dynasty begins in China. 7775
0979/--/-- The Sung dynasty reunites China. 7776
1050/--/-- Chinese books are printed with movable wooden type. 7777
1054/--/-- A supernova or guest star (the Crab Nebula) is reported by the Chinese. 7778
1117/--/-- The first reference of a compass used for navigation at sea is made in China. 7779
1150/--/-- The Chinese develop the first rockets. 7780
1210/--/-- The Mongols begin to invade China. 7781
1260/--/-- Venetian merchants Nicolo and Maffeo Polo begin their journey to China. 7782
1271/--/-- Venetian merchant Marco Polo begins his journey to the court of Kublai Khan in China. 7783
1279/--/-- Kublai Khan establishes the Yuan dynasty in China. 7784
1280/--/-- Syrian scholar al-Hassan-al-Rammah describes "Chinese Arrows" (rockets). 7785
1368/--/-- The Ming dynasty begins in China. 7786
1407/--/-- The Chinese reoccupy Vietnam. 7787
1428/--/-- Le Loi defeats the Chinese and founds the Le dynasty in Vietnam. 7788
1498/--/-- The toothbrush is invented by a Chinese dentist. 7789
1556/--/-- An earthquake in China is the worst in history with a death toll of 830,000. 7790
1557/--/-- The Portuguese establish a settlement at Macao in China. 7791
1615/--/-- Manchu tribes in China expand to eight banners (military regions) under Nurhachi. 7792
1661/--/-- Chinese pirate Koxinga drives the Dutch from Formosa (Taiwan). 7793
1661/--/-- Emperor K'ang-hsi succeeds to the throne in China. 7794
1683/--/-- Chinese emperor K'ang-hsi conquers Formosa (Taiwan). 7795
1689/--/-- Chinese emperor K'ang-hsi establishes diplomatic relations with Russia. 7796
1696/--/-- The Chinese under K'ang-hsi defeat the Dzungar Mongol chieftain Galdan. 7797
1720/--/-- Tibet becomes a protectorate of China. 7798
1736/--/-- Ch'ien-lung becomes emperor of China. 7799
1791/--/-- Chinese author Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in publishes The Dream of the Red Chamber. 7800
1839/--/-- The Opium Wars begin between Britain and China. 7801
1842/--/-- China cedes Hong Kong to Britain. 7802
1842/--/-- China is defeated in the first Opium War; Chinese ports are opened to British trade. 7803
1842/--/-- China is defeated in the first Opium War; Chinese ports are opened to British trade. 7804
1850/--/-- The Taiping Rebellion breaks out in China against the Ch'ing dynasty. 7805
1853/--/-- Chinese rebels capture Nanking and make it the capital of the Taiping kingdom. 7806
1856/--/-- A new Opium War begins between China, Britain and France. 7807
1858/--/-- Britain and France impose the Tientsin Treaty on China. 7808
1860/--/-- China resists the Tientsin Treaty; Anglo-French forces occupy Peking. 7809
1864/--/-- A Chinese army under Gordon recaptures Nanking and ends the Taiping Rebellion. 7810
1876/--/-- Japan forces Korea to open up to foreign trade, countering the influence of China. 7811
1882/--/-- The U.S. begins to restrict immigration with the Chinese Exclusion Acts. 7812
1887/--/-- France creates the Union of Indochina (most of modern day Vietnam and Kampuchea). 7813
1893/--/-- France adds Laos to the Union of Indochina. 7814
1895/--/-- Japan defeats China; the Shimonoseki Treaty establishes Korean independence. 7815
1898/--/-- Britain obtains a 99-year lease for Hong Kong from the Chinese. 7816
1898/--/-- The Boxer Uprising begins in China; Empress Tz'u-hsi imprisons the emperor. 7817
1899/--/-- U.S. Secretary of State John M. Hay advocates an Open Door Policy for China. 7818
1900/--/-- Chinese nationalists besiege foreigners in Peking during the Boxer Uprising. 7819
1901/--/-- Russia occupies Manchuria in north-east China. 7820
1905/--/-- Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen founds the T'ung-meng hui (Alliance Society). 7821
1911/--/-- The Ch'ing dynasty is deposed in China; a republic is formed under Sun Yat-sen. 7822
1911/--/-- Tibet declares its independence from China. 7823
1914/--/-- Japan joins the Allies and captures the German base of Tsingtao in China. 7824
1926/--/-- Chiang Kai-shek organizes the Northern Expedition to unite China. 7825
1934/--/-- Mao Tse-tung leads the Chinese Communists on the Long March. 7826
1937/--/-- Nationalist and Communist forces unite to combat the Japanese in China. 7827
1937/--/-- The Japanese invasion of China begins the Second Sino-Japanese War. 7828
1938/--/-- The U.S. and Britain send aid to the Chinese in their war against Japan. 7829
1940/--/-- Japan joins the Axis alliance and occupies northern French Indochina (Vietnam). 7830
1941/--/-- Ho Chi Minh organizes the Viet Minh to combat the Japanese in Indochina. 7831
1941/--/-- The Japanese occupy Indochina and move into Cambodia (Kampuchea) and Thailand. 7832
1941/--/-- The Lend-Lease Act allows the transfer of U.S. war materials to Britain and China. 7833
1945/--/-- Nationalists and Communist forces resume their civil war in China. 7834
1946/--/-- The Viet Minh begin a guerrilla war against the French in Indochina (Vietnam). 7835
1949/--/-- Communists under Mao defeat the Nationalists and form the People's Republic of China. 7836
1949/--/-- Nationalist Chinese forces under Chiang Kai-shek flee to the island of Taiwan. 7837
1950/--/-- Chinese forces invade Tibet, which is officially annexed in 1951. 7838
1950/--/-- UN forces cross into North Korea but are repulsed by the Chinese army. 7839
1951/--/-- The UN General Assembly brands Communist China an aggressor in the Korean War. 7840
1953/--/-- Laos, formerly a part of French Indochina, is granted independence. 7841
1959/--/-- The Dalai Lama flees to India after China crushes an uprising in Tibet. 7842
1966/--/-- Mao Tse-tung begins China's Cultural Revolution. 7843
1971/--/-- The Republic of China (Taiwan) loses its UN seat; Communist China is admitted. 7844
1974/--/-- An army of life-size pottery figures is discovered in a Ch'in dynasty tomb in China. 7845
1976/--/-- A severe earthquake in China kills over 600,000. 7846
1976/--/-- Chinese leaders Chou En-lai and Mao Tse-tung die; Hua Kuo-feng assumes power. 7847
1981/--/-- Hu Yao-bang becomes head of the Chinese Communist party. 7848
1984/--/-- Britain and China sign a treaty for the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997. 7849
1989/--/-- Hu Yao-pang's death in China sparks public rallies demanding social changes. 7850
1990/--/-- I.M. Pei's 70-story Bank of China headquarters is built in Hong Kong. 7851
0200/--/-- Carthage in North Africa becomes a world metropolis under Roman rule 7852
0429/--/-- Vandals under Gaiseric establish a kingdom in North Africa. 7853
0523/--/-- Hilderic becomes the Vandal king of North Africa. 7854
0534/--/-- Byzantine general Belisarius reconquers North Africa. 7855
0700/--/-- The Arabs capture Tunis, exterminating Christianity in North Africa. 7856
0700/--/-- The rise of the empire of Ghana begins in Africa. 7857
0800/--/-- The Kanem-Bornu Empire is founded about this time in West Africa. 7858
0850/--/-- The Acropolis of Zimbabwe is built in Africa. 7859
0920/--/-- The golden age of the Empire of Ghana begins in Africa. 7860
0980/--/-- Arabs settle along the east coast of Africa. 7861
1000/--/-- Zanzibar is settled about this time in Africa. 7862
1050/--/-- Timbuktu is founded in North Africa by the Tuaregs. 7863
1056/--/-- The Almoravids conquer North Africa 7864
1077/--/-- The Almoravids are dominant in Ghana, Africa. 7865
1135/--/-- The Almohads are dominant in northwestern Africa and Muslim Spain. 7866
1160/--/-- The Almohads drive the Almoravid Muslims from Spain and North Africa. 7867
1200/--/-- The empire of Mali begins to flourish in west Africa. 7868
1312/--/-- Mansa Musa becomes emperor of Mali in West Africa. 7869
1415/--/-- The Portuguese capture Ceuta, laying the foundations for Portugal's African Empire. 7870
1434/--/-- The Portuguese explore the African coast south of Cape Bojador. 7871
1450/--/-- The Portuguese begin the West African slave trade about this time. 7872
1464/--/-- Sunni Ali founds the Songhai empire in West Africa. 7873
1482/--/-- The Portuguese settle on the African Gold Coast (Ghana). 7874
1510/--/-- Spain conquers Tripoli in North Africa. 7875
1516/--/-- The Ottoman Turks capture Algiers in North Africa. 7876
1554/--/-- The Turks conquer the Barbary States along the North African coast. 7877
1562/--/-- Sir John Hawkins begins the slave trade between Africa and the West Indies. 7878
1570/--/-- The Kanem-Bornu empire flourishes in West Africa. 7879
1574/--/-- The Turks regain Tunis in North Africa from Spain. 7880
1652/--/-- Cape Town is founded by the Dutch in South Africa. 7881
1658/--/-- French colonists found the city of Saint-Louis on the Senegal River in Africa. 7882
1660/--/-- Dutch farmers (Boers) settle in South Africa. 7883
1713/--/-- The Asiento Treaty establishes British rights to the African slave trade. 7884
1779/--/-- War breaks out between Dutch settlers and the Xhosas in South Africa. 7885
1795/--/-- The British capture Cape Province (South Africa) from the Dutch. 7886
1816/--/-- Shaka begins establishing the Zulu empire in South Africa. 7887
1820/--/-- The first free American slaves to be resettled in Africa land in Liberia. 7888
1836/--/-- Boer (Afrikaner) settlers begin the Great Trek into the South African interior. 7889
1847/--/-- The African slave colony of Liberia is declared independent. 7890
1854/--/-- The British grant independence to the Orange Free State in South Africa. 7891
1855/--/-- Scottish explorer David Livingstone discovers the Victoria Falls in Africa. 7892
1858/--/-- British explorer John Hanning Speke discovers Lake Victoria in Africa. 7893
1867/--/-- Diamond fields are discovered in South Africa. 7894
1868/--/-- Ndebele king Mzilikazi dies in Africa; he is succeeded (1870) by his son Lobengula. 7895
1869/--/-- James Gordon Bennett Jr. commissions Stanley to search for Livingston in Africa. 7896
1871/--/-- American explorer Henry Morton Stanley finds Dr. Livingston in central Africa. 7897
1877/--/-- Britain annexes Transvaal in South Africa. 7898
1880/--/-- Boer (Afrikaner) uprisings begin against the British in Transvaal, South Africa. 7899
1883/--/-- Paul Kruger becomes president of the Boer republic of the Transvaal in South Africa. 7900
1884/--/-- Germany occupies South West Africa (Namibia). 7901
1884/--/-- German East Africa is formed from Rwanda, Mozambique,Tanzania and Burundi. 7902
1886/--/-- Gold is discovered in Transvaal, South Africa. 7903
1890/--/-- Cecil Rhodes becomes prime minister of the Cape Colony in South Africa. 7904
1890/--/-- The British South Africa Company occupies Zimbabwe; conflicts begin with the Ndebele. 7905
1899/--/-- The South African War begins between the Boers (Afrikaners) and the British. 7906
1900/--/-- The British defeat the Boer (Afrikaner) armies in South Africa and occupy Pretoria. 7907
1902/--/-- The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the South African War. 7908
1905/--/-- The Cullinan diamond is found in South Africa; it weighs 3,106 carats. 7909
1908/--/-- King Leopold II of the Belgians establishes the Independent State of Congo in Africa. 7910
1910/--/-- The Union of South Africa is formed; Louis Botha becomes the first prime minister. 7911
1910/--/-- France groups four African territories together as French Equatorial Africa. 7912
1913/--/-- Medical missionary Albert Schweitzer builds a hospital at Lambarene in Africa. 7913
1919/--/-- Jan Smuts succeeds Louis Botha as prime minister of South Africa. 7914
1920/--/-- German East Africa is transferred to British control as Tanganyika (now Tanzania). 7915
1920/--/-- British East Africa becomes a crown colony as Kenya. 7916
1937/--/-- Danish author Isak Dinesen publishes her autobiography Out of Africa. 7917
1938/--/-- A coelacanth, a fish thought extinct for 65 million years, is caught off the cost of Africa. 7918
1941/--/-- The German Africa Corps under Erwin Rommel begins an offensive in North Africa. 7919
1942/--/-- Rommel's Africa Corps capture Tobruk and drive the British back to Egypt. 7920
1943/--/-- The British and American armies link up in Africa; 250,000 Axis prisoners are taken. 7921
1948/--/-- The apartheid policy of racial segregation is made official in South Africa. 7922
1958/--/-- Prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd extends South Africa's apartheid laws. 7923
1959/--/-- Anthropologists Richard and Mary Leakey discover an Australopithecus skull in Africa. 7924
1960/--/-- France grants independence to the Congo, Chad, Central African Republic, and Gabon. 7925
1960/--/-- 69 Africans are killed in the Sharpeville massacre in South Africa. 7926
1960/--/-- The South African government bans the African National Congress (ANC). 7927
1960/--/-- South African civil rights leader Albert Luthuli wins the Nobel Peace Prize. 7928
1963/--/-- The Organization of African Unity (OAU) is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 7929
1964/--/-- ANC leader Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life imprisonment in South Africa. 7930
1966/--/-- South African prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd is assassinated. 7931
1974/--/-- South African golfer Gary Player achieves the Grand Slam. 7932
1976/--/-- Black student protestors are massacred at Soweto in South Africa. 7933
1976/--/-- The South African homeland of Transkei becomes independent. 7934
1977/--/-- Jean Bedel Bokassa is crowned Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire. 7935
1977/--/-- South Africa grants independence to the African homeland of Bophuthatswana. 7936
1978/--/-- Pieter Willem Botha becomes prime minister of South Africa. 7937
1979/--/-- Jean Bedel Bokassa is deposed in the Central African Republic. 7938
1984/--/-- Rock singer Bob Geldof organizes Band Aid to raise funds for African famine victims. 7939
1985/--/-- Robert Redford and Meryl Streep star in the film Out of Africa. 7940
1988/--/-- South African leader Nelson Mandela is removed from prison for hospital treatment. 7941
1989/--/-- F. W. de Klerk succeeds P.W. Botha as president of South Africa. 7942
1990/--/-- South African president F.W. De Klerk releases Nelson Mandela; the ban on the ANC ends. 7943
1990/--/-- Namibia becomes independent from South Africa with Sam Nujoma as president. 7944
0201/--/-- Empress Jingo reigns as regent in Japan. 7945
0285/--/-- Confucianism is introduced into Japan. 7946
0360/--/-- The Japanese invade Korea. 7947
0478/--/-- The first Shinto shrines are built in Japan. 7948
0538/--/-- Buddhism is introduced into Japan from Korea. 7949
0562/--/-- The Silla kingdom expels the Japanese from Korea. 7950
0607/--/-- The first Buddhist temple is built at Nara in Japan. 7951
0646/--/-- The Taika Reform remodels Japanese imperial authority on Chinese lines. 7952
0706/--/-- The city of Nara is founded as the first capital of Japan. 7953
0712/--/-- The earliest Japanese history the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) is written. 7954
0743/--/-- Buddhism becomes a state cult in Japan. 7955
0770/--/-- Block printing develops in Japan; 1 million copies of a prayer paper are produced. 7956
0794/--/-- The Japanese capital moves from Nara to Kyoto. 7957
0895/--/-- The Fujiwaras become rulers of Japan. 7958
0966/--/-- Fujiwara domination of Japan is at its height. 7959
0991/--/-- Japanese poet Sei Shonagon begins her diary The Pillow Book. 7960
1020/--/-- Female Japanese author Murasaki Shikibu completes The Tale of Genji. 7961
1159/--/-- Civil war between the Taira and Minamoto samurai ravages Japan. 7962
1180/--/-- Japanese warrior Minamoto no Yoritomo begins the 5-year Gempei War. 7963
1185/--/-- Minamoto no Yoritomo establishes the Kamakura shogunate in Japan. 7964
1190/--/-- Zen Buddhism is introduced into Japan. 7965
1192/--/-- Minamoto no Yoritomo rules as the shogun of Japan. 7966
1274/--/-- The Mongols invade Japan. 7967
1333/--/-- The Minamoto shogunate comes to an end; civil war breaks out in Japan. 7968
1338/--/-- The Ashikaga shogunate begins in Japan. 7969
1350/--/-- No drama develops in Japan about this time. 7970
1467/--/-- The 10-year Onin War begins in Japan. 7971
1543/--/-- Portuguese explorers land in Japan. 7972
1548/--/-- Francis Xavier founds the Jesuit mission in Japan. 7973
1568/--/-- Nobunaga seizes Kyoto and begins the reunification of Japan. 7974
1573/--/-- An era of castle building begins in Japan during the Momoyama period. 7975
1583/--/-- Japanese leader Hideyoshi builds Osaka castle. 7976
1587/--/-- Japanese leader Hideyoshi bans Christian missionaries. 7977
1590/--/-- Hideyoshi completes the unification of Japan. 7978
1603/--/-- Ieyasu founds the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan. 7979
1603/--/-- The first Kabuki performance is given in Japan. 7980
1616/--/-- Emperor Ieyasu of Japan dies; he is succeeded by his son Hidetada. 7981
1639/--/-- Tokugawa begins a period of isolation in Japan; only Nagasaki is open to foreigners. 7982
1650/--/-- The Ukiyo-e school of art begins to flourish in Japan about this time. 7983
1667/--/-- Japanese poet Basho begins to compose his haiku poetry. 7984
1685/--/-- Japanese Bunraku (puppet theater) is performed in Osaka about this time. 7985
1699/--/-- Japanese master ceramicist Ogata Kenzan opens his kiln at Narutaki. 7986
1700/--/-- Kabuki Theater develops in Japan about this time. 7987
1707/--/-- Mount Fuji erupts in Japan; an earthquake kills 200,000 in Tokyo. 7988
1715/--/-- Japan's leading playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon writes The Battles of Coxinga. 7989
1808/--/-- Japanese artist Buncho paints True View of Mount Hiko. 7990
1823/--/-- Japanese artist Hokusai begins a series of Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. 7991
1832/--/-- Japanese artist Hiroshige begins work on Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido. 7992
1854/--/-- A commercial treaty is signed between the U.S. and Japan, ending Japanese isolation. 7993
1868/--/-- The Meiji dynasty is restored in Japan; the Tokugawa shogunate is abolished. 7994
1876/--/-- Japan forces Korea to open up to foreign trade, countering the influence of China. 7995
1877/--/-- The Japanese army suppresses a samurai revolt led by Saigo Takamori. 7996
1881/--/-- Japanese statesman Itagaki Taisuke founds the Jiyuto (Liberal party). 7997
1882/--/-- Japanese statesman Okuma Shigenobu founds the Kaishinto, or Progressive, party. 7998
1889/--/-- Japan's first prime minister Ito Hirobumi introduces the Meiji Constitution. 7999
1894/--/-- Rebellion in Korea begins the First Sino-Japanese War. 8000
1895/--/-- Japan defeats China; the Shimonoseki Treaty establishes Korean independence. 8001
1896/--/-- A tsunami (tidal wave) kills 27,000 people in Japan. 8002
1904/--/-- Territorial disputes in Manchuria begin the Russo-Japanese War. 8003
1905/--/-- The Russian fleet is destroyed by the Japanese at the Battle of Tsushima. 8004
1910/--/-- Japanese forces annex Korea. 8005
1914/--/-- Japan joins the Allies and captures the German base of Tsingtao in China. 8006
1921/--/-- Japanese premier Hara Takashi is assassinated. 8007
1926/--/-- Hirohito becomes emperor of Japan. 8008
1931/--/-- Japanese forces occupy Manchuria. 8009
1936/--/-- Japan concludes the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany. 8010
1937/--/-- The Japanese invasion of China begins the Second Sino-Japanese War. 8011
1937/--/-- Nationalist and Communist forces unite to combat the Japanese in China. 8012
1938/--/-- The U.S. and Britain send aid to the Chinese in their war against Japan. 8013
1940/--/-- Japan joins the Axis alliance and occupies northern French Indochina (Vietnam). 8014
1941/--/-- The Japanese occupy Indochina and move into Cambodia (Kampuchea) and Thailand. 8015
1941/--/-- The U.S. freezes Japanese assets in retaliation for Japan's territorial aggression. 8016
1941/--/-- The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor; America enters World War II. 8017
1941/--/-- Japanese forces capture Hong Kong and invade Malaya and the Philippines. 8018
1941/--/-- Ho Chi Minh organizes the Viet Minh to combat the Japanese in Indochina. 8019
1942/--/-- The Japanese conquer Malaya, Singapore, Indonesia and Burma. 8020
1942/--/-- The U.S. government transfers 110,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps. 8021
1942/--/-- A U.S. fleet defeats the Japanese at the Battle of Midway. 8022
1944/--/-- British forces begin the reconquest of Burma from the Japanese. 8023
1944/--/-- U.S. forces under Admiral Nimitz defeat a Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. 8024
1944/--/-- American aircraft from the Marianas begin the strategic bombing of Japan. 8025
1945/--/-- U.S. Marines invade the Japanese islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. 8026
1945/--/-- Suicide attacks by Japanese kamikaze pilots are unable to stem the U.S. advances. 8027
1945/--/-- The U.S. drops atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 8028
1945/--/-- The Soviet Union declares war on Japan. 8029
1945/--/-- Japan signs an armistice with the Allies, ending World War II. 8030
1945/--/-- General MacArthur heads the U.S. occupation forces in Japan. 8031
1946/--/-- MacArthur promotes Japanese democracy with the emperor as constitutional monarch. 8032
1950/--/-- Japanese film director Akira Kurosawa achieves recognition with Rashomon. 8033
1972/--/-- Japanese novelist Kawabata Yasunari commits suicide. 8034
1973/--/-- OPEC begins an oil embargo against Europe, the U.S. and Japan. 8035
1987/--/-- Takeshita Noburu succeeds Nakasone Yasuhiro as the Japanese premier. 8036
1989/--/-- Allegations of financial impropriety force Japanese premier Noboru to resign. 8037
1989/--/-- Akihito succeeds his father Hirohito as emperor of Japan. 8038
0802/--/-- Egbert acknowledged King of England. Egbert was King of Wessex, Kent, Surrey, S 8039
0839/--/-- Aethelwulf crowned King of England. Aethelwulf resigned Wessex to his son Aethe 8040
0858/--/-- Aethelbald crowned King of England. Aethelbald succeded as King of Wessex in 85 8041
0860/--/-- Aethelbert crowned King of England. Sub-King in Kent, Essex, and Surrey 858-860 8042
0866/--/-- Aethelred I crowned King of England. 8043
0871/--/-- Alfred 'The Great' crowned King of England. 8044
0900/--/-- Edward I 'The Elder' crowned King of England at Kingston-upon-Thames. 8045
0855/--/-- Interregnum. No King of All England. 8046
0925/--/-- Athelstan crowned King of England at Kingston-upon-Thames by Wulfhelm, Archbisho 8047
0939/--/-- Edmund I 'The Magnificent' crowned King of England. 8048
0946/--/-- Edred crowned King of England at Kingston-upon-Thames by Oda, Archbishop of Cant 8049
0955/--/-- Edwy 'The Fair' crowned King of England at Kingston-upon-Thames by Oda, Archbish 8050
0959/--/-- Edgar 'The Peaceful' crowned King of England at Bath by Dunstan, Archbishop of C 8051
0975/--/-- Edward II 'The Martyr' crowned King of England at Kingston-upon-Thames. 8052
0979/--/-- Aethelred II 'The Unready' crowned King of England at Kingston-upon-Thames. 8053
1013/--/-- Sweyn 'Forkbeard' acknowledged King of England by right of conquest. He was also 8054
1014/--/-- Aethelred II restored as King of England. 8055
1016/04/-- Edmund II 'Ironside' crowned King of England. 8056
1043/04/-- Edward III 'The Confessor' crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral by Ea 8057
1042/06/-- Edward III succeeded as King of England. 8058
1016/11/-- Canute 'The Great' crowned King of England. Canute was also King of Denmark fro 8059
1035/--/-- Harold I 'Harefoot' and Hardicanute crowned Joint-Kings of England. 8060
1037/--/-- Harold I 'Harefoot' acknowledged as Sole King of England. 8061
1040/--/-- Hardicanute Sole King of England. He was also King of Denmark from 1035-1042. 8062
1066/01/-- Harold II crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Ealdred, Archbishop of 8063
1066/12/25 William I 'The Conqueror' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Ealdre 8064
1066/10/14 Battle of Hastings. William II, Duke of Normandy defeated and killed Harold II, 8065
1087/09/06 William II 'Rufus' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Lanfranc, Arc 8066
1100/08/-- Henry I 'Beauclerc' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Maurice, 8067
1135/12/26 Stephen of Blois crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by William de Corb 8068
1154/12/19 Henry II 'Curtmantle' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Theobald, 8069
1189/09/-- Richard I 'the Lionhearted' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Bald 8070
1199/05/07 John 'Lackland' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Hubert Walter, A 8071
1216/10/28 Henry III crowned King of England at Gloucester Cathedral by Peter des Roches, B 8072
1220/05/07 Henry III recrowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Stephen Langton, Arc 8073
1274/08/09 Edward I 'Longshanks' crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Robert Kil 8074
1308/02/04 Edward II crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Henry Merewell (alias 8075
1307/07/-- Edward II de-facto King of England. 8076
1327/02/-- Edward III crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Walter Reynolds, Arch 8077
1377/07/06 Richard II crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Simon Sudbury, Archbi 8078
1399/10/13 Henry IV crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Thomas Arundel, Archbis 8079
1413/04/-- Henry V crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Thomas Arundel, Archbish 8080
1445/05/-- Henry VI crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by John Stafford, Archbish 8081
1461/06/09 Edward IV crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Cardinal Bourchier, Ar 8082
1470/10/03 Henry VI deposes Edward IV and regains crown. 8083
1471/04/01 Edward IV deposes Henry VI and regains crown. 8084
1461/03/-- Edward IV deposes Henry VI. 8085
1483/04/-- Edward V succeeds Edward IV but is never crowned. 8086
1483/07/-- Richard III crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Cardinal Bourchier, 8087
1485/10/30 Henry VII crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Cardinal Bourchier, Ar 8088
1485/08/02 Henry VII becomes de-facto King of England. 8089
1509/06/04 Henry VIII crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by William Warham, Archb 8090
1547/02/-- Edward VI crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by Thomas Cramner, Archbi 8091
1553/07/-- Jane Dudley proclaimed Queen of England. 8092
1553/07/09 Mary I dethroned Jane and assumed title of Queen of England. 8093
1553/10/01 Mary I crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey by Stephen Gardiner, Bishop 8094
1558/01/05 Elizabeth I crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey by Owen Oglethorpe, Bi 8095
1603/07/05 James I crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey by John Whitgift, Archbisho 8096
1626/02/-- Charles I crowned King of England and Scotland at Westminster Abbey by Georg Abb 8097
1649/01/-- Cromwellian interregnum begins. 8098
1660/05/09 Charles Stuart restored to throne of England as Charles II. 8099
1661/04/03 Charles II crowned King of England and Scotland at Westminster Abbey by William 8100
1685/04/03 James II crowned King of England and Scotland at Westminster Abbey by William Sa 8101
1689/01/08 James II declared to have abdicated by Parliament. 8102
1689/02/03 William III and Mary II proclaimed King and Queen of England, Scotland, and Irel 8103
1689/04/01 William III and Mary II crowned King and Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland 8104
1694/12/28 William III rules as sole King. 8105
1702/04/03 Anne crowned Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Tho 8106
1707/03/-- Act of Union combines England and Scotland as Kingdom of Great Britain. 8107
1714/10/20 George I crowned King of Great Britain at Westminster Abbey by Thomas Tenison, A 8108
1727/10/11 George II crowned King of Great Britain at Westminster Abbey by William Wake, Ar 8109
1761/09/02 George III crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Tho 8110
1821/07/09 George IV crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Char 8111
1837/06/-- Victoria succeeds as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland. 8112
1838/06/08 Victoria crowned Queen of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Will 8113
1901/01/02 Edward VII succeeds as King of Great Britain and Ireland. 8114
1902/08/-- Edward VII crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India at Wes 8115
1910/05/-- George V succeeds as King of Great Britain and Ireland. 8116
1911/06/02 George V crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Randa 8117
1936/01/-- Edward VIII succeeds as King of Great Britain and Ireland. 8118
1936/12/10 George VI succeeds as King of Great Britain and Ireland upon the abdication of E 8119
1937/05/02 George VI crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by Cosm 8120
1952/02/-- Elizabeth II succeeds as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland. 8121
1953/06/-- Elizabeth II crowned Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland at Westminster 8122
1992/10/-- World Series NL ATLANTA (2) AL TORONTO (4) 8123
1993/10/-- World Series NL PHILADELPHIA (2) AL TORONTO (4) 8124
1994/10/-- World Series NL NO WORLD SERIES AL NO WORLD SERIES 8125
1995/10/-- World Series NL ATLANTA (4) AL CLEVELAND (2) 8126
1996/10/-- World Series NL ATLANTA (2) AL NEW YORK (4) 8127
1997/10/-- World Series NL FLORIDA (4) AL CLEVELAND (3) 8128
1998/10/-- World Series NL SAN DIEGO (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 8129
1999/10/-- World Series NL ATLANTA (0) AL NEW YORK (4) 8130
2000/10/-- World Series NL NEW YORK (1) AL NEW YORK (4) 8131
2001/10/-- World Series NL ARIZONA (4) AL NEW YORK (3) 8132
2002/10/-- World Series NL SAN FRANCISCO (3) AL ANAHEIM (4) 8133
2003/10/-- World Series NL FLORIDA (4) AL NEW YORK (2) 8134
2004/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (0) AL BOSTON (4) 8135
2005/10/-- World Series NL HOUSTON (0) AL CHICAGO (4) 8136
2006/10/-- World Series NL ST. LOUIS (4) AL DETROIT (1) 8137
2007/10/-- World Series NL COLORADO (0) AL BOSTON (4) 8138
1980/01/20 President Carter announces that U.S. athletes will not attend Summer Olympics in Moscow unless Soviet Union withdraws from Afghanistan. 9348
1980/02/02 FBI's undercover bribery investigation, code named Abscam, implicates a U.S. senator, seven members of the House, and 31 other public officials. 9349
1980/04/25 920-U.S. mission to rescue hostages in Iran is aborted after a helicopter and cargo plane collide at the staging site in a remote part of Iran and 8 serviceme 9350
1980/04/25 921-are killed. 9351
1981/01/02 U.S. hostages held in Iran are released after 444 days in captivity. 9352
1981/03/30 President Reagan is shot in the chest by John Hinckley, Jr. 9353
1981/09/25 Sandra Day O'Connor is sworn in as the first woman Supreme Court justice. 9354
1982/06/30 Deadline for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution passes without the necessary votes. 9355
1983/10/25 U.S. invades Caribbean island of Grenada after a coup by Marxist faction in the government. 9356
1985/01/21 Reagan's second inauguration. 9357
1986/01/28 Space shuttle Challenger explodes 73 seconds after liftoff, killing all seven crew members. It is the worst accident in the history of the U.S. space program. 9358
1986/04/14 U.S. bombs military bases in Libya in effort to deter terrorist strikes on American targets. 9359
1986/11/-- Iran-Contra scandal breaks when White House is forced to reveal secret arms-for-hostages deals. 9360
1987/--/-- Congress holds public hearings in Iran-Contra investigation. 9361
1987/06/12 200-In a speech in Berlin, President Reagan challenges Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall" and open Eastern Europe to political and 9362
1987/06/12 201-economic reform. 9363
1987/12/08 Reagan and Gorbachev sign INF treaty, the first arms-control agreement to reduce the superpowers' nuclear weapons. 9364
1989/01/20 George H. W. Bush is inaugurated as the 41st president. 9365
1989/03/24 400-Oil tanker Exxon Valdez runs aground in Prince William Sound, spilling more than 10 million gallons of oil (March 24). It is the largest oil spill in U.S. 9366
1989/03/24 401-history. 9367
1989/08/09 President Bush signs legislation to provide for federal bailout of nearly 800 insolvent savings and loan institutions. 9368
1989/12/20 U.S. forces invade Panama in an attempt to capture Gen. Manuel Noriega, who previously had been indicted in the U.S. on drug trafficking charges. 9369
1990/08/02 Iraqi troops invade Kuwait, leading to the Persian Gulf War. 9370
1991/01/16 Persian Gulf War: U.S. leads international coalition in military operation (code named "Desert Storm") to drive Iraqis out of Kuwait (Jan. 16-Feb. 28). 9371
1991/04/06 Iraq accepts terms of UN ceasefire, marking an end of the war. 9372
1991/07/31 U.S. and Soviet Union sign START I treaty, agreeing to further reduce strategic nuclear arms. 9373
1991/10/11 430-Senate Judiciary Committee conducts televised hearings to investigate allegations of past sexual harassment brought against Supreme Court nominee Clar 9374
1991/10/11 431-Thomas by Anita Hill, a law professor at the University of Oklahoma. 9375
1992/02/01 680-Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in Dec. 1991, President Bush and Russian president Boris Yeltsin meet at Camp David and formally declare an end 9376
1992/02/01 681-to the cold war. 9377
1992/04/29 430-The acquittal of four white police officers charged in the 1991 beating of black motorist Rodney King in Los Angeles sets off several days of rioting, 9378
1992/04/29 431-leading to more than 50 deaths, thousands of injuries and arrests, and $1 billion in property damage. 9379
1992/12/-- President Bush authorizes sending U.S. troops to Somalia as part of UN relief effort. 9380
1992/12/24 President Bush grants pardons to six officials convicted or indicted in the Iran-Contra scandal, leading some to suspect a cover-up. 9381
1993/01/20 Bill Clinton is inaugurated as the 42nd president. 9382
1993/02/26 Bomb explodes in basement garage of World Trade Center, killing 6, injuring 1,000, and causing more than $500 million in damage. 9383
1993/04/19 After 51-day standoff with federal agents, Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Tex., burns to the ground, killing 80 cult members. 9384
1993/06/26 President Clinton orders missile attack against Iraq in retaliation for alleged plot to assassinate former President Bush. 9385
1993/10/03 Eighteen U.S. soldiers are killed in ambush by Somali militiamen in Mogadishu. 9386
1993/12/08 President Clinton signs North American Free Trade Agreement into law. 9387
1994/05/06 Paula Jones, a former Arkansas state employee, files a federal lawsuit against President Clinton for sexual harassment. 9388
1995/04/19 Bombing of federal office building in Oklahoma City kills 168 people. 9389
1995/07/11 U.S. establishes full diplomatic relations with Vietnam. 9390
1995/12/-- President Clinton sends first 8,000 of 20,000 U.S. troops to Bosnia for 12-month peacekeeping mission. 9391
1995/12/16 Budget standoff between President Clinton and Congress results in partial shutdown of U.S. government. 9392
1997/01/20 Clinton's second inauguration (Jan. 20). 9393
1998/01/17 President Clinton denies having had a sexual relationship with a White House intern named Monica Lewinsky. 9394
1998/02/02 President Clinton releases 1999 federal budget plan; it is the first balanced budget since 1969. 9395
1998/08/17 In televised address, President Clinton admits having had a sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky. 9396
1998/08/20 U.S. launches missile attacks on targets in Sudan and Afghanistan following terrorist attacks on U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. 9397
1998/12/16 U.S. and Britain launch air strikes against weapons sites in Iraq. 9398
1998/12/19 House of Representatives votes to impeach President Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice. 9399
1999/02/12 Senate acquits Clinton of impeachment charges. 9400
1999/03/24 NATO wages air campaign against Yugoslavia over killing and deportation of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. 9401
1999/04/20 School shooting at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colo., leaves 14 students (including the 2 shooters) and 1 teacher dead and 23 others wounded. 9402
1999/11/15 U.S. and China sign historic trade agreement. 9403
2000/04/01 According to the census, the nation's population numbers more than 280 million. 9404
2000/11/07 No clear winner is declared in the close presidential election contest between Vice President Al Gore and Texas governor George W. Bush. 9405
2000/12/12 560-More than a month after the presidential election, the U.S. Supreme Court rules against a manual recount of ballots in certain Florida counties, which it 9406
2000/12/12 561-contends would violate the Constitution's equal protection and due process guarantees. The decision provokes enormous controversy, with critics maintaining 9407
2000/12/12 562-that the court has in effect determined the outcome of the election. 9408
2000/12/13 Bush formally accepts the presidency, having won a slim majority in the electoral college but not a majority of the popular vote. 9409
2001/01/20 George W. Bush is inaugurated as the 43rd president. 9410
2001/09/11 390-Two hijacked jetliners ram twin towers of World Trade Center in worst terrorist attack against U.S.; a third hijacked plane flies into the Pentagon, a 9411
2001/09/11 391-fourth crashes in rural Pennsylvania. More than 3,000 people die in the attacks. 9412
2001/10/07 660-U.S. and Britain launch air attacks against targets in Afghanistan after Taliban government fails to hand over Saudi terrorist Osama bin Laden, the 9413
2001/10/07 661-suspected mastermind behind the Sept. 11 attacks. 9414
2001/12/09 280-Following air campaign and ground assault by Afghani opposition troops, the Taliban regime topples; however, the hunt for bin Laden and other members of 9415
2001/12/09 281-al-Qaeda terrorist organization continues. 9416
2002/01/29 950-In his first State of the Union address, President Bush labels Iran, Iraq, and North Korea an "axis of evil" and declares that U.S. will wage war against 9417
2002/01/29 951-states that develop weapons of mass destruction. 9418
2002/11/25 President Bush signs legislation creating a new cabinet department of Homeland Security. 9419
2003/02/01 Space shuttle Columbia explodes upon reentry into Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts on board. 9420
2003/03/19 War waged by the U.S. and Britain against Iraq begins. 9421
2003/05/28 President Bush signs $350 billion tax-cut bill. 9422
2004/06/28 The U.S. returns sovereignty to an interim government in Iraq, but maintains roughly 135,000 troops in the country to fight a growing insurgency. 9423
2004/08/-- Four hurricanes devastate Florida and other parts of the southern United States. 9424
2005/--/-- The U.S. engagement in Iraq continues amid that country's escalating violence and fragile political stability. 9425
2005/08/29 530-Hurricane Katrina wreaks catastrophic damage on Mississippi and Louisiana; 80% of New Orleans is flooded. All levels of government are criticized for the 9426
2005/08/29 531-delayed and inadequate response to the disaster. 9427
2006/10/17 The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the population of the United States has reached 300 million. 9428
2007/01/04 California Democrat Nancy Pelosi becomes the first woman Speaker of the House of Representatives. 9429
2007/03/13 Attorney General Alberto Gonzales admits that the Justice Department made mistakes and exercised poor judgment in firing nine federal prosecutors in late 9430
2007/04/16 110-Male student kills two in a Virginia Tech dorm. Two hours later, he kills 30 more in a classroom building before committing suicide. The shooting rampage 9431
2007/04/16 111-is the most deadly in U.S. history. Fifteen others are wounded. 9432
2007/07/24 720-The minimum wage in the U.S. increases to $5.85, up from $5.15. It's the first increase in 10 years. The wage will increase 70 cents each year through 9433
2007/07/24 721-2009, when it reaches $7.25 an hour. 9434
2007/08/01 An eight-lane interstate bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota, that is packed with cars breaks into sections and falls into the river, killing 13 people. 9435
2007/08/27 The White House announces that Alberto Gonzales, the beleaguered attorney general, has submitted his resignation to President Bush. 9436
2007/09/10 750-In highly anticipated testimony, Gen. David Petraeus tells members of the House Foreign Affairs and Armed Services committees that the U.S. military needs 9437
2007/09/10 751-more time to meet its goals in Iraq. Petraeus rejects suggestions that the U.S. shift from a counterinsurgency operation to training Iraqi forces and 9438
2007/09/10 752-fighting terrorists. Instead, he says the U.S. must continue all three missions. 9439
2008/06/03 690-After months of campaigning and primary races, Barack Obama and John McCain are finally chosen as the presidential nominees for the Democratic and 9440
2008/06/03 691-Republican parties, respectively. 9441
2008/09/-- 250-After months of unraveling, the economy finally comes crashing down in 2008, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average tumbling 4.4% in one day, Lehman 9442
2008/09/-- 251-Brothers filing for bankruptcy, and Bush putting mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac under government conservatorship. 9443
2008/11/04 420-Democrats perform well across the board in the November elections. Barack Obama becomes the first African-American to be elected President, with 52.8% of 9444
2008/11/04 421-the vote. In Congress, Democrats retain majorities in both the House and the Senate, with 57 Senators and 178 Representatives. 9445
2009/01/20 Barack Obama is inaugurated as the 44rd president of the United States. 9446